Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Molecular Taxonomy of Trichogrammatids

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Biological Control of Insect Pests Using Egg Parasitoids

Abstract

Molecular taxonomy of trichogrammatids has made impressive beginning in the last two decades. Several workers have employed RFLP, RAPD, AFLP and PCR techniques. In India, a modest beginning has been made in using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region especially ITS-2. By the use of specific primers, it is possible to confirm the identity among thelytokous populations/species, thus overcoming the limitation to use males in conventional taxonomy. Examples of molecular key for Trichogramma species based on PCR product size and response to chosen enzymes (like Eco RI, Mse I, Pvu I and Nru I) are provided. Scope exists for evolving multiplex PCR, involving both species-specific primers and a complementary universal primer for ITS-2 region. Potential for application of molecular techniques exists in quality control for commercial units against contamination by other species. Strain identification is possible with microsatellite markers and ISSR (inter-simple sequence repeat) technique. Enzymatic analysis, especially with EST, MDH and SOD, can be employed as complementary means of distinguishing morphologically close relatives. The targets of analysis include mitochondrial DNA and ribosomal RNA. Analysis and alignments of DNA sequences are also discussed. Software packages providing additional information are also listed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Acs Z, Melika G, Miko I (2003) Using Trichogramma in biological control: facing with taxonomic problems. Novenyvedelem 39:613–616

    Google Scholar 

  • Aeschlimann JP (1990) Simultaneous occurrence of thelytoky and bisexuality in hymenopterous species and its implications for the biological control of species. Biocontrol 35:3–5

    Google Scholar 

  • Almeida DPR, Stouthamer R (2003) Molecular identification of Trichogramma cacoeciae Marchal (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae): a new record from Peru. Neotrop Entomol 32:269–271

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Americo IC Jr, Zucchi RA, Stouthamer R (1997) Molecular key to seven Brazilian species of Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) using sequences of the ITS 2 region and restriction analysis. Neotrop Entomol 30:259–262

    Google Scholar 

  • Amornsak W, Gordh G, Graham G (1998) Detecting parasitized eggs with polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequence of Trichogramma australiacum Girault (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Aust J Entomol 37:174–179

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Archna PAVN, Malathi VG, Usha Rani K, Singh AK (2005) Utilisation of Internal transcribed spacer region sequences ribosomal DNA for molecular differentiation of four trichogrammatids. Indian J Entomol 67:321–327

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashok Kumar G, Jalali SK, Venkatesan T, Stouthamer RP, Niranjana P, Lalitha Y (2009) Internal transcribed spacer-2 restriction fragment length polymorphism (ITS 2-RLFP) tool to differentiate some exotic and indigenous trichogrammatid egg parasitoids in India. Biol Control 49:207–213

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borba RDS, Garcia MS, Kovaleski A, Oliveira AC, Zimmer PD, Branco JSC, Malone G (2005) Genetic dissimilarity of lines of Trichogramma Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) through ISSR markers. Neotrop Entomol 34:565–569

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borghuis A, Pinto JD, Platner GR, Stouthamer R (2004) Partial cytochrome oxidase II sequences distinguish the sibling species Trichogramma minutum Riley and Trichogramma platetneri Nagarkatti. Biol Control 30:90–94

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bourarach K (1985) Inventaire des entomophages infeodes a trois Noctuelles au Maroc. Etude des characters biologues et taxonomiques des Trichogrammes indigenes. These Doctueur Ingenieur, University, Paris VI, 142 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Cabot EL (1995) ESEE V3.0 Computer program distributed by the University of Rochester, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell BC, Steffen-Campbell JD, Werren JH (1993) Phylogeny of the Nasonia species complex (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) inferred from an internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) and 28 S rDNA sequences. Insect Mol Biol 2:225–237

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cao GL, Lu WQ, Long S (1988) Studies on comparison of esterase isozyme of different species of Trichogramma. Les Colloques de l INRA 43:35–44

    Google Scholar 

  • Caterino MS, Cho S, Sperling FAH (2000) The current state of insect molecular systematics: a thriving Tower of Babel. Annu Rev Entomol 45:1–54

