Abstract
Since hydrocephalus is not a single pathological disease, but a pathophysiological condition of disturbed dynamics of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) with or without underlying disease, its classification is often complex and confused. There are numerous classification categories, parameters, and criteria (Table 1). In each patient hydrocephalus can be given a classification, to which are added further individual qualifying parameters and variables, so that the full range of classified subtypes of hydrocephalus can be uncountable: congenital-fetal/progressive/high-pressure/non-communicating/idiopathic/macrocephalic/internal-triventricular hydrocephalus, etc.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Adams RD, Fisher CM, Hakim S, et al: Symptomatic occult hydrocephalus with normal cerebrospinal fluid pressure. N Engl J Med 273:117–126, 1965
Aikawa H, Kobayashi S, Suzuki K: Aqueductal lesions in 6-aminonicotinamide-treated suckling mice. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 71:243–250, 1986
Anderson H, Elfverson J, Svendsen P: External hydrocephalus in infants. Child’s Brain 11:398–402, 1984
Babapour B, Oi S, Klekamp J, et al: Congenital hydrocephalus and associated hydromyelia — a pathological study in experimental rat model. Nervous System in Children 27:243–249, 2002
Bakey RA, Sweeney KM, Wood JH: Pathophysiology of cerebrospinal fluid in head injury. Part 1: Pathological changes in cerebrospinal fluid solute composition after traumatic injury. Neurosurgery 18:234–243, 1986
Baxi L, Warren W, Collins MH, et al: Early detection of caudal regression syndrome with transvaginal scanning. Obstet Gynecol 75:486–489, 1990
Berry RJ: The inheritance and pathogenesis of hydrocephalus-3 in the mouse. J Pathol Bacteriol 81:157–167, 1961
Broit A, Sidman RJ: New mutant mouse with communicating hydrocephalus and secondary aqueductal stenosis. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 21:316–331, 1972
Bronshtein M, Zimmer E, Gershoni-Baruch R, et al: First-and second-trimester diagnosis of fetal ocular defects and associated anomalies: report of eight cases. Obstet Gynecol 77:443–449, 1991
Carton CA, Perry JH, Winter A, et al: Studies of hydrocephalus in C57 blank mice. Trans Am Neurol Assoc 81:147–149, 1956
Clark SL, DeVore GR, Sabey PL: Prenatal diagnosis of cysts of the fetal choroid plexus. Obstet Gynecol 72:585–587, 1988
Clark FH: Hydrocephalus: a hereditary character in the house mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 18:654–656, 1932
Coheh I: Chronic subdural accumulations of cerebrospinal fluid after cranial trauma. Report of a case. Arch Neurol Psychiatr 18:709–723, 1927
Comstock CH, Culp D, Gonzalez J, et al: Agenesis of the corpus callosum in the fetus: its evolution and significance. J Ultrasound Med 4:613–616, 1985
D’Agostino AN, Kernohan JW, Brown JR: The Dandy-Walker syndrome. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 22:450–470, 1963
Dandy WE: Extirpation of the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricles in communicating hydrocephalus. Ann Surg 68:569–579, 1918
Dandy WE: An operative procedure for hydrocephalus. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 33:189–190, 1922
Davis L: Neurological surgery. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia 1936
Day RE, Schutt WH: Normal children with large heads: benign familial megalocephaly. Arch Dis Child 54:512–517, 1979
Deol MS: The origin of the abnormalities of inner ear in Dreher mice. J Embryol Exp Morphol 12:727–733, 1964
Depp R, Sabbagha RE, Brown JT, et al: Fetal surgery for hydrocephalus: successful in utero ventriculoamniotic shunt for Dandy-Walker syndrome. Obstet Gynecol 61:710–714, 1983
Dinh DH, Wright RM, Hanigan WC: The use of magnetic resonance imaging for the diagnosis of fetal intracranial anomalies. Childs Nerv Syst 6:212–215, 1990
