Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Disorders of the Upper Lacrimal System

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Principles and Practice of Lacrimal Surgery

  • 1198 Accesses

Abstract

Proximal lacrimal outflow disorders are sparsely documented in the literature [1–9]. Disorders of the upper lacrimal system pose much more challenges in terms of management as compared to the lower system. These disorders can be broadly classified as congenital or acquired. In order to simplify this topic, we will broadly discuss it under the following three headings:

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Ahn Yuen SJ, Oley C, Sullivan TJ. Lacrimal outflow dysgenesis. Ophthalmology. 2004;111:1782–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Cahill KV, Burns JA. Management of epiphora in the presence of congenital punctal and canalicular atresia. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 1991;7:167–72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Lyons CJ, Rosser PM, Welham RAN. The management of punctal agenesis. Ophthalmology. 1993;100:1851–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Buerger DG, Schaefer AJ, Campbell CB, et al. Congenital lacrimal disorders. In: Nesi F, Levine MR, editors. Smith’s ophthalmic plastics and reconstructive surgery. Philadelphia: Mosby; 1998. p. 649–60.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Kirk RC. Developmental anomalies of the lacrimal passages. A review of the literature and presentation of three unusual cases. Am J Ophthalmol. 1956;42:227–32.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Duke-Elder S. Development of ocular adnexa. In: Duke-Elder S, editor. System of ophthalmology, volume 1. St Louis: CV Mosby; 1938. p. 364–5.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Viers ER. Disorders of the nasolacrimal apparatus in infants and children. J Pediatr Ophthalmol. 1966;3:32.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Katowitz WR, Katowitz JA. Congenital etiologies of lacrimal system obstructions. In: Cohen AJ, Mercandetti M, Brazzo BG, editors. The lacrimal system. New York: Springer; 2006. p. 35–42.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  9. Whitnall SE. The lacrimal apparatus. In: Whitnall SE, editor. The anatomy of the human orbit and accessory organs of vision. London: Oxford University Press; 1921. p. 223–52.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Olver J. Pediatric lacrimal surgery. In: Olver J, editor. Colour atlas of lacrimal surgery. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann; 2002. p. 69–89.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Kashkouli MB. Assessment and management of proximal and incomplete symptomatic obstruction of the lacrimal system. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol. 2012;19:60–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Kashkouli MB, Beigi B, Murthy R, et al. Acquired external punctal stenosis. Etiology and associated findings. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003;136:1079–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Beard C. Congenital and hereditary abnormalities of the eyelids, lacrimal system and orbit. In: Symposium on surgical and medical management of congenital anomalies of the eye, Transaction of the New Orleans academy of ophthalmology. St Louis: CV Mosby; 1968. p. 412.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Putterman AM. Treatment of epiphora with absent lacrimal puncta. Arch Ophthalmol. 1973;89:125–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Welham RA, Hughes SM. Lacrimal surgery in children. Am J Ophthalmol. 1985;99:27–34.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Ali MJ, Honavar SG, Naik MN. Endoscopically guided minimally invasive bypass tube intubation without DCR: evaluation of drainage and objective outcomes assessment. Minim Invasive Ther Allied Technol. 2013;22:104–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Klapper SR, Jordan DR. Jones tube insertion in children with canalicular agenesis. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers. 1999;30:495–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Boerner M, Seiff SR, Arroyo J. Congenital absence of lacrimal puncta. Ophthalmic Surg. 1995;26:53–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Henderson PN. A modified trephining technique for the insertion of Jones tube. Arch Ophthalmol. 1985;103:1582–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Rose GE, Welham RAN. Jones lacrimal canalicular bypass tubes: twenty five years experience. Eye. 1991;5:13–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Gladstone GJ, Putterman AM. A modified glass tube for conjunctivodacryocystorhinostomy. Arch Ophthalmol. 1985;103:1229–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Ali MJ, Mohapatra S, Mulay K, et al. Incomplete punctal canalization: the external and internal punctal membranes. Outcomes of membranotomy and adjunctive procedures. Br J Ophthalmol. 2013;97:92–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Mainville N, Jordan DR. Etiology of tearing: a retrospective analysis of referrals to a tertiary care oculoplastics practice. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2011;27:155–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Caesar RH, McNab AA. A brief history of punctoplasty: the three snip revisited. Eye. 2005;19:16–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Kashkouli MB, Beigi B, Astbury N. Acquired external punctal stenosis: surgical management and long-term follow up. Orbit. 2005;24:73–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Hurwitz JJ. Diseases of the punctum. In: Hurwitz JJ, editor. The lacrimal system. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 1996. p. 149–53.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Port AD, Chen YT, Lelli GJ. Histopathological changes in punctal stenosis. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2013;29:201–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Mathew RG, Olver JM. Mini-monoka made easy: a simple technique for mini-monoka insertion in acquired punctal stenosis. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2011;27:293–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Hussain RN, Kanani H, McMullan T. Use of mini- monoka stents for punctal and canalicular stenosis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2012;96:671–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Konuk O, Urgancioglu B, Unal M. Long term success rates of perforated punctal plugs in the management of acquired punctal stenosis. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008;24:399–402.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Chalvatzis NT, Tzamalis AK, Mavrikakis I, et al. Self-retaining bicanaliculus stents as an adjunct to 3-snip punctoplasty in the management of upper lacrimal duct stenosis. A comparison to standard 3 snip procedures. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2013;29:123–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Chak M, Irvine F. Rectangular 3 snip punctoplasty outcomes: preservation of lacrimal pump in punctoplasty surgery. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2009;25:134–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Kim SE, Lee SJ, Lee SY, et al. Outcomes of 4-snip punctoplasty for severe punctal stenosis: measurement of tear meniscus height by optical coherence tomography. Am J Ophthalmol. 2012;153:769–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Ma’luf RN, Hamush NG, Awwad ST, et al. Mitomycin C as adjunct therapy in correcting punctal stenosis. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2002;18:285–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Fraser CE, Petrakos P, Lelli Jr GJ. Adjunctive re-dilatation for early cicatrization after punctoplasty. Orbit. 2012;31:313–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Ali MJ, Naik MN. Canalicular wall dysgenesis: the clinical profile of canalicular hypoplasia and aplasia, associated systemic and lacrimal anomalies and clinical implications. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2013;29:464–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Hurwitz JJ. Embryology of the lacrimal drainage system. In: Hurwitz JJ, editor. The lacrimal system. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 1996. p. 9–13.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Welham RAN, Bergin DJ. Congenital lacrimal fistulas. Arch Ophthalmol. 1985;103:545–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Francois J, Bacskulin J. External congenital fistulae of the lacrimal sac. Ophthalmologica. 1969;159:249–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Sullivan TJ, Clarke MP, Morin JD, et al. The surgical management of congenital lacrimal fistulae. Aust N Z J Opthalmol. 1992;20:109–14.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Rasor C, cited by Schirmer R. Graefe-Saemisch Handbuch der Augenheilkunde, vol. 8. Leipzig: Engelmann; 1877, p. 1–58.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Jones LT, Wobig JL. Survey of the eyelids and lacrimal system. Birmingham: Aesculapius Publishing Co; 1976. p. 167–73.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Harman NB. A minimal form of fissura facialis. Trans Ophthal Soc U K. 1903;23:256–60.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dacryology Service, L.V. Prasad Eye Institute, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, 500034, India

    Mohammad Javed Ali MS, FRCS, FRCGP

Authors
  1. Mohammad Javed Ali MS, FRCS, FRCGP
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mohammad Javed Ali MS, FRCS, FRCGP .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dacryology, L.V.Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India

    Mohammad Javed Ali

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer India

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Javed Ali, M. (2015). Disorders of the Upper Lacrimal System. In: Javed Ali, M. (eds) Principles and Practice of Lacrimal Surgery. Springer, New Delhi. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2020-6_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2020-6_11

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New Delhi

  • Print ISBN: 978-81-322-2019-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-81-322-2020-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation