Abstract
Adrenal masses are commonly detected with the increasing use of cross-sectional imaging and are reported with a frequency of up to 5 % at general abdominal computed tomography (CT). In addition, they have an increasing incidence with age, as they are detected in about 0.2 % in young people and up to 7 % in the elderly.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Joung WF Jr (2007) The incidentally discovered adrenal mass. N Engl J Med 356:601–610
Lockhart ME, Smith JK, Kenney PJ (2002) Imaging of adrenal masses. Eur J Radiol 41:95–112
Suzuki Y, Sasagawa S, Suzuki H et al (2001) The role of ultrasonography in the detection of adrenal masses: comparison with computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Int Urol Nephrol 32:303–306
Mansmann G, Lau J, Balk E et al (2004) The clinically inapparent adrenal mass: update in diagnosis and management. Endocr Rev 25:309–340
Rush MF, Schneider G, Bhole RM et al (2008) Contrast-enhanced sonography of adrenal masses: differentiation of adenomas and nonadenomatous lesions. AJR 191:1852–1860
Mayo-Smith WW, Boland GW, Noto RB et al (2001) State-of-the-art adrenal imaging. RadioGraphics 21:995–1012
Dunnick NR, Korobkin M (2002) Imaging of adrenal incidentalmomas. AJR Am J Roentgenol 179:559–568
Boland GWL, Blake MA, Hahn PF et al (2008) Incidental adrenal lesions: principles, techniques, and algorithms for imaging characterization. Radiology 249(3):759–775
Song JH, Chaudhry FS, Mayo-Smith WW (2008) The incidental indeterminate adrenal mass on CT: prevalence of adrenal disease in 1,049 consecutive adrenal masses in patients with no known malignancy. AJR Am J Roentgenol 190:1163–1168
Russell C, Goodacre BW, vanSonnenberg E et al (2000) Spontaneous rupture of adrenal myelolipoma: spiral CT appearance. Abdom Imaging 25:431–434
Korobkin M, Giordano TJ, Brodeur FJ et al (1996) Adrenal adenomas: relationship between histologic lipid and CT and MR findings. Radiology 200:743–747
Lee MJ, Hahn PF, Papanicolaou N et al (1991) Benign and malignant adrenal masses: CT distinction with attenuation coefficients, size, and observer analysis. Radiology 179:415–418
Blake MA, Cronin CG, Boland GW (2010) Adrenal imaging. AJR 194:1450–1460
Heinz-Peer G, Memarsadeghi M, Niederle B (2007) Imaging of adrenal masses. Curr Opin Urol 17:32–38
Korobkin M (2000) CT characterization of adrenal masses: the time has come. Radiology 217:629–632
Park BK, Kim CK, Kim B, Lee JH (2007) Comparison of delayed enhanced CT and chemical shift MR for evaluating hyperattenuating incidental adrenal masses. Radiology 243:760–765
Ng L, Libertino JM (2003) Adrenocortical carcinoma: diagnosis, evaluation and treatment. J Urol 169:5–11
Ferrozzi F, Bova D (1995) CT and MR demonstration of fat within an adrenal cortical carcinoma. Abdom Imaging 20:272–274
Heye S, Woestenborghs H, Van Kerkhove F et al (2005) Adrenocortical carcinoma with fat inclusion: case report. Abdom Imaging 30:641–643
Mannelli M, Colagrande S, Valeri A et al (2011) Incidental and metastatic adrenal masses. Semin Oncol 37:649–661
Fujiyoshi F, Nakajo M, Kukukura Y et al (2003) Characterization of adrenal tumors by chemical shift fast-low angle shot MR imaging: comparison of four methods of quantitative evaluation. AJR 180:1649–1657
Outwater EK, Siegelman ES, Radecki PD et al (1995) Distinction between benign and malignant adrenal masses: value of T1-weighted chemical shift MR imaging. AJR 165:579–583
Ramalho M, de Campos RO, Heredia V et al (2011) Characterization of adrenal lesions with 1.5-T MRI: preliminary observations on comparison of three in-phase and out-of-phase gradient-echo techniques. AJR 197:415–423
Israel GM, Korobkin M, Wang C et al (2004) Comparison of unenhanced CT and chemical shift MRI in evaluating lipid-rich adrenal adenomas. AJR 183:215–219
Haider MA, Ghai S, Jhaveri K et al (2004) Chemical shift MR imaging of hyperattenuating (>10 HU) adrenal masses: does it still have a role? Radiology 231:711–716
Blake MA, Kalra MK, Sweeney AT et al (2005) Distinguishing benign from malignant adrenal masses: multi-detector row CT protocol with 10-minute delay. Radiology 238:578–585
Park BK, Kim CK, Kim B et al (2007) Comparison of delayed enhanced CT and chemical shift MR for evaluating hyperattenuating incidental adrenal masses. Radiology 243:760–765
Tsushima Y, Takahashi-Taketomi A, Endo K (2009) Diagnostic utility of diffusion-weighted MR imaging and apparent diffusion coefficient value for the diagnosis of adrenal tumors. J Magn Reson Imaging 29:112–117
Miller FH, Wang Y, McCarthy RJ et al (2010) Utility of diffusion-weighted MRI in characterization of adrenal lesions. AJR 194:W179–W185
Gross MD, Korobkin M, Assaly WB et al (2009) Contemporary imaging of incidentally discovered adrenal masses. Nat Rev Urol 6:363–373
Wong KK, Komissarova M, Avram A et al (2010) Adrenal cortical imaging with I-131 NP-59 SPECT-CT. Clin Nucl Med 35:865–869
Lombardi CP, Raffaelli M, De Crea C et al (2007) Noninvasive adrenal imaging in hyperaldosteronism: is it accurate for correctly identifying patients who should be selected for surgery? Langebecks Arch Surg 392:623–628
Henning J, Lindhe Ö, Bergström M et al (2006) [11C]-Metomidate positron emission tomography of adrenocortical tumours in correlation with histopathological findings. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91:1410–1414
Boland GWL, Dwamena B, Sangwaiya MJ et al (2011) Characterization of adrenal masses by using FDG PET: a systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test performance. Radiology 269:117–126
Rufini V, Calcagni ML, Baum RP (2006) Imaging of neuroendocrine tumors. Semin Nucl Med 36:228–247
Jacobson AF, Deng H, Lombard J et al (2010) 123I-meta-iodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy for the detection of neuroblastoma and pheochromocytoma: results of a meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95:2596–2606
Pacak K, Eisenhofer G, Goldstein DS (2004) Functional imaging of endocrine tumors: role of positron emission tomography. Endocr Rev 25:568–580
Rufini V, Treglia G, Castaldi P et al (2011) Comparison of 123I-MIBG SPECT-CT and 18F-DOPA PET-CT in the evaluation of patients with known or suspected recurrent paraganglioma. Nucl Med Commun 32:575–582
Naswa N, Sharma P, Nazar AH, et al (2011) Prospective evaluation of 68Ga-DOTA-NOC PET-CT in phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Preliminary results from a single centre study. Eur Radiol 22:710–719
Timmers HJ, Chen CC, Carrasquillo JA et al (2009) Comparison of 18F-fluoro-L-DOPA, 18F-fluoro-deoxyglucose, and 18F-fluorodopamine PET and 123I-MIBG scintigraphy in the localization of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94:4757–4767
Timmers HJ, Kozupa A, Chen CC et al (2007) Superiority of fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography to other functional imaging techniques in the evaluation of metastatic SDHB-associated pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. J Clin Oncol 25:2262–2269
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer-Verlag Italia
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Falchini, M., Rufini, V. (2013). Imaging. In: Valeri, A., Bergamini, C., Bellantone, R., Lombardi, C. (eds) Surgery of the Adrenal Gland. Springer, Milano. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-2586-8_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-2586-8_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Milano
Print ISBN: 978-88-470-2585-1
Online ISBN: 978-88-470-2586-8
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)