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ciociola IA Jr, Querino RB, Zucch AR, Stouthamer R (2001) Molecular tool for identification of closely related species of Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae): T. rojasi Nagarja and Nagarkatti and T. lasallei Pinto. Neotrop Entomol 30:575–578

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dang-XianLi, Shuoyang W, XioafFang H, Pang-XiongFei (2005) M-PCR a powerful method for rapid molecular identification of Trichogramma wasps (Hymenoptera: Trcihogrammatidae). Insect Sci 12:77–85

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davies AP, Lange CL, Neill SL (2006) A rapid single step multiplex method for discriminating between Trichogramma (Hymenoptear: Trichogrammatidae) species in Australia. Syst Entomol 32:227–251

    Google Scholar 

  • Fargette M (1984) Utilisation de l electrophorese dans la systematique de deux organimes d’interet agricole: Trichogramma doumalae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Actes Inst Agrovet 4:11–21

    Google Scholar 

  • Gariepy TD, Kuhlmann U, Haye T, Gilliot C, Erlandson M (2005) A single step multiplex PCR assay for the detection of European Peristenus spp. parasitoids of the Lygus spp. Biocontrol Sci Technol 15:481–495

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Geng JH, Li-Zhengxi, Shen-Zuorui (2004) Application of species specific primers to molecular identification of three important Trichogramma species (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in China. Acta Entomol Sin 47:639–644

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein DB, Harvey PH (1999) Evolutionary inference from genomic data. Bioessays 21:148–156

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greenstone MH (2006) Molecular methods for assessing insect parasitism. Bull Entomol Res 96:1–13

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hassan SA (1994) Strategies to select Trichogramma species for use in biological control. In: Waqinberg E, Hassan SA (eds) Biological control with egg parasitoids. CAB International, Wallingford, pp 55–71

    Google Scholar 

  • Herz A, Hassan SA (2006) Are indigenous strains of Trichogramma sp. (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) better candidates for biological control of lepidopterous pests of the olive tree? Biocontrol Sci Technol 16:841–852

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herz A, Sherif AH, Esmat H, Wedad EK, Feeby NN, Ali IY, Essam A, Imen B, Ines K, Moheddine K, Jardak T, Albino B, Jose AP, Torres L, Souliotis C, Theodorus M, Milonas P (2007) Egg Parasitoids of the genus Trichogramma (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae) in olive groves of the Mediterranean region. Biol Control 40:48–56

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hewrtz A, Hassan SA, Hegaazi E, Khafagi WE, Feeby N, Yousssef EA, Imen B, Ines K, Mohieddine K, Taleb J, Albinao B, Pereira JA, Torres L, Souliotis C, Theodorus M, Panos M (2007) Egg parasitoids of the genus Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in olive groves of the Mediterranean region. Biol Control 40:48–56

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hillis DM, Mortiz C, Mabel BK (eds) (1996) Molecular systematics. Sinauer, Sunderland, 655pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Honda JY, Taylor L, Rodriguez J, Naoya Y, Hirose Y (2006) A taxonomic review of the Japanese Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) with descriptions of three species. Appl Entomol Zool 41:247–267

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoy M (1994) Insect molecular genetics. An introduction to principles and applications. Academic, San Diego, 544pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Hung ACF (1982) Chromosome and isozyme studies in Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Proc Entomol Soc Am 84:791–796

    Google Scholar 

  • Hung ACF, Huo S (1985) Malic enzyme, phosphoglucomutase and phosphoglucose isomerase isozymes in Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Biocontrol 30:143–145

    Google Scholar 

  • Jardak T (1980) Etudes bio-ecoloques de Prays oleae Bern (Lepidoptera: Hyponomeutidae) at des parasites oophages du genre Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae): essays d’ utilization en lutte biologique. Thesese, University Aix Marseille, Marseille, 160p

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones IF, Beavers JB, Schroeder WJ (1984) Identification of weevil egg masses (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) by enzyme electrophoresis. Florida Entomol 67:573–575

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karimi J, Reyhaneh D, Mojtaba H, Stouthamer R (2012) Molecular characterization of Iranian Trichogrammatids (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) and their Wolbachia endosymbiont. J Asia Pac Entomol 15:74–77

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kazmer DJ (1991) Isoelectric focusing procedures for the analysis of allozymic variation in minute arthropods. Ann Entomol Soc Am 84:332–339

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kot J (1979) Analysis of factors affecting the phytophage reduction in Trichogramma Westwood. Pol Ecol Stud 5:5–59

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar P, Gupta VK, Singh N, Dilawari VK (2001) Development of RAPD-PCR based molecular markers for differentiation and genetic relatedness in Trichogramma species/strains. In: Singh D, Dilwari VK, Mahal MS, Brara KS, Sohi AS, Singh SP (eds) Proceedings of symposium on biological control based pest management for quality crop protection in the current millennium, July, 18–19, 2001. PAU, Ludhiana, pp 3–5

    Google Scholar 

  • Landais J, Chavigny P, Casatgnone C, Pzzol J, Abad P, Vanberghe-Masutti F (2000) Characterisation of a highly conserved satellite DNA from the parasitoid wasp Trichogramma brassicae. Gene 255:65–73

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lander ES, Green P, Abrahamson J, Barlow A, Day MJ, Lincoln SE, Newberg L (1987) Mapmaker: an interactive computer package for constructing primary genetic linkage maps of experimental and natural populations. Genetics 121:174–181

    Google Scholar 

  • Landry D, Dextras L, Boivin G (1993) Random amplified polymorphic DNA markers for DNA fingerprinting and genetic variability assessment of minute parasitic wasp species (Hymenoptera: Mymariade and Trichogrammatidae) used in biological control programs of phytophagous insects. Genome 36:580–587

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lang BF, Gray MW, Burger G (1999) Mitochondrial genome evolution and the origin of eukaryotes. Annu Rev Genet 33:351–397

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laurent VE, Wajenberg B, Mangin T, Schiex C, Gaspin C, Vanlerberghe-Masutti F (1998) A composite genetic map of the parasitoid wasp Trichogramma brassicae based on RAPD markers. Genetics 150:275–282

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li LY (1994) World wide use of Trichogramma for biological control on different crops a survey. In: Wajenberg E, Hassan SA (eds) Biological control with egg parasitoids. CAB International, Wallingford, pp 37–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin NQ (1994) Systematic studies of Chinese Trichogrammatidae. J NY Entomol Soc 12:134–165

    Google Scholar 

  • Linda JT, Bradley J, Rundle ME, Carew ME, Hoffman AA (2002) Identification and characterisation of Trichogramma species from south – eastern Australia using the Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 (IS-2) region of the ribosomal gene complex. Entomol Exp Appl 106:235–240

    Google Scholar 

  • Li-Zhengxi (2007) Molecular differentiation of the four most commonly occurring Trichogramma (Hymenoptera : Trichogrammatidae) species in China. Acta Entomol Sin 51(2):360–365

    Google Scholar 

  • Li-Zhengxi, Shen-Zuorui (2002) Application of rDNA – ITS 2 sequences to the molecular identification of Trichogramma spp. Acta Entomol Sin 45:559–566

    Google Scholar 

  • Li-Zhengxi, Zheng-Li, Shen-Zuorui (2004) Using internally transcribed spacer 2 sequences to reexamine the taxonomic status of several cryptic species of Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Eur J Entomol 101:347–358

    Google Scholar 

  • Lu WQ, Cao GL, Long S (1988) Studies on comparison of esterase isozyme of different stages of two species of Trichogramma. Les Colloques de l INRA 43:75–78

    Google Scholar 

  • Marques J (1982) Aspectos biologia e do perfil electrforetico de alguns Trichogrammatidae Brasileiros. Tese, Univ. Minas Gerais, Brasil, 56p

    Google Scholar 

  • Monier C (1983) Inventaire des Trichogrammes parasites de Sctia segetum Schiff. Et. Mamesia brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) dans la Basse Vallee du Rhone et contribution a l’etude des relations hotes-pareasites. Thesese, University Montpellier, Montpellier, p 207

    Google Scholar 

  • Moreno FG (2002) El empleo de Trichogramma en control biologico de plagas. Problemas taxonomics. Entomologia applicada (V) 31:239–242

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagaraja H, Gupta A, Laitha Y, Mohanraj P, Jalali SK (2008) On the true identity of Trichogramma brasiliensis (Ashmeead) (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) being used in India. J Biol Control 22:255–260

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagarkatti S, Nagaraja H (1968) Biosystematic studies on Trichogramma species. I. Experimental hybridiastion between Trichogramma australiacum Girault, T. evanescens Westwood and T. minutum Riley. Tech Bull Corn Inst Biol Control 10:81–96

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagarkatti S, Nagaraja H (1971) Redescription of some known species of Trichogramma showing the importance of the male genitalia as diagnostic character. Bull Entomol Res 61:13–31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nagarkatti S, Nagaraja H (1977) Biosystematics of Trichogramma and Trichogrammatoidea species. Annu Rev Entomol 22:157–176

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nei M (1996) Phylogenetic analysis in molecular evolutionary genetics. Annu Rev Genet 30:371–403

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neto L, Pintureau B (1995) Taxonomic study of a population of Trichogramma turkestanica discovered in Southern Portugal (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Ann Entomol Soc Am 31:21–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Orrego C, Silva FA (1993) Genetic variation in the parasitoid wasp Trichogramma (Hymenoptear: Trichogrammatidae) revealed by DNA amplification of a section of the nuclear ribosomal repeat. Florida Entomol 76:519–524

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Owen AK, George J, Pinto JD, Heraty J (2007) A molecular phylogeny of the Trichogrammatidea (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) with an evaluation of the utility of their male genitalia for higher level classification. J Syst Entomol 32(2):227–251

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oztemiz S (2007) Trichogramma species as egg parasitoids of Lepidoptera in the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey. Proc Entomol Soc Wash 109:718–720

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinto JD (1998) The systematics of the North American species of Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Memoirs Entomological Society of Washington, No. 22, 287pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinto JD, Stouthamer R (1994) Systematics of the Trichogrammatidae with emphasis on Trichogramma. In: Wajnberg E, Hassan SA (eds) Biological control with egg parasitoids. CAB International, Wallingford, pp 1–36

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinto JD, Platner GR, Oatman ER (1978) Clarification of the identity of several common species of North American Trichogramma (Hyemnoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Ann Entomol Soc Am 71:169–180

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinto JD, Stouthamer R, Platner GR, Oatman ER (1991) Variation in reproductive compatibility in Trichogramma and its taxonomic significance (Hymenopterra: Trichogrammatidae). Ann Entomol Soc Am 84:37–46

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinto JD, Kazmer DJ, Platner GR, Sassaman CA (1992) Taxonomy of the Trichogramma minutum complex (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae): allozymic variation and its relationship to reproductive and geographic data. Ann Entomol Soc Am 85:413–422

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinto JD, Platner GR, Sassaman CA (1993) Electrophoretic study of two closely related species of North American Trichogramma: T. pretiosum and T. deion. Ann Entomol Soc Am 86:702–209

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinto JD, Stouthamer R, Platner GR (1997) A new cryptic species of Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) from the Mojave desert of California as determined by morphological, reproductive and molecular data. Proc Entomol Soc Wash 99:238–247

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinto JD, Platner GR, Stouthamer R (2003) The systematics of the Trichogramma minutum species complex (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), a group of important North American biological control agents: the evidence from reproductive incompatibility and allozymes. Biol Control 27:167–180

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pintureau B (1993) Enzymatic analysis of the genus Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in Europe. Biocontrol 38:411–431

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pintureau B (1994) Frequency and geographical distribution of thelytokous parthenogenesis in European species of Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Norwegian J Agric Sci 16:411

    Google Scholar 

  • Pintureau B (2008) Les especes europeennes de trichogrammes. InLibroVeritas, Cergy-Pontoise, p 96

    Google Scholar 

  • Pintureau B, Kostadinov D (1985) Etude des esterases des especes de Trichogrammes du growes brassicae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). In: Utilisation des Trichogrammes et des products bioles ques en lutte integree contree les ravageurs. I.O.B.C – E.P.R.S, Sofia, pp 12–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Pintureau B, Goujet R, Martouret D and Voegele J. (1980) Etude des esterases cheq Trichogramma embryophagum Hartig (Hymenoptera : Trichogrammatidae). Choix d’une souche pour luter centre Laspeyresia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera : Torticidae) dans l aregion parsisienne. Bull Soc Mulhouse 17:17–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Pizzol J, Khoualdia O, Ferran A, Chavigny P, Masutti V (2004) A single molecular marker to distinguish between strains of Trichogramma cacoeciae. Biocontrol Sci Technol 15:527–31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Polaszek A, Paul F, Rugman-Jones SR, Estrella HS, Tomas C, Pino-Perez M (2012) Molecular and morphological diagnoses of five species of Trichogramma: biological control agents of Chrysodeixis chalcites (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in the Canary Islands. Biocontrol 57:21–35

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Quednau W (1960) Ulber die identitat der Trichogramma arten und einiger threr Okotypen. Mitt Biol Bundesanst Land Fortwirtsch Berlin-Dahl 100:11–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Querino RB, Zucchi RA (2002) Intraspecific variation in Trichogramma bruni Nagaraja (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) associated with different hosts. Braz J Biol 62(4A):665–679

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Querino RB, Zucchi RA, Pinto JD (2012) Systematics of the Trichogrammatidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) with a focus on the genera attacking Lepidoptera. Progr Biol Control 9:91–218

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosen D (1978) The importance of cryptic species and specific identifications as related to biological control. In: Beltsville symposium agriculture research, vol 2. Osmun and Co., Allenheld, pp 23–25

    Google Scholar 

  • Russo J (1980) Characterisation de quatre souches de Trichogrammes (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae) trouvees sur pontes d Ostrina nubilalalis (Lepidopteares, Pyralidae), Thesese Univ, Montpelier, 136 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Russo J, Pintureau B (1981) Description d’un mutant chez Trichogramma sp. (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). CR Acad Sci Paris 290:97–99

    Google Scholar 

  • Samara R, Monje JC, Reineke A, Zebitz CPW (2008) Genetic divergence of Trichogramma aurosum Sugonjaev and Sorokina (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) individuals based on ITS 2 and AFLP analysis. J Appl Entomol 132(3):230–238

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sappal NP, Jeng RS, Hubbes M, Liu F (1995) Restriction fragment length polymorphism in polymerase chain reaction amplified ribosomal DNAs of three Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammtidae) species. Genome 38:419–425

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sayed SM, Ahmed MS, Saad AO (2011) Molecular and biological characterization of Trichogramma turkestanica (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) which inhabits Taif governorate at the west of Saudi Arabia. Afr J Biotechnol 10:9467–9472

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schilthuzien M, Stouthamer R (1997) Horizontal transmission of parthenogenesis inducing microbes in Trichogramma wasps. Proc R Soc Lond B 264:362–356

    Google Scholar 

  • Shoemaker JS, Painter IS, Weir BS (1999) Bayesian statistics in genetics. A guide for the uninitiated. Trends Genet 15:354–358

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Silva IMM, Honda J, Van Kan F, Hu J, Neto L, Pintureau B, Stouthamer R (1999) Molecular methods for differentiation of five Trichogramma species occurring in Portugal. Biol Control 16:177–184

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith SM, Hubbes M (1986) Strains of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma minutum Riley. 1. Biochemical and biological characterization. J Appl Entomol 101:223–239

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stock SP, Vanderberg J, Gazer J, Boemare N (2009) Insect pathogens: molecular approaches and techniques. CABI, CABI International, Oxfordshire, UK, 398pp

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Stouthamer R, Pinto JD, Platner GR, Luck RF (1990) Taxonomic status of thelytokous forms of Trichogramma. Ann Entomol Soc Am 83:475–481

    Google Scholar 

  • Stouthamer R, Hu J, Van Kan FJPM, Platner GR, Pinto JD (1999) The utility of internally transcribed spacer 2 DNA sequences of the nuclear ribosomal gene distinguishing sibling species of Trichogramma. Biocontrol 43:421–440

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stouthamer R, Gai Y, Koopmanschap AB, Platner GR, Pinto JD (2000a) ITS-1 sequences do not differ for the closely related species Trichogramma minutum and T. platneri. Entomol Exp Appl 95:105–111

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stouthamer R, Joechemson P, Platner GR, Pinto JD (2000b) Crossing incompatibility between Trichogramma minutum and T. platneri (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae): Implications for application in biological control. Environ Entomol 29:832–837

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sumer F, Aydın S, Tuncbilek SO, Pintureau B, Rugman-Jones P, Stouthamer R (2009) A molecular key to the common species of Trichogramma of the Mediterranean region. Biocontrol 54:617–624

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sumer F, Ozcan S, Oztemiz S, Aydın ST (2010) Esterase variation and some biological characteristics of two Turkish Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) populations. North-West J Zool 6(1):47–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Telenga NA (1958) Taxonomical and ecological characteristics of species from the genus Trichogramma (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea). In: Transaction of the first international conference of insect pathology and biological control, Prague, 1958, pp 355–359

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson JD, Higgins DG, Gibson TJ (1994) CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, positions-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Res 22:4673–4680

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson LJ, Rundle BJ, Carew ME, Hoffman AA (2003) Identification and characterization of Trichogramma species from south–eastern Australia using the transcribed spacer 2 (ITS-2) region of the ribosomal gene complex. Entomol Exp Appl 106:235–240

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Kan FJPM, Silva IMM, Schithuizen M, Pinto JD, Stouthamer R (1996) Use of DNA based methods for the identification of minute wasps of the genus Trichogramma. Proc Exp Appl Entomol 7:233–237

    Google Scholar 

  • Vanlerberghe MF (1994a) Detection of genetic variability in Trichogramma population using molecular markers. Nor J Agric Sci 16:171–176

    Google Scholar 

  • Vanlerberghe MF (1994b) Genetic identification and phylogeny of parasitic wasp species (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) by mitochondrial DNA, RFLP and RAPD markers. Insect Mol Biol 4:229–237

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vavre F, de Jong JH, Sothouthamer R (2004) Cytogenetic mechanism and genetic consequences of the thelytoky in the wasp Trichogramma cacoeciae. Heredity 93:592–596

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Viggiani G (2001) History and classification of Trichogrammatids. Bull Lab Entomol 57:41–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Voegele J, Clas-Ulciati J, Pihan JP, Daumal J (1975) Structure de l’antenne femelle des Trichogramma. Biocontrol 20:161–179

    Google Scholar 

  • Voegle J, Berge JB (1976) Enzyme polymorphism and taxonomy of aphid species. Zool Syst Evol Forsch 21:266–274

    Google Scholar 

  • Weir BS (1990) Genetic data analysis. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams JGK, Kubelik AR, Livak KJ, Rafalski JA, Tingey SV (1990) DNA polymorphism amplified by arbitrary primers is useful as genetic markers. Nucleic Acids Res 18:6531–6535

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yaslovetsky IG, Soumenkora VV, Ageeva LI, Dyurich GF (1981) Species identification of Trichogramma by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. Dokl Vses Akad Kh Nauk im Lenina 9:27–29

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Molecular Entomology, National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Insects (ICAR), 2491, H.A. Farm Post, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560 024, Karnataka, India

    K. Srinivasa Murthy (Principal Scientist)

  2. Division of Insect Systematics, National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Insects (ICAR), Agricultural Entomology, 2491, H.A. Farm Post, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560 024, Karnataka, India

    S. K. Jalali

  3. Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA

    R. Stouthamer

Authors
  1. K. Srinivasa Murthy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. S. K. Jalali
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. R. Stouthamer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to K. Srinivasa Murthy .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Entomology, Sun Agro Biotech Research Centre, Madanandapuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

    S. Sithanantham

  2. Agricutlural Entomology, National Bureau of Agriculturally Imp. Insects, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

    Chandish R. Ballal

  3. Agricultural Entomology, National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Insects, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

    S.K. Jalali

  4. Agricultural Entomology, National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Insects, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

    N Bakthavatsalam

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer India

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Murthy, K.S., Jalali, S.K., Stouthamer, R. (2013). Molecular Taxonomy of Trichogrammatids. In: Sithanantham, S., Ballal, C., Jalali, S., Bakthavatsalam, N. (eds) Biological Control of Insect Pests Using Egg Parasitoids. Springer, New Delhi. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1181-5_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation