Abstract
Head and neck cancer, while relatively uncommon in the United States remains a prevalent condition throughout the world and potentially has substantial quality of life issues for these patients. As a disease classification, head and neck cancer, represents a diverse population of cancers which are linked anatomically, extending from the clavicles to the skull base. There are many histologic types of cancer within this grouping, although the vast majority are squamous cell carcinomas. The most significant disease sites are the oral cavity, oropharynx, larynx and hypopharynx, while other sites, such as the sinuses, are much less common and more heterogeneous. Treatment for head and neck cancer consists of surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy, alone or in combination. The decision to use a particular therapeutic regimen has been related to TNM stage, primary site, and comorbidity of the patient. More recently, molecular studies of head and neck cancer, such as global gene expression, methylation status, microRNA and proteomic changes, continue to identify important alterations in the genetic and molecular make-up of these tumors, all of which will be expanded upon in this chapter.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Allen CT, Lewis JS, El-Mofty SK, Haughey BH, Nussenbaum B (2010) Human papillomavirus and oropharynx cancer: biology, detection and clinical implications. Laryngoscope 120(9):1756–1772
D’Souza G, Kreimer AR, Viscidi R, Pawlita M, Fakhry C, Koch WM, Westra WH, Gillison ML (2007) Case–control study of human papillomavirus and oropharyngeal cancer. N Engl J Med 356(19):1944–1956. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa065497
Chaturvedi AK, Engels EA, Pfeiffer RM, Hernandez BY, Xiao W, Kim E, Jiang B, Goodman MT, Sibug-Saber M, Cozen W, Liu L, Lynch CF, Wentzensen N, Jordan RC, Altekruse S, Anderson WF, Rosenberg PS, Gillison ML (2011) Human papillomavirus and rising oropharyngeal cancer incidence in the United States. J Clin Oncol 29(32):4294–4301. doi:10.1200/JCO.2011.36.4596
Belbin TJ, Schlecht NF, Smith RV, Adrien LR, Kawachi N, Brandwein-Gensler M, Bergman A, Chen Q, Childs G, Prystowsky MB (2008) Site-specific molecular signatures predict aggressive disease in HNSCC. Head Neck Pathol 2(4):243–256
Tamás L, Szentkúti G, Eros M, Dános K, Brauswetter D, Szende B, Zsákovics I, Krenács T (2011) Differential biomarker expression in head and neck cancer correlates with anatomical localization. Pathol Oncol Res 17(3):721–727
Lindberg R (1972) Distribution of cervical lymph node metastases from squamous cell carcinoma of the upper respiratory and digestive tracts. Cancer 29(6):1446–1449
Forastiere AA, Goepfert H, Maor M, Pajak TF, Weber R, Morrison W, Glisson B, Trotti A, Ridge JA, Chao C, Peters G, Lee D-J, Leaf A, Ensley J, Cooper J (2003) Concurrent chemotherapy and radiotherapy for organ preservation in advanced laryngeal cancer. N Engl J Med 349(22):2091–2098
Hoffman HT, Porter K, Karnell LH, Cooper JS, Weber RS, Langer CJ, Ang K-K, Gay G, Stewart A, Robinson RA (2006) Laryngeal cancer in the United States: changes in demographics, patterns of care, and survival. Laryngoscope 116(9 Pt 2 Suppl 111):1–13
Vermorken JB, Mesia R, Rivera F, Remenar E, Kawecki A, Rottey S, Erfan J, Zabolotnyy D, Kienzer H-R, Cupissol D, Peyrade F, Benasso M, Vynnychenko I, De Raucourt D, Bokemeyer C, Schueler A, Amellal N, Hitt R (2008) Platinum-based chemotherapy plus cetuximab in head and neck cancer. N Engl J Med 359(11):1116–1127
Bonner JA, Harari PM, Giralt J, Azarnia N, Shin DM, Cohen RB, Jones CU, Sur R, Raben D, Jassem J, Ove R, Kies MS, Baselga J, Youssoufian H, Amellal N, Rowinsky EK, Ang KK (2006) Radiotherapy plus cetuximab for squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck. N Engl J Med 354(6):567–578
Motta G, Esposito E, Motta S, Tartaro G, Testa D (2005) CO2 laser surgery in the treatment of glottis cancer. Head Neck 27:566–574
Rich JT, Milov S, Lewis JS, Thorstad WL, Adkins DR, Haughey BH (2009) Transoral laser microsurgery (TLM) +/− adjuvant therapy for advanced stage oropharyngeal cancer: outcomes and prognostic factors. Laryngoscope 119(9):1709–1719
Weinberger PM, Yu Z, Haffty BG, Kowalski D, Harigopal M, Brandsma J, Sasaki C, Joe J, Camp RL, Rimm DL, Psyrri A (2006) Molecular classification identifies a subset of human papillomavirus–associated oropharyngeal cancers with favorable prognosis. J Clin Oncol 24(5):736–747
Ang KK, Harris J, Wheeler R, Weber R, Rosenthal DI, Nguyen-Tân PF, Westra WH, Chung CH, Jordan RC, Lu C, Kim H, Axelrod R, Silverman CC, Redmond KP, Gillison ML (2010) Human papillomavirus and survival of patients with oropharyngeal cancer. N Engl J Med 363(1):24–35
Kumar B, Cordell KG, D’Silva N, Prince ME, Adams ME, Fisher SG, Wolf GT, Carey TE, Bradford CR (2008) Expression of p53 and Bcl-xL as predictive markers for larynx preservation in advanced laryngeal cancer. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 134(4):363–369
Ke LD, Adler-Storthz K, Clayman GL, Yung AW, Chen Z (1998) Differential expression of epidermal growth factor receptor in human head and neck cancers. Head Neck 20(4):320–327
Madan R, Brandwein-Gensler M, Schlecht NF, Elias K, Gorbovitsky E, Belbin TJ, Mahmood R, Breining D, Qian H, Childs G, Locker J, Smith R, Haigentz M, Gunn-Moore F, Prystowsky MB (2006) Differential tissue and subcellular expression of ERM proteins in normal and malignant tissues: cytoplasmic ezrin expression has prognostic significance for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 28(11):1018–1027
Bradford CR (1999) Predictive factors in head and neck cancer. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 13(4):777–785
Schlecht NF, Burk RD, Adrien L, Dunne A, Kawachi N, Sarta C, Chen Q, Brandwein-Gensler M, Prystowsky MB, Childs G, Smith RV, Belbin TJ (2007) Gene expression profiles in HPV-infected head and neck cancer. J Pathol 213(3):283–293. doi:10.1002/path.2227
Fischer CA, Kampmann M, Zlobec I, Green E, Tornillo L, Lugli A, Wolfensberger M, Terracciano LM (2010) p16 expression in oropharyngeal cancer: its impact on staging and prognosis compared with the conventional clinical staging parameters. Ann Oncol 21(10):1961–1966
Lewis JS Jr, Thorstad WL, Chernock RD, Haughey BH, Yip JH, Zhang Q, El-Mofty SK (2010) p16 positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: an entity with a favorable prognosis regardless of tumor HPV status. Am J Surg Pathol 34(8):1088–1096. doi:10.1097/PAS.0b013e3181e84652
Nichols AC, Faquin WC, Westra WH, Mroz EA, Begum S, Clark JR, Rocco JW (2009) HPV-16 infection predicts treatment outcome in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 140(2):228–234
Villaret DB, Wang T, Dillon D, Xu J, Sivam D, Cheever MA, Reed SG (2000) Identification of genes overexpressed in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma using a combination of complementary DNA subtraction and microarray analysis. Laryngoscope 110(3 Pt 1):374–381. doi:10.1097/00005537-200003000-00008
Leethanakul C, Patel V, Gillespie J, Pallente M, Ensley JF, Koontongkaew S, Liotta LA, Emmert-Buck M, Gutkind JS (2000) Distinct pattern of expression of differentiation and growth-related genes in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck revealed by the use of laser capture microdissection and cDNA arrays. Oncogene 19(28):3220–3224. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1203703
Alevizos I, Mahadevappa M, Zhang X, Ohyama H, Kohno Y, Posner M, Gallagher GT, Varvares M, Cohen D, Kim D, Kent R, Donoff RB, Todd R, Yung CM, Warrington JA, Wong DT (2001) Oral cancer in vivo gene expression profiling assisted by laser capture microdissection and microarray analysis. Oncogene 20(43):6196–6204. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1204685
Al Moustafa AE, Alaoui-Jamali MA, Batist G, Hernandez-Perez M, Serruya C, Alpert L, Black MJ, Sladek R, Foulkes WD (2002) Identification of genes associated with head and neck carcinogenesis by cDNA microarray comparison between matched primary normal epithelial and squamous carcinoma cells. Oncogene 21(17):2634–2640. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1205351
Belbin TJ, Singh B, Smith RV, Socci ND, Wreesmann VB, Sanchez-Carbayo M, Masterson J, Patel S, Cordon-Cardo C, Prystowsky MB, Childs G (2005) Molecular profiling of tumor progression in head and neck cancer. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 131(1):10–18. doi:10.1001/archotol.131.1.10
Warner GC, Reis PP, Jurisica I, Sultan M, Arora S, Macmillan C, Makitie AA, Grenman R, Reid N, Sukhai M, Freeman J, Gullane P, Irish J, Kamel-Reid S (2004) Molecular classification of oral cancer by cDNA microarrays identifies overexpressed genes correlated with nodal metastasis. Int J Cancer 110(6):857–868. doi:10.1002/ijc.20197
Liu CJ, Liu TY, Kuo LT, Cheng HW, Chu TH, Chang KW, Lin SC (2008) Differential gene expression signature between primary and metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. J Pathol 214(4):489–497. doi:10.1002/path.2306
Belbin TJ, Singh B, Barber I, Socci N, Wenig B, Smith R, Prystowsky MB, Childs G (2002) Molecular classification of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma using cDNA microarrays. Cancer Res 62(4):1184–1190
Hanna E, Shrieve DC, Ratanatharathorn V, Xia X, Breau R, Suen J, Li S (2001) A novel alternative approach for prediction of radiation response of squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck. Cancer Res 61(6):2376–2380
Ginos MA, Page GP, Michalowicz BS, Patel KJ, Volker SE, Pambuccian SE, Ondrey FG, Adams GL, Gaffney PM (2004) Identification of a gene expression signature associated with recurrent disease in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Cancer Res 64(1):55–63
Chung CH, Parker JS, Ely K, Carter J, Yi Y, Murphy BA, Ang KK, El-Naggar AK, Zanation AM, Cmelak AJ, Levy S, Slebos RJ, Yarbrough WG (2006) Gene expression profiles identify epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and activation of nuclear factor-kappaB signaling as characteristics of a high-risk head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Res 66(16):8210–8218. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-1213
Mendez E, Lohavanichbutr P, Fan W, Houck JR, Rue TC, Doody DR, Futran ND, Upton MP, Yueh B, Zhao LP, Schwartz SM, Chen C (2011) Can a metastatic gene expression profile outperform tumor size as a predictor of occult lymph node metastasis in oral cancer patients? Clin Cancer Res 17(8):2466–2473. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-0175
Kato Y, Uzawa K, Saito K, Nakashima D, Kato M, Nimura Y, Seki N, Tanzawa H (2006) Gene expression pattern in oral cancer cervical lymph node metastasis. Oncol Rep 16(5):1009–1014
Nagata M, Fujita H, Ida H, Hoshina H, Inoue T, Seki Y, Ohnishi M, Ohyama T, Shingaki S, Kaji M, Saku T, Takagi R (2003) Identification of potential biomarkers of lymph node metastasis in oral squamous cell carcinoma by cDNA microarray analysis. Int J Cancer 106(5):683–689. doi:10.1002/ijc.11283
Nguyen ST, Hasegawa S, Tsuda H, Tomioka H, Ushijima M, Noda M, Omura K, Miki Y (2007) Identification of a predictive gene expression signature of cervical lymph node metastasis in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Sci 98(5):740–746. doi:10.1111/j.1349-7006.2007.00454.x
O’Donnell RK, Kupferman M, Wei SJ, Singhal S, Weber R, O’Malley B, Cheng Y, Putt M, Feldman M, Ziober B, Muschel RJ (2005) Gene expression signature predicts lymphatic metastasis in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. Oncogene 24(7):1244–1251. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1208285
Perez-Ordonez B, Beauchemin M, Jordan RC (2006) Molecular biology of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. J Clin Pathol 59:445–453
Wu CL, Sloan P, Read AP, Harris R, Thakker N (1994) Deletion mapping on the short arm of chromosome 3 in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. Cancer Res 54(24):6484–6488
Fu L, Qin Y-R, Xie D, Hu L, Kwong DL, Srivastava G, Tsao SW, Guan X-Y (2007) Characterization of a novel tumor-suppressor gene PLC delta 1 at 3p22 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Res 67(22):10720–10726
Hogg RP, Honorio S, Martinez A, Agathanggelou A, Dallol A, Fullwood P, Weichselbaum R, Kuo MJ, Maher ER, Latif F (2002) Frequent 3p allele loss and epigenetic inactivation of the RASSF1A tumour suppressor gene from region 3p21.3 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Eur J Cancer 38(12):1585–1592
Honjo N, Gunduz M, Fukushima K, Cengiz B, Beder LB, Gunduz E, Nagatsuka H, Xiao J, Shimizu K, Nishizaki K (2007) Comprehensive loss of heterozygosity analysis and identification of a novel hotspot at 3p21 in salivary gland neoplasms. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 137(1):119–125
Lee DJ, Schönleben F, Banuchi VE, Qiu W, Close LG, Assaad AM, Su GH (2010) Multiple tumor-suppressor genes on chromosome 3p contribute to head and neck squamous cell carcinoma tumorigenesis. Cancer Biol Ther 10(7):689–693
Sjoblom T, Jones S, Wood LD, Parsons DW, Lin J, Barber TD, York NY (2006) The consensus coding sequences of human breast and colorectal cancers. Science 314:268–274
Jones S, Zhang X, Parsons DW, Lin JC-H, Leary RJ, Angenendt P, Mankoo P, Carter H, Kamiyama H, Jimeno A, Hong S-M, Fu B, Lin M-T, Calhoun ES, Kamiyama M, Walter K, Nikolskaya T, Nikolsky Y, Hartigan J, Smith DR, Hidalgo M, Leach SD, Klein AP, Jaffee EM, Goggins M, Maitra A, Iacobuzio-Donahue C, Eshleman JR, Kern SE, Hruban RH, Karchin R, Papadopoulos N, Parmigiani G, Vogelstein B, Velculescu VE, Kinzler KW (2008) Core signaling pathways in human pancreatic cancers revealed by global genomic analyses. Science 321(5897):1801–1806
van der Riet P, Nawroz H, Hruban RH, Corio R, Tokino K, Koch W, Sidransky D (1994) Frequent loss of chromosome 9p21-22 early in head and neck cancer progression. Cancer Res 54(5):1156–1158
Califano J, van der Riet P, Westra W, Nawroz H, Clayman G, Piantadosi S, Corio R, Lee D, Greenberg B, Koch W, Sidransky D (1996) Genetic progression model for head and neck cancer: implications for field cancerization. Cancer Res 56(11):2488–2492
Merlo A, Herman JG, Mao L, Lee DJ, Gabrielson E, Burger PC, Baylin SB, Sidransky D (1995) 5′ CpG island methylation is associated with transcriptional silencing of the tumour suppressor p16/CDKN2/MTS1 in human cancers. Nat Med 1(7):686–692
Riese U, Dahse R, Fiedler W, Theuer C, Koscielny S, Ernst G, Beleites E, Claussen U, von Eggeling F (1999) Tumor suppressor gene p16 (CDKN2A) mutation status and promoter inactivation in head and neck cancer. Int J Mol Med 4(1):61–65
Chang SE, Bhatia P, Johnson NW, Morgan PR, McCormick F, Young B, Hiorns L (1991) Ras mutations in United Kingdom examples of oral malignancies are infrequent. Int J Cancer 48(3):409–412
Field JK, Pavelic ZP, Spandidos DA, Stambrook PJ, Jones AS, Gluckman JL (1993) The role of the p53 tumor suppressor gene in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 119(10):1118–1122
Gonzalez MV, Pello MF, Lpez-Larrea C, Surez C, Menndez MJ, Coto E (1995) Loss of heterozygosity and mutation analysis of the p16 (9p21) and p53 (17p13) genes in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Clin Cancer Res 1(9):1043–1049
Hung RJ, van der Hel O, Tavtigian SV, Brennan P, Boffetta P, Hashibe M (2005) Perspectives on the molecular epidemiology of aerodigestive tract cancers. Mutat Res 592(1–2):102–118
Wu X, Spitz MR, Lee JJ, Lippman SM, Ye Y, Yang H, Khuri FR, Kim E, Gu J, Lotan R, Hong WK (2009) Novel susceptibility loci for second primary tumors/recurrence in head and neck cancer patients: large-scale evaluation of genetic variants. Cancer Prev Res 2(7):617–624
McKay JD, Truong T, Gaborieau V, Chabrier A, Chuang S-C, Byrnes G, Zaridze D, Shangina O, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Lissowska J, Rudnai P, Fabianova E, Bucur A, Bencko V, Holcatova I, Janout V, Foretova L, Lagiou P, Trichopoulos D, Benhamou S, Bouchardy C, Ahrens W, Merletti F, Richiardi L, Talamini R, Barzan L, Kjaerheim K, Macfarlane GJ, Macfarlane TV, Simonato L, Canova C, Agudo A, Castellsagué X, Lowry R, Conway DI, McKinney PA, Healy CM, Toner ME, Znaor A, Curado MP, Koifman S, Menezes A, Wünsch-Filho V, Neto JE, Garrote LF, Boccia S, Cadoni G, Arzani D, Olshan AF, Weissler MC, Funkhouser WK, Luo J, LubiÅ„ski J, Trubicka J, Lener M, Oszutowska D, Schwartz SM, Chen C, Fish S, Doody DR, Muscat JE, Lazarus P, Gallagher CJ, Chang S-C, Zhang Z-F, Wei Q, Sturgis EM, Wang L-E, Franceschi S, Herrero R, Kelsey KT, McClean MD, Marsit CJ, Nelson HH, Romkes M, Buch S, Nukui T, Zhong S, Lacko M, Manni JJ, Peters WHM, Hung RJ, McLaughlin J, Vatten L, Njølstad I, Goodman GE, Field JK, Liloglou T, Vineis P, Clavel-Chapelon F, Palli D, Tumino R, Krogh V, Panico S, González CA, Quirós JR, MartÃnez C, Navarro C, Ardanaz E, Larrañaga N, Khaw K-T, Key T, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Peeters PHM, Trichopoulou A, Linseisen J, Boeing H, Hallmans G, Overvad K, Tjønneland A, Kumle M, Riboli E, Välk K, Vooder T, Voodern T, Metspalu A, Zelenika D, Boland A, Delepine M, Foglio M, Lechner D, Blanché H, Gut IG, Galan P, Heath S, Hashibe M, Hayes RB, Boffetta P, Lathrop M, Brennan P (2011) A genome-wide association study of upper aerodigestive tract cancers conducted within the INHANCE consortium. PLoS Genet 7(3):e1001333
Hashibe M, McKay JD, Curado MP, Oliveira JC, Koifman S, Koifman R, Zaridze D, Shangina O, Wünsch-Filho V, Eluf-Neto J, Levi JE, Matos E, Lagiou P, Lagiou A, Benhamou S, Bouchardy C, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Menezes A, Dall’Agnol MM, Merletti F, Richiardi L, Fernandez L, Lence J, Talamini R, Barzan L, Mates D, Mates IN, Kjaerheim K, Macfarlane GJ, Macfarlane TV, Simonato L, Canova C, Holcátová I, Agudo A, Castellsagué X, Lowry R, Janout V, Kollarova H, Conway DI, McKinney PA, Znaor A, Fabianova E, Bencko V, Lissowska J, Chabrier A, Hung RJ, Gaborieau V, Boffetta P, Brennan P (2008) Multiple ADH genes are associated with upper aerodigestive cancers. Nat Genet 40(6):707–709
Patocs A, Zhang L, Xu Y, Weber F, Caldes T, Mutter GL, Platzer P, Eng C (2007) Breast-cancer stromal cells with TP53 mutations and nodal metastases. N Engl J Med 357(25):2543–2551
Bebek G, Orloff M, Eng C (2011) Microenvironmental genomic alterations reveal signaling networks for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. J Clin Bioinform 1(1):21
Graveland AP, Golusinski PJ, Buijze M, Douma R, Sons N, Kuik DJ, Bloemena E, Leemans CR, Brakenhoff RH, Braakhuis BJM (2011) Loss of heterozygosity at 9p and p53 immunopositivity in surgical margins predict local relapse in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Cancer 128(8):1852–1859
Mao L, Lee JS, Fan YH, Ro JY, Batsakis JG, Lippman S, Hittelman W, Hong WK (1996) Frequent microsatellite alterations at chromosomes 9p21 and 3p14 in oral premalignant lesions and their value in cancer risk assessment. Nat Med 2(6):682–685
Partridge M, Emilion G, Pateromichelakis S, A’Hern R, Phillips E, Langdon J (1998) Allelic imbalance at chromosomal loci implicated in the pathogenesis of oral precancer, cumulative loss and its relationship with progression to cancer. Oral Oncol 34(2):77–83
Partridge M, Pateromichelakis S, Phillips E, Emilion GG, A’Hern RP, Langdon JD (2000) A case–control study confirms that microsatellite assay can identify patients at risk of developing oral squamous cell carcinoma within a field of cancerization. Cancer Res 60(14):3893–3898
Rosin MP, Cheng X, Poh C, Lam WL, Huang Y, Lovas J, Berean K, Epstein JB, Priddy R, Le ND, Zhang L (2000) Use of allelic loss to predict malignant risk for low-grade oral epithelial dysplasia. Clin Cancer Res 6(2):357–362
Rosin MP, Lam WL, Poh C, Le ND, Li RJ, Zeng T, Priddy R, Zhang L (2002) 3p14 and 9p21 loss is a simple tool for predicting second oral malignancy at previously treated oral cancer sites. Cancer Res 62(22):6447–6450
Shah NG, Trivedi TI, Tankshali RA, Goswami JV, Jetly DH, Shukla SN, Shah PM, Verma RJ (2009) Prognostic significance of molecular markers in oral squamous cell carcinoma: a multivariate analysis. Head Neck 31(12):1544–1556
Olshen AB, Venkatraman ES, Lucito R, Wigler M (2004) Circular binary segmentation for the analysis of array-based DNA copy number data. Biostatistics 5(4):557–572
Costello JF, Plass C (2001) Methylation matters. J Med Genet 38(5):285–303
Maruya S, Issa JP, Weber RS, Rosenthal DI, Haviland JC, Lotan R, El-Naggar AK (2004) Differential methylation status of tumor-associated genes in head and neck squamous carcinoma: incidence and potential implications. Clin Cancer Res 10(11):3825–3830. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-03-0370
Rosas SL, Koch W, da Costa Carvalho MG, Wu L, Califano J, Westra W, Jen J, Sidransky D (2001) Promoter hypermethylation patterns of p16, O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase, and death-associated protein kinase in tumors and saliva of head and neck cancer patients. Cancer Res 61(3):939–942
Zuo C, Ai L, Ratliff P, Suen JY, Hanna E, Brent TP, Fan CY (2004) O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase gene: epigenetic silencing and prognostic value in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 13(6):967–975
Ogi K, Toyota M, Ohe-Toyota M, Tanaka N, Noguchi M, Sonoda T, Kohama G, Tokino T (2002) Aberrant methylation of multiple genes and clinicopathological features in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 8(10):3164–3171
Kudo Y, Kitajima S, Ogawa I, Hiraoka M, Sargolzaei S, Keikhaee MR, Sato S, Miyauchi M, Takata T (2004) Invasion and metastasis of oral cancer cells require methylation of E-cadherin and/or degradation of membranous beta-catenin. Clin Cancer Res 10(16):5455–5463. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-0372
Calmon MF, Colombo J, Carvalho F, Souza FP, Filho JF, Fukuyama EE, Camargo AA, Caballero OL, Tajara EH, Cordeiro JA, Rahal P (2007) Methylation profile of genes CDKN2A (p14 and p16), DAPK1, CDH1, and ADAM23 in head and neck cancer. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 173(1):31–37. doi:10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2006.09.008
Zhang S, Kong WJ, Liu Z (2004) Promoter hypermethylation of DNA repair gene O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Zhonghua er bi yan hou ke za zhi 39(3):152–156
Sasiadek MM, Stembalska-Kozlowska A, Smigiel R, Ramsey D, Kayademir T, Blin N (2004) Impairment of MLH1 and CDKN2A in oncogenesis of laryngeal cancer. Br J Cancer 90(8):1594–1599. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6601679
Ha PK, Califano JA (2006) Promoter methylation and inactivation of tumour-suppressor genes in oral squamous-cell carcinoma. Lancet Oncol 7(1):77–82. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(05)70540-4
Shaw R (2006) The epigenetics of oral cancer. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 35(2):101–108. doi:10.1016/j.ijom.2005.06.014
Perez-Sayans M, Somoza-Martin JM, Barros-Angueira F, Reboiras-Lopez MD, Gandara Rey JM, Garcia-Garcia A (2009) Genetic and molecular alterations associated with oral squamous cell cancer (Review). Oncol Rep 22(6):1277–1282
Costello JF, Fruhwald MC, Smiraglia DJ, Rush LJ, Robertson GP, Gao X, Wright FA, Feramisco JD, Peltomaki P, Lang JC, Schuller DE, Yu L, Bloomfield CD, Caligiuri MA, Yates A, Nishikawa R, Su Huang H, Petrelli NJ, Zhang X, O’Dorisio MS, Held WA, Cavenee WK, Plass C (2000) Aberrant CpG-island methylation has non-random and tumour-type-specific patterns. Nat Genet 24(2):132–138. doi:10.1038/72785
Yan PS, Perry MR, Laux DE, Asare AL, Caldwell CW, Huang TH (2000) CpG island arrays: an application toward deciphering epigenetic signatures of breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 6(4):1432–1438
Wei SH, Chen CM, Strathdee G, Harnsomburana J, Shyu CR, Rahmatpanah F, Shi H, Ng SW, Yan PS, Nephew KP, Brown R, Huang TH (2002) Methylation microarray analysis of late-stage ovarian carcinomas distinguishes progression-free survival in patients and identifies candidate epigenetic markers. Clin Cancer Res 8(7):2246–2252
Lleras RA, Adrien LR, Smith RV, Brown B, Jivraj N, Keller C, Sarta C, Schlecht NF, Harris TM, Childs G, Prystowsky MB, Belbin TJ (2011) Hypermethylation of a cluster of Kruppel-type zinc finger protein genes on chromosome 19q13 in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Am J Pathol 178(5):1965–1974. doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.01.049
Poage GM, Houseman EA, Christensen BC, Butler RA, Avissar-Whiting M, McClean MD, Waterboer T, Pawlita M, Marsit CJ, Kelsey KT (2011) Global hypomethylation identifies Loci targeted for hypermethylation in head and neck cancer. Clin Cancer Res 17(11):3579–3589. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-11-0044
Sartor MA, Dolinoy DC, Jones TR, Colacino JA, Prince ME, Carey TE, Rozek LS (2011) Genome-wide methylation and expression differences in HPV(+) and HPV(−) squamous cell carcinoma cell lines are consistent with divergent mechanisms of carcinogenesis. Epigenetics 6(6):777–787
Richards KL, Zhang B, Baggerly KA, Colella S, Lang JC, Schuller DE, Krahe R (2009) Genome-wide hypomethylation in head and neck cancer is more pronounced in HPV-negative tumors and is associated with genomic instability. PLoS One 4(3):e4941. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.941
Smith IM, Mydlarz WK, Mithani SK, Califano JA (2007) DNA global hypomethylation in squamous cell head and neck cancer associated with smoking, alcohol consumption and stage. Int J Cancer 121(8):1724–1728. doi:10.1002/ijc.22889
Ogino S, Cantor M, Kawasaki T, Brahmandam M, Kirkner GJ, Weisenberger DJ, Campan M, Laird PW, Loda M, Fuchs CS (2006) CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) of colorectal cancer is best characterised by quantitative DNA methylation analysis and prospective cohort studies. Gut 55(7):1000–1006. doi:10.1136/gut.2005.082933
Abe M, Ohira M, Kaneda A, Yagi Y, Yamamoto S, Kitano Y, Takato T, Nakagawara A, Ushijima T (2005) CpG island methylator phenotype is a strong determinant of poor prognosis in neuroblastomas. Cancer Res 65(3):828–834
Bariol C, Suter C, Cheong K, Ku SL, Meagher A, Hawkins N, Ward R (2003) The relationship between hypomethylation and CpG island methylation in colorectal neoplasia. Am J Pathol 162(4):1361–1371. doi:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63932-6
Issa JP (2004) CpG island methylator phenotype in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 4(12):988–993. doi:10.1038/nrc1507
Issa JP, Shen L, Toyota M (2005) CIMP, at last. Gastroenterology 129(3):1121–1124. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2005.07.040
Toyota M, Ahuja N, Ohe-Toyota M, Herman JG, Baylin SB, Issa JP (1999) CpG island methylator phenotype in colorectal cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96(15):8681–8686
Van Rijnsoever M, Elsaleh H, Joseph D, McCaul K, Iacopetta B (2003) CpG island methylator phenotype is an independent predictor of survival benefit from 5-fluorouracil in stage III colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res 9(8):2898–2903
Shaw RJ, Hall GL, Lowe D, Bowers NL, Liloglou T, Field JK, Woolgar JA, Risk JM (2007) CpG island methylation phenotype (CIMP) in oral cancer: associated with a marked inflammatory response and less aggressive tumour biology. Oral Oncol 43(9):878–886. doi:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2006.10.006
Evron E, Dooley WC, Umbricht CB, Rosenthal D, Sacchi N, Gabrielson E, Soito AB, Hung DT, Ljung B, Davidson NE, Sukumar S (2001) Detection of breast cancer cells in ductal lavage fluid by methylation-specific PCR. Lancet 357(9265):1335–1336
Palmisano WA, Divine KK, Saccomanno G, Gilliland FD, Baylin SB, Herman JG, Belinsky SA (2000) Predicting lung cancer by detecting aberrant promoter methylation in sputum. Cancer Res 60(21):5954–5958
Calin GA, Croce CM (2006) MicroRNA signatures in human cancers. Nat Rev Cancer 6(11):857–866
Cummins JM, Velculescu VE (2006) Implications of micro-RNA profiling for cancer diagnosis. Oncogene 25(46):6220–6227
Kent OA, Mendell JT (2006) A small piece in the cancer puzzle: microRNAs as tumor suppressors and oncogenes. Oncogene 25(46):6188–6196
Baek D, Villen J, Shin C, Camargo FD, Gygi SP, Bartel DP (2008) The impact of microRNAs on protein output. Nature 455(7209):64–71. doi:10.1038/nature07242
Selbach M, Schwanhäusser B, Thierfelder N, Fang Z, Khanin R, Rajewsky N (2008) Widespread changes in protein synthesis induced by microRNAs. Nature 455(7209):58–63
Cortez MA, Ivan C, Zhou P, Wu X, Ivan M, Calin GA (2010) microRNAs in cancer: from bench to bedside. Adv Cancer Res 108:113–157
Avissar M, Christensen BC, Kelsey KT, Marsit CJ (2009) MicroRNA expression ratio is predictive of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 15(8):2850–2855
Chang SS, Jiang WW, Smith I, Poeta LM, Begum S, Glazer C, Shan S, Westra W, Sidransky D, Califano JA (2008) MicroRNA alterations in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Cancer 123(12):2791–2797
Childs G, Fazzari M, Kung G, Kawachi N, Brandwein-Gensler M, McLemore M, Chen Q, Burk RD, Smith RV, Prystowsky MB, Belbin TJ, Schlecht NF (2009) Low-level expression of microRNAs let-7d and miR-205 are prognostic markers of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Am J Pathol 174(3):736–745
Gee HE, Camps C, Buffa FM, Patiar S, Winter SC, Betts G, Homer J, Corbridge R, Cox G, West CML, Ragoussis J, Harris AL (2010) hsa-mir-210 is a marker of tumor hypoxia and a prognostic factor in head and neck cancer. Cancer 116(9):2148–2158
Hui AB, Lenarduzzi M, Krushel T, Waldron L, Pintilie M, Shi W, Perez-Ordonez B, Jurisica I, O’Sullivan B, Waldron J, Gullane P, Cummings B, Liu FF (2010) Comprehensive microRNA profiling for head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Clin Cancer Res 16(4):1129–1139. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-2166
Lajer CB, Nielsen FC, Friis-Hansen L, Norrild B, Borup R, Garnaes E, Rossing M, Specht L, Therkildsen MH, Nauntofte B, Dabelsteen S, von Buchwald C (2011) Different miRNA signatures of oral and pharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas: a prospective translational study. Br J Cancer 104(5):830–840. doi:10.1038/bjc.2011.29
Avissar M, McClean MD, Kelsey KT, Marsit CJ (2009) MicroRNA expression in head and neck cancer associates with alcohol consumption and survival. Carcinogenesis 30(12):2059–2063
Chang KW, Liu CJ, Chu TH, Cheng HW, Hung PS, Hu WY, Lin SC (2008) Association between high miR-211 microRNA expression and the poor prognosis of oral carcinoma. J Dent Res 87(11):1063–1068
Lee Y, Yang X, Huang Y, Fan H, Zhang Q, Wu Y, Li J, Hasina R, Cheng C, Lingen MW, Gerstein MB, Weichselbaum RR, Xing HR, Lussier YA (2010) Network modeling identifies molecular functions targeted by miR-204 to suppress head and neck tumor metastasis. PLoS Comput Biol 6(4):e1000730
Langevin SM, Stone RA, Bunker CH, Lyons-Weiler MA, Laframboise WA, Kelly L, Seethala RR, Grandis JR, Sobol RW, Taioli E (2011) MicroRNA-137 promoter methylation is associated with poorer overall survival in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Cancer 117(7):1454–1462. doi:10.1002/cncr.25689
Johnson SM, Grosshans H, Shingara J, Byrom M, Jarvis R, Cheng A, Labourier E, Reinert KL, Brown D, Slack FJ (2005) RAS is regulated by the let-7 microRNA family. Cell 120(5):635–647
Lee YS, Dutta A (2007) The tumor suppressor microRNA let-7 represses the HMGA2 oncogene. Genes Dev 21(9):1025–1030
Harris TM, Jimenez L, Kawachi N, Fan JB, Chen J, Belbin TJ, Ramnauth A, Loudig O, Keller CE, Smith R, Prystowsky MB, Schlecht NF, Segall JE, Childs G (2012) Low-level expression of miR-375 correlates with poor outcome and metastasis while altering the invasive properties of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Am J Pathol 180(3):917–928
Gauthier BR, Wollheim CB (2006) MicroRNAs: ‘ribo-regulators’ of glucose homeostasis. Nat Med 12(1):36–38
Ding L, Xu Y, Zhang W, Deng Y, Si M, Du Y, Yao H, Liu X, Ke Y, Si J, Zhou T (2010) MiR-375 frequently downregulated in gastric cancer inhibits cell proliferation by targeting JAK2. Cell Res 20(7):784–793
Tsukamoto Y, Nakada C, Noguchi T, Tanigawa M, Nguyen LT, Uchida T, Hijiya N, Matsuura K, Fujioka T, Seto M, Moriyama M (2010) MicroRNA-375 is downregulated in gastric carcinomas and regulates cell survival by targeting PDK1 and 14-3-3zeta. Cancer Res 70(6):2339–2349
Zhang X, Yan Z, Zhang J, Gong L, Li W, Cui J, Liu Y, Gao Z, Li J, Shen L, Lu Y (2011) Combination of hsa-miR-375 and hsa-miR-142-5p as a predictor for recurrence risk in gastric cancer patients following surgical resection. Ann Oncol 22(10):2257–2266. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdq758
Liu AM, Poon RTP, Luk JM (2010) MicroRNA-375 targets Hippo-signaling effector YAP in liver cancer and inhibits tumor properties. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 394(3):623–627
de Souza Rocha Simonini P, Breiling A, Gupta N, Malekpour M, Youns M, Omranipour R, Malekpour F, Volinia S, Croce CM, Najmabadi H, Diederichs S, Sahin O, Mayer D, Lyko F, Hoheisel JD, Riazalhosseini Y (2010) Epigenetically deregulated microRNA-375 is involved in a positive feedback loop with estrogen receptor alpha in breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 70(22):9175–9184. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-1318
Wang F, Li Y, Zhou J, Xu J, Peng C, Ye F, Shen Y, Lu W, Wan X, Xie X (2011) miR-375 is down-regulated in squamous cervical cancer and inhibits cell migration and invasion via targeting transcription factor SP1. Am J Pathol 179(5):2580–2588
Ong SE, Mann M (2005) Mass spectrometry-based proteomics turns quantitative. Nat Chem Biol 1(5):252–262. doi:10.1038/nchembