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Riassunto

L’obesità è una patologia cronica che si associa a un aumentato rischio per l’insorgenza di diverse patologie (diabete, malattie cardiovascolari, tumori) e riduce la qualità e la durata della vita. In Italia, la prevalenza è aumentata dall’8,5% nel 2002 al 10,2% nel 2005 (Istat, 2010). La maggior causa di mortalità nei pazienti obesi è la malattia cardiovascolare che negli ultimi decenni, grazie al miglioramento delle terapie farmacologiche e agli interventi sanitari effettuati, è diminuita quale causa di decesso. Allo stesso modo il rischio di mortalità per diabete, la seconda maggior complicanza nel paziente obeso, si è ridotto. Attualmente è più frequente registrare in soggetti con peso elevato un aumento di patologie a carico dell’apparato osteo-articolare, in particolare ginocchia e rachide, con dolore e importanti limitazioni funzionali. Ciò comporta un aumento della disabilità ma non della mortalità con un aumento dei costi sociali di tale patologie. Secondo quanto definito dall’Organizzazione Mondiale della Sanità (OMS) la disabilità è definita come il risultato negativo dell’interazione fra la condizione del soggetto e i fattori contestuali (ambientali e personali) che incidono sul suo modo di vivere. Negli ultimi anni si è resa più evidente la relazione, indipendente dalla presenza di patologie croniche, tra obesità, misurata con l’indice di massa corporea (Body Mass Index, BMI), e diversi gradi di disabilità valutate come limitazioni funzionali nelle attività della vita quotidiana (Activities of Daily Living, ADL) (odd ratio, OR, 2,2 nell’uomo e 2,4 nella donna) sia per cause fisiche (camminare o salire scalini) o sintomatiche (dolore, dispnea o problemi del sonno) (Peytremann-Bridevaux e Santos- Eggimann, 2007).

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Capodaglio, P., Vismara, L., Tacchini, E., Precilios, H., Cimolin, V., Brunani, A. (2012). Obesità e disabilità. In: Clinica psicologica dell’obesità. Springer, Milano. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-2007-8_5

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