Dohrmann GJ: Cervical spinal cord in experimental hydrocephalus. J Neurosurg 37:538–542, 1972
Faulhauer K, Donauer E: Experimental hydrocephalus and hydrosyringomyelia in the cat. Radiological findings. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 74:72–80, 1985
Feigir RD, Dodge PR: Bacterial meningitis: New concepts of pathophysiology and neurologic sequelae. Pediatr Clin North Am 23:541–556, 1976
Fernell E, Uvebrant P, von Wendt L: Overt hydrocephalus at birth — origin and outcome. Child’s Nerv Syst 3:350–353, 1987
Gardner WJ: Hydrodynamic mechanism of syringomyelia: its relationship to myelocele. J Neursurg Psychiatry 28:247–259, 1965
Gitlin D: Pathogenesis of subdural collections of fluid. Pediatrics 16:345–352, 1955
Granholm L, Svendgaad N: Hydrocephalus following traumatic head injuries. Scand J Rehab Med 4:31–34, 1972
Green MC: The developmental effects of congenital hydrocephalus (ch) in the mouse. Dev Biol 23:585–608, 1970
Grunberg H: Congenital hydrocephalus in the mouse: a case of spurious pleiotropism. J Genet 45:1–21, 1943
Gruneberg H: Two new mutant genes in the house mouse. J Genet 45:22–28, 1943
Gutierrez FA, McLone DG, Raimondi AJ: Physiology and a new treatment of chronic subdural hematoma in children. Child’s Brain 5:216–232, 1979
Hanigan WC, Gibson J, Kleopoulos NJ, et al: Medical imaging of fetal ventriculomegaly. J Neurosurg 64:575–580, 1986
Hayashi M, Kabayashi H, Kawano H, et al: ICP patterns and isotope cisternography in patients with communicating hydrocephalus following rupture of intracranial aneurysm. J Neurosurg 62:220–226, 1985
Jensen F, Jensen FT: Acquired hydrocephalus I. A clinical analysis of 160 patients studied for hydrocephalus. Acta Neurochir 46:119–133, 1977
Hakim S: Some observation on CSF pressure. Hydrocephalic syndrome in adults with “normal” CSF pressure: recognition of a new syndrome [Spanish]. Thesis no. 957, Javeriana University School of Medicine, Bogota, Colombia, 1964
Higashi K, Noda Y, Mufune H: Pathological studies on the brain of congenital hydrocephalic rats. Shoni No Noshinkei 12:1–9, 1987
Hill LM, Martin JG, Fries J, et al: The role of the transcerebellar view in the detection of fetal central nervous system anomaly. Am J Obstet Gynecol 164:1220–1224, 1991
Hirsch JF: Surgery of hydrocephalus: past, present and future. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 116:155–160, 1992
Hoff J, Bates E, Barnes B, et al: Traumatic subdural hygroma. J Trauma 13:870–876, 1973
Hoffman-Tretin JC, Horoupian DS, Koenigsberg M, et al: Lobar holoprosencephaly with hydrocephalus: antenatal demonstration and differential diagnosis. J Ultrasound Med 5:691–697, 1986
Johnston IH, Howman-Giles R, Whittle IR: The arrest of treated hydrocephalus in children. A radionuclide study. J Neurosurg 61:752–756, 1984
Kalter H: Experimental mammalian teratogenesis, a study of galactoflavin-induced hydrocephalus in mice. J Morphol 112:303–317, 1963
Kausch W: Die Behandlung des Hydrocephalus der kleinen Kinder. Arch Klin Chir 87:709–715, 1908
Kelley RI, et al: X-linked recessive aqueductal stenosis without macrocephaly. Clin Genet 33:390–394, 1988
Kendall B, Holland I: Benign communicating hydrocephalus in children. Neuroradiology 21:93–96, 1981
Kirkinen P, Serlo W, Jouppila P, et al: Long-term outcome of fetal hydrocephaly. J Child Neurol 11:189–192, 1996
Kohn DF, Chinookoswong N, Chou SM: A new model of congenital hydrocephalus in the rat. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 54:211–218, 1981
Koyama T: Erzeugung won Missbildungen im Gehirn durch Methyl-Nitrose-Harnstoff und Äthyl-Nitrose-Harnstoff an SD-JCL Ratten. Arch Jpn Chir 39:233–254, 1970
Masters C, Alpers M, Kakulas B: Pathogenesis of reovirus type1 hydrocephalus in mice. Significance of aqueductal changes. Arch Neurol 34:18–28, 1977
McGahan JP, Phillips HE: Ultrasonic evaluation of the size of the trigone of the fetal ventricle. J Ultrasound Med 2:315–319, 1983
McGahan JP, Haesslein HC, Meyers M, et al: Sonographic recognition of in utero intraventricular hemorrhage. AJR Am J Roentgenol 142:171–173, 1984
Ment LR, Cuncan CC, Geehr R: Benign enlargement of the subarachnoid spaces in the infant. J Neurosurg 54:504–508, 1981
Meyers CA, Levin HS, Eisenberg HM, et al: Early versus late lateral ventricular enlargement following closed head injury. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 46:1092–1097, 1983
Michejda M, Patronas N, Di Chiro G, et al: Fetal hydrocephalus. II. Amelioration of fetal porencephaly by in utero therapy in nonhuman primates. JAMA 251:2548–2552, 1984
Michejda M, Queenan JT, McCullough D: Present status of intrauterine treatment of hydrocephalus and its future. Am J Obstet Gynecol 155:873–882, 1986
Mixter WJ: Ventriculoscopy and puncture of the floor of the third ventricle. Preliminary report of a case. Boston Med Surg J 188:277–278, 1923
Monteagudo A, Reuss ML, Timor-Tritsch IE: Imaging the fetal brain in the second and third trimesters using transvaginal sonography. Obstet Gynecol 77:27–32, 1991
Mori T: A study of the tellurium-induced experimental hydrocephalus. Neuropathology 6:355–365, 1985
Nevin NC: Neuropathological changes in the white matter following head injury. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 26:66–84, 1967
Nishizaki T, Tamaki N, Nishida Y, et al: Bilateral inter nuclear ophthalmoplegia due to hydrocephalus: a case report. Neurosurgery 17:822–825, 1985
Nulsen FE, Spitz EB: Treatment of hydrocephalus by direct shunt from ventricle to jugular vein. Surg Forum 2:399–403, 1951
Ohba N: Formation of embryonic abnormalities of the mouse by a viral infection of mother animals. Acta Pathol Jpn 8:127–138, 1958
Oi S, Matsumoto S: Pathophysiology of nonneoplastic obstruction of the foramen of Monro and progressive unilateral hydrocephalus. Neurosurgery 17:891–896, 1985
Oi S, Matsumoto S: Slit ventricles as a cause of isolated ventricles after shunting. Child’s Nerv Syst 1:189–193, 1985
Oi S, Yamada H, Sasaki K, et al: [Diagnosis and treatment of fetal hydrocephalus. Problems in evaluation of the hydrocephalic state and selection for intrauterine shunt procedure.] Neurol Med Chir 25:195–202, 1985 (Jpn)
Oi S, Matsumoto S: Isolated fourth ventricle. J Pediatr Neurosci 2:125–133, 1986
Oi S, Matsumoto S: Pathophysiology of aqueductal obstruction in isolated IV ventricle after shunting. Child’s Nerv Syst 2:282–286, 1986
Oi S, Matsumoto S: Dynamic change in intracranial pressure in slit-like ventricles and isolated ventricles in childhood hydrocephalus after shunt placement. In: Ishii S (ed) Hydrocephalus. Excerpta Medica, Tokyo, pp 135–147, 1986
Oi S, Shose Y, Yamada H, et al: CSF dynamics in children. A quantitative analysis of the relativity of major and minor pathways of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics. CT Kenkyu (Jpn) 8:153–162, 1986
Oi S, Matsumoto S: Infantile hydrocephalus and the slit ventricle syndrome in early infancy. Child’s Nerv Syst 3:145–150, 1987
Oi S, Matsumoto S: Post-traumatic hydrocephalus in children: pathophysiology and classification. J Pediatr Neurosci 3:133–147, 1987
Oi S, Matsumoto S: Natural history of subdural effusion in infants: prospective study of 87 cases. J Pediatr Neurosci 4:15–24, 1988
Oi S, Yamada Y, Matsumoto S: A prenatal CSF shunt procedure for fetal hydrocephalus, animal experimental model: pressure dynamics of intrauterine hydrocephalus and fetal ventriculo-mater peritoneal (FV-MP) shunt. Shoni No Noshinke (Jpn) 14:215–221, 1989
Oi S, Tamaki N, Matsumoto S, et al: Prenatal neuroimaging in fetal dysraphism. Neurosonology 3:90–96, 1990
Oi S, Tamaki N, Kondo T, et al: Massive congenital intracranial teratoma diagnosed in utero. Child’s Nerv Syst 6:459–461, 1990
Oi S, Kudo H, Yamada H, et al: Hydromyelic hydrocephalus: correlation of hydromyelia with various stages of hydrocephalus in postshunt isolated compartments. J Neurosurg 74:371–379, 1991
Oi S: Is the hydrocephalic state progressive to become irreversible during fetal life? Surg Neurol 37:66–68, 1992
Oi S, Sato S, Matsumoto S: A new classification of congenital hydrocephalus: perspective classification of congenital hydrocephalous (PCCH) and postnatal prognosis. Part 1. A proposal of a new classification of fetal/neonatal/ /infantile hydrocephalus based on neuronal maturation process and chronological changes. Jpn J Neurosurg (Jpn) 3:122–127, 1994
Oi S, Matsumoto S, Katayama K, et al: Pathophysiology and postnatal outcome of fetal hydrocephalus. Child’s Nerv Syst 6:338–345, 1990
Oi S, Hidaka M, Matsuzawa K, et al: Intractable hydrocephalus in a form of progressive and irreversible “hydrocephalus-parkinsonism complex”: A case report. Curr Trends Hydrocephalus (Tokyo) 5:43–49, 1995
Oi S: Recent advances in neuroendoscopic surgery: realistic indications and clinical achievement. Crit Rev Neurosurg 6:64–72, 1996
Oi S, Hidaka M, Togo K, et al: Neuro-endoscopie surgery, part 3: Characteristics of rigid, semi-rigid and flexible/ steerable endoscopy: analysis in cadaver dissection, experimental animal model and clinical Application. Curr Trends Hydrocephalus (Tokyo) 5:57–66, 1996
Oi S, Yamada H, Sato O, Matsumoto S: experimental models of congenital hydrocephalus and comparable clinical problems in the fetal and neonatal periods. Child’s Nerv Syst 12:292–302, 1996
Oi S, Honda Y, Hidaka M, et al: Intrauterine high-resolusion magnetic resonance imaging in fetal hydrocephalus and prenatal estimation of postnatal outcomes with “perspective classification”. J Neurosurg 88:685–694, 1998
Oi S: Hydrocephalus chronology in adults: confused state of the terminology. Crit Rev Neurosurg 8:346–356, 1998
Oi S, Hidaka M, Honda Y, et al: Neuroendoscopic surgery for specific forms of hydrocephalus. Child’s Nerv Syst 15:56–68, 1999
Oi S, Shimoda M, Shibata M, et al: Pathophysiology of long-standing overt ventriculomegaly in adults (LOVA). J Neurosurg 92:933–940, 2000
Oi S, Babapour B, Klekamp J, et al: Prerequisites for fetal neurosurgery: management of central nervous system anomalies toward the 21st century. Crit Rev Neurosurg 9:252–261, 1999
Oi S, Matusmoto S: Morphological findings of postshunt slit-ventricle in experimental canine hydrocephalus: aspects of causative factor for isolated ventricles and slit ventricle syndrome. Child’s Nerv Syst 2:179–184, 1986
Oi S, Sato O, Matsumoto S: Neurological and medico-social problems of spina bifida patients in adolescence and adulthood. Child’s Nerv Syst 12:181–187, 1996
Oka K, Yamamoto M, Ikeda K, et al: Flexible endoneuro-surgical therapy for aqueductal stenosis. Neurosurgery 33:236–243, 1993
Pedersen KK, Haase J: Isotope liquorgraphy in the demonstration of communicating obstructive hydrocephalus after severe cranial trauma. Acta Neurol Scand 49:10–30, 1973
Platt LD, DeVore GR: Modification of fetal intraventricular amniotic shunt. Am J Gynecol 152:1044–1045, 1985
Pretorius DH, Davis K, Manco-Johnson ML, et al: Clinical course of fetal hydrocephalus: 40 cases. AJR Am J Roentgenol 144:827–831, 1985
Pudenz RH, Russell FE, Hund AH: Ventriculoauriculostomy. A technique for shunting cerebrospinal fluid into the rigid auricle. Preliminary report. J Neurosurg 14:171–179, 1957
Putnam TJ: Treatment of hydrocephalus by endoscopic coagulation of the choroids plexus. Description of a new instrument and preliminary report of results. N Engl J Med 210:1373–1376, 1934
Rabe EF, Flynn RE, Dodge PR: Subdural collections of fluid in infants and children. A study of 62 patients with special reference to factors influencing prognosis and the efficacy of various forms of therapy. Neurology 18:559–570, 1968
Raimondi AJ, Bailey OT, McLone DG, et al: The pathophysiology and morphology of murine hydrocephalus in hydrocephalus 3 and Ch mutants. Surg Neurol 1:50–55, 1973
Raimondi AJ, Clark SJ, McLone DG: Pathogenesis of aqueductal occlusion in congenital murine hydrocephalus. J Neurosurg 45:66–77, 1976
Robertson WC Jr, Gomez MR: External hydrocephalus. Arch Neurol 35:541–544, 1978
Robertson WC Jr, Chun RWM, Orrison WW, et al: Benign subdural collections of infancy. J Pediat 94:382–385, 1979
Sahar A: Pseudohydrocephalus-megalocephaly, increased intracranial pressure and widened subarachnoid space. Neuropädiatrie 9:130–131, 1978
Sasaki S, Goto H, Nagano H, et al: Congenital hydrocephalus revealed in the inbred rat. LEW/Jms. Neurosurgery 13:548–554, 1983
Sato K, Naomi N, Akira S, et al: Experimental production of myeloschisis, Chiari malformation type II, posterior fossa hydrocephalus and other malformations related to craniospianl dysraphism in rat fetuses by single intragastric administration of ethylenethiourea. Child’s Nerv Syst 1:1–6, 1985
Saunders RL, Simmons GM, Edwards WH, et al: A cranial nail for fetal shunting. Child’s Nerv Syst 1:185–187, 1985
Scarff JE: Third ventriculoscopy as the rational treatment of obstructive hydrocephalus (abstract). J Pediatr 6:870–871, 1935
Scarff JE: The treatment of nonobstructive (communicating) hydrocephalus by endoscopic cauterization of the choid plexuses. J Neurosurg 33:1–18, 1970
Shinoda M, Hidaka M, Lindqvist E, et al: NGF, NT-3 and Trk C mRNAs, but not TrkA mRNA, are upregulated in the paraventricular structures in experimental hydrocephalus. Child’s Nerv Syst 17:704–712, 2001
Smith MHD, Dormont RF, Prather GW: Subdural effusions complicating bacterial meningitis. Pediatrics 7:34–43, 1951
Takagi T, Hashimoto N, Togari H, et al: [Holoprosen-cephaly with Dandy-Walker cyst diagnosed in utero by MRI: report of a case]. No To Hattatsu 20:237–241 1988 (Jpn)
Takahashi Y, Tsutsumi H, Hashi K: Two cases of vein of Galen aneurysm in neonates: cinical problems and its treatment. Shoni No Noshinkei 15:253–260, 1990
Thickman D, Mintz M, Mennuti M, et al: MR imaging of cerebral abnormalities in utero. J Comput Assist Tomogr 8:1058–1061, 1984
Till K: Subdural haematoma and effusion in infancy. Br Med J 3:400–402, 1968
Tsubokawa T, Nakasuma S, Sato K: Effect of temporary subdural-peritoneal shunt on subdural effusion with subarachnoid effusion. Child’s Brain 11:47–59, 1984
Turner L: The structure of arachnoid granulations with observation of their physiological and pathological significance. Ann R Coll Surg 29:237–264, 1961
Vries JK: An endoscopic technique for third ventriculostomy. Surg Neurol 9:165–168, 1978
Walker MK, Carey L, Blockmeyer DL: The neuronaviga-tional 1.2-mm neuroview neuroendoscope. Neurosurgery 36:617–618, 1995
Whittle IR, Johnston I, Sesser M: Intracranial pressure changes in arrested hydrocephalus. J Neurosurg 62:77–82, 1985
Wieser HG, Probst C: Clinical observations on hydrocephalus with special regard to the posttraumatic malresorptive form. J Neurol 212:1–21, 1976
Yamada H, Oi S, Tamaki N, et al: Prenatal aqueductal stenosis as a cause of congenital hydrocephalus in the inbred rat. LEW/Jms. Child’s Nerv Syst 8:394–398, 1992
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2005 Springer-Verlag Italia
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Oi, S. (2005). Classification and Definition of Hydrocephalus: Origin, Controversy, and Assignment of the Terminology. In: Cinalli, G., Sainte-Rose, C., Maixner, W.J. (eds) Pediatric Hydrocephalus. Springer, Milano. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-2121-1_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-2121-1_6
Publisher Name: Springer, Milano
Print ISBN: 978-88-470-2173-0
Online ISBN: 978-88-470-2121-1
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)