Skip to main content

Steel-Free Bridge Decks Reinforced with FRP Composites

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites for Infrastructure Applications

Part of the book series: Strategies for Sustainability ((STSU))

  • 2644 Accesses

Abstract

Successful utilization of advanced polymer composite materials in civil infrastructures have long been recognized in bridge deck applications. The concept of ‘steel-free’ in concrete bridge decks can be achieved by replacing the conventional steel reinforcement with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) based reinforcing materials. Reviewed in this chapter are steel-free bridge decks reinforced with these composite reinforcement in forms of round or square rods, 2-D or 3-D grids or gratings, flat or curved FRP plate, sandwich panel with foam/balsa/steel inserts, stiffened or corrugated stay-in-place formwork, and polymer decks.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • AASHTO (2008) Guide specifications for design of FRP pedestrian bridges. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • ACI (2004) Prestressing concrete structures with FRP tendons. 440.4R-04, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills

    Google Scholar 

  • ACI (2005) Building code requirements for structural concrete and commentary. American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills

    Google Scholar 

  • ACI (2006) Guide for the design and construction of concrete reinforced with FRP bars. ACI 440.1R-06, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills

    Google Scholar 

  • ACMA (2007) Fiber Grating Manufacturers Council (FGMC), American Composites Manufacturers Association. http://www.acmanet.org/fgmc/. Cited on 14 Jan 2010

  • Aiello M, Focacci F, Huang PC, Nanni A (1999) Cracking of concrete cover in FRP reinforced concrete elements under thermal loads. In: Proceedings of the 4th international symposium on FRP for Reinforcement of Concrete Structures (FRPRCS-4), Baltimore, pp. 233–243

    Google Scholar 

  • Alagusundaramoorthy P, Harik IE, Choo CC (2006) Structural behavior of FRP composite bridge deck panels. J Bridg Eng 11(4):384–393

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alampalli S, O’Connor J, Yannotti AP (2002) Fiber reinforced polymer composites for the superstructure of a short-span rural bridge. Compos Struct 58(1):21–27

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Allen HG (1969) Analysis and design of structural sandwich panels. Pergamon Press, Oxford/New York, 283p

    Google Scholar 

  • American Composites Manufacturers Association (ACMA) (2003) Global FRP use in bridge applications. http://www.mdacomposites.org/mda/bridge_statistics.htm. Cited on 17 Jan 2011

  • Aref AJ, Almpalli S, He Y (2005) Performance of a fiber reinforced polymer web core skew bridge superstructure. Part I: field testing and finite element simulations. Compos Struct 69(4):491–499

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Autocon Composites Inc. (2010) http://www.autoconcomposites.net/NEFMAC.html. Cited on 14 Jan 2010

  • Bakeri PA (1989) Analysis and design of polymer composite bridge decks. Thesis submitted to the Dept. of Civil Eng. In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakeri PA, Sunder SS (1990) Concepts for hybrid FRP bridge deck systems. In: First Materials Engineering Congress. Serviceability and durability of construction materials, Denver, pp 1006–1015

    Google Scholar 

  • Balendran RV, Rana TM, Maqsood T, Tang WC (2002) Application of FRP bars as reinforcement in civil engineering structures. Struct Surv 20(2):62–72

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bank LC (2006) Composites for construction: structural design with FRP materials. Wiley, Hoboken

    Google Scholar 

  • Bank LC, Xi Z (1995) Punching shear behavior of pultruded FRP grating reinforced concrete slabs. In: Proceedings, 2nd international symposium on non-metallic (FRP) Reinforcement for Concrete Structures, Ghent, pp 360–367

    Google Scholar 

  • Bank LC, Zuhan X, Munley E (1992) Tests of full-size pultruded FRP grating reinforced concrete bridge decks. In: Proceedings, materials: performance and prevention of deficiencies and failures; Material Engineering Congress. ASCE, Reston, pp 618–630

    Google Scholar 

  • Bank LC, Yehoshua F, Shapira A (1997) Three-dimensional fiber-reinforced plastic grating cages for concrete beams: a pilot study. ACI Struct J 94(6):643–652

    Google Scholar 

  • Bank LC, Puterman M, Katz A (1998) The effect of material degradation on bond properties of FRP reinforcing bars in concrete. ACI Mat J 95(3):232–243

    Google Scholar 

  • Bank LC, Oliva MG, Russell JS, Jacobson DA, Conachen M, Nelson B, McMonigal D (2006) Double-layer prefabricated FRP grids for rapid bridge deck construction: case study. J Compos Const 10(3):204–212

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Banthia N, Al-Asaly M (1995) Behavior of concrete slab slabs reinforced with fiber-reinforced plastic grid. J Mater Civ Eng 7(4):252–257

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benmokrane B, Cousin P (2005) University of Sherbrooke GFRP durability study report. ISIS Canada Research Network, 45 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Benmokrane B, Masmoudi R, Chekired M, Rahman H, Debbache Z, Tadros G (1999) Design, construction, and monitoring of fiber reinforced polymer reinforced concrete bridge deck. In: The 4th international symposium on fiber reinforced polymer reinforcement for reinforced concrete structures, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, pp 87–102

    Google Scholar 

  • Benmokrane B, El-Salakawy E, Desgagne G, Lackey T (2004) FRP bars for bridges. Concrete Int 26:84–90

    Google Scholar 

  • Berg AC, Bank LC, Oliva MG, Russell JS (2004) Construction of a FRP reinforced bridge deck on US highway 151 in Wisconsin. Proc., The 83rd annual transportation research board meeting, CD-ROM, Washington, DC, vol 25, 25 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Biddah A (2006) Structural reinforcement of bridge decks using pultruded GFRP grating. Compos Struct 74(1):80–88

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ISIS Canada Research Network (2010) Intelligent sensing for innovative structures http://www.isiscanada.com/demo/ontario.html. Cited on 16 Jan 2011

  • Carvelli V, Pisani MA, Poggi C (2010) Fatigue behavior of concrete bridge deck slabs reinforced with GFRP bars. Compos Part B Eng 41(7):560–567

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cassity P, Richards D, Gillespie J (2002) Compositely acting FRP deck and girder system. Struct Eng Int: J Int Assc Bridge Struct Eng (IABSE) 12(2):71–75

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheng L, Karbhari VM (2006a) Fatigue behavior of a steel-free FRP-concrete modular bridge deck system. J Bridge Eng 11(4):474–488

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng L, Karbhari VM (2006b) New bridge systems using FRP composites and concrete: a state-of-the-art review. Prog Struct Eng Mater 8(4):143–154, Wiley, New York

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng L, Karbhari VM (2006c) Design approach for a FRP structural formwork based steel-free modular bridge system. Int J Struct Eng Mech 24(5):561–584, Techno-Press

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheng L, Zhao L, Karbhari VM, Hegemier GA, Seible F (2005) Assessment of a steel-free fiber reinforced polymer-composite modular bridge system. J Struct Eng 131(3):498–506

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chiewanichakorn M, Aref AJ, Alamphalli S (2003) Failure analysis of fiber-reinforced polymer bridge deck system. J Compos Tech Res 25(2):121–129

    Google Scholar 

  • CSA (2002) Design and construction of building components with fibre-reinforced polymers. CSA-S806-02, Canadian Standards Association, Toronto

    Google Scholar 

  • Davalos JF, Qiao P, Xu XF, Robinson J, Barth KE (2001) Modeling and characterization of fiber-reinforced plastic honeycomb sandwich panels for highway bridge applications. Compos Struct 52(3–4):441–452

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dieter DA, Dietsche JS, Bank LC, Oliva MG, Russell JS (2002) Concrete bridge decks constructed with fiber-reinforced polymer stay-in-place forms and grid reinforcing. Trans Res Rec 1814, Paper No. 02–3205, pp 219–226

    Google Scholar 

  • Dutta PK, Bailey DM, Tsai SW, Jensen DW, Hayes JR, McDonald WE, Smart CW, Colwell T, Earl JS, Chen HJ (1998) Composite grids for reinforcement of concrete structures. USACERL Technical Report 98/81, p 169

    Google Scholar 

  • El-Ragaby A, El-Salakawy E, Benmokrane B (2007) Fatigue life evaluation of concrete bridge deck slabs reinforced with glass FRP composite bars. J Compos Const 11(3):258–268

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • El-Sayed A, El-Salakawy E, Benmokrane B (2005) Shear strength of one-way concrete slabs reinforced with fiber-reinforced polymer composite bars. J Compos Const 9(2):147–157

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fujisaki T, Nakatsuji T, Sugita M (1993) Research and development of grid shaped FRP reinforcement. In: Nanni A, Dolan CW (eds) Fiber-reinforced-plastic reinforcement for concrete structures – international symposium, ACI SP-138, Vancouver, pp 287–299

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodspeed C, Aleva G (1995) Stress distribution in FRP grid reinforced members. In: Taerwe L (ed) Non-metallic (FRP) reinforcement for concrete structures – The 2nd international RILEM symposium (FRPRCS-2), Ghent. E&FN Spon, London, pp 298–305

    Google Scholar 

  • Grace NF (1999) Continuous CFRP prestressed concrete bridges. Concr Int 21(10):42–47

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall JE, Mottram JT (1998) Combined FRP reinforcement and permanent formwork for concrete members. J Compos Const 2(2):78–86

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harik I, Alagusundaramoorthy P, Siddiqui R, Lopez-Anido R, Morton S, Dutta P, Shahrooz B (1999) Testing of concrete/FRP composite deck panels. In: 5th construction materials congress, ASCE materials engineering division, Cincinnati, pp 351–358

    Google Scholar 

  • Hassan T, Abdelrahman A, Tadros G, Rizkalla S (2000) Fibre reinforced polymer reinforcing bars for bridge decks. Can J Civ Eng 27(5):839–849

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hohe J, Becker W, Goswami S (2001) Singular stress fields in cellular cores for structural sandwich panels. Compos Struct 53(1):9–19

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Honickman HN (2008) Pultruded GFRP section as stay-in-place structural open formwork for concrete slabs and girders. MSc Thesis, Queen’s University, Department of Civil Engineering, Kingston, Ontario.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ishizaki S, Matsui S, Kubo K (1994) A study on FRP permanent form for reinforced concrete slabs. Tech Rep Osaka Uni 44(2196):295–307

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson DA, Bank LC, Oliva MG, Russell JS (2004) Punching shear in fiber-reinforced polymer FRP bi-layer grid-reinforced concrete bridge decks. In: Proceedings of the 83rd annual transportation research board meeting, CD-ROM, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Ji HS, Son BJ, Ma Z (2009) Evaluation of composite sandwich bridge decks with hybrid FRP-steel core. J Bridg Eng 14(1):36–44

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ji HS, Song W, Ma Z (2010) Design, test and field application of a GFRP corrugated-core sandwich bridge. Compos Struct 32(9):2814–2824

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson C, Mohamed T, Rizkalla S (2007) Behavior of three-dimensionally woven glass fiber reinforced polymeric bridge deck. Compos Res J 1(2):27–42

    Google Scholar 

  • JSCE (1997) Recommendation for design and construction of concrete structures using continuous fiber reinforcing materials, Concrete Engineering Series 23. Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Tokyo

    Google Scholar 

  • Karbhari VM (2007) Durability of composites for civil structural applications. Woodhead Publishing/Maney Publishing, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Keller T (2001) Recent all-composite and hybrid fibre-reinforced polymer bridges and buildings. Prog Struct Eng Mater 3(2):132–140

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kitane Y, Aref AJ, Lee GC (2004) Static and fatigue testing of hybrid fiber-reinforced polymer-concrete bridge superstructure. J Compos Const 8(2):182–190

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu Y, He J, Fan H, Chen A, Dai L (2010) Experimental study on flexural behaviour of hybrid GFRP/concrete bridge deck. In: CICE 2010 – the 5th international conference on FRP composites in civil engineering, Beijing, 27–29 Sept 2010, pp 197–201

    Google Scholar 

  • Lopez-Anido R, GangaRao HVS, Vedam V, Overby N (1997) Design and evaluation of a modular FRP bridge deck. International composites expo, Composites Institute, Paper 3-E, Nashville, pp 1–6

    Google Scholar 

  • Lopez-Anido R, Dutta P, Bouzon J, Morton S, Shahrooz B, Harik I (1999) Fatigue evaluation of FRP-concrete bridge deck on steel girders at high temperature. In: The 44th international SAMPE symposium, 23–27 May 1999, pp 1666–1675

    Google Scholar 

  • MacGregor JG (1997) Reinforced concrete: mechanics and design, 3rd edn. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River

    Google Scholar 

  • Matsui S, Ishizaki S, Kubo K (2001) An experimental study on durability of FRP-RC composite deck slabs of highway bridges. In: Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on concrete under severe conditions: environment & loading, Vancouver, 18–20 June, pp 933–940

    Google Scholar 

  • Matthys S, Taerwe L (1995) Loading tests on concrete slabs reinforced with FRP grids. In: Taerwe L (ed) Non-metallic (FRP) reinforcement for concrete structures – the 2nd International RILEM Symposium (FRPRCS-2), Ghent. E&FN Spon, London, pp 287–297

    Google Scholar 

  • Matthys S, Taerwe L (2000) Concrete slabs reinforced with FRP grids: one-way bending. J Compos Const 4(3):145–153

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer RR (1973) McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Company, Isogrid Design Handbook, NASA contractor Report, CR-124075, Revision A

    Google Scholar 

  • Michaluk CR, Rizkalla S, Tadros G, Benmokrane B (1998) Flexural behavior of one-way concrete slabs reinforced by fiber reinforced plastic reinforcement. ACI Struct J 95(3):353–364

    Google Scholar 

  • Morcous G, Cho Y, El-Safty A, Chen G (2010) Structural behavior of FRP sandwich panels for bridge decks. KSCE J Civ Eng 14(6):879–888

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mufti A, Onofrei M, Benmokrane B, Banthia N, Boulfiza M, Newhook J, Bakht B, Tadros G, Brett P (2005) Durability of GFRP reinforced concrete in field structures. In: Proceedings of the 5th international symposium on FRP for reinforcement of concrete structures (FRPRCS-5), Kansas City

    Google Scholar 

  • Nanni A (1993) Fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) for concrete structures: properties and applications. Elsevier, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Nanni A (2001) Relevant field applications of FRP composites in concrete structures. In: Proceedings of the international conference composites in construction – CCC2001, Portugal, pp 661–670

    Google Scholar 

  • Park SY, Cho Y, Kim ST, Cho JR, Kim BS (2009) Structural behavior of FRP-concrete composite deck with concrete wedge. In: The 9th international symposium on Fiber Reinforced Polymer Reinforced for Concrete Structures (FRPRCS-9), Sydney, 13–15 July 2009

    Google Scholar 

  • Park SY, Cho K, Kim ST, Cho JR, Kim BS (2010) Structural performance evaluation of precast FRP-concrete composite deck with concrete wedge for cable-stayed bridge. In: CICE 2010 – The 5th international conference on FRP composites in civil Engineering, Beijing, 27–29 Sept 2010, pp 211–214

    Google Scholar 

  • Plecnik JM, Azar WA (1991) Structural components, highway bridge deck applications. Int Ency Compos 6:430–445

    Google Scholar 

  • Reising RMW et al (2001) Performance of five-span steel bridge with fiber-reinforced polymer composite deck panels. Trans Res Rec 1770, Paper No. 01–0337, pp 113–123

    Google Scholar 

  • Ringelstetter TE, Bank LC, Oliva MG, Russell JS, Matta F, Nanni A (2006) Development of a cost-effective structural FRP stay-in-place formwork system for accelerated and durable bridge deck construction. Design of Structures, Transportation Research Record, No. 1976, Transportation Research Board, pp 183–189

    Google Scholar 

  • Rizkalla SH (1997) A new generation of civil engineering structures and bridges. In: Proceedings of the 3rd international symposium on non-metallic (FRP) Reinforcement for Concrete Structures (FRPRCS-3), vol 1, Japan Concrete Institute, Tokyo, pp 113–128

    Google Scholar 

  • Salim HA, Davalos JF (1999) FRP composite short-span bridges: analysis, design and testing. J Adv Mater 31(1):18–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Sen R, Shahawy M, Sukumar S, Rosas J (1998) Effect of tidal exposure on bond of CFRP rods. In: Saadatmanesh H, Eshani MR (eds) Second international conference on composites in infrastructure, vol II, University of Arizona, Tucson, pp 512–523

    Google Scholar 

  • Steffen RE, Trunfio JP, Bowman MM (2001a) Performance of a bridge deck reinforced with CFRP grids in Rollinsford, New Hampshire, USA. In: Figueiras J, Juvandes L, Furia R (eds) Proceedings of CCC, FRP Composites in Construction, Porto, pp 671–676

    Google Scholar 

  • Steffen R, Scott D, Goodspeed C, Bowman M, Trunfio J (2001b) Design issues and constructability of a CFRP grid reinforced bridge deck. In: Azizinamini A, Yakel A, Abdelrahman M (eds) High performance materials in bridges. ASCE, Reston, pp 106–116

    Google Scholar 

  • Tadros G, Tromposch E, Mufti A (1998) University drive/Crowchild Trail Bridge superstructure replacement. In: Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on composites in infrastructure (ICCI-98), vol 1, Tucson, pp 693–704

    Google Scholar 

  • Triantafillou TC, Gibson LJ (1989) Debonding in foam-core sandwich panels. Mater Struct 22:64–69

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tromp E, Souren WHM (2003) Design of a composite draw bridge. In: Proceedings of ICCM-14, San Diego, pp 1–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Vijay PV, GangaRao HVS (2001) Bending behavior and deformability of glass fiber-reinforced polymer reinforced concrete members. ACI Struct J 98(6):834–842

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams B, Shehata E, Rizkalla SH (2003) Filament-wound glass fiber reinforced polymer bridge deck modules. J Compos Const 7(3):266–273

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yost JR, Schmeckpeper ER (2001) Strength and serviceability of FRP grid reinforced bridge deck. J Bridg Eng 6(6):605–612

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lijuan Cheng .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Cheng, L. (2012). Steel-Free Bridge Decks Reinforced with FRP Composites. In: Jain, R., Lee, L. (eds) Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites for Infrastructure Applications. Strategies for Sustainability. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2357-3_8

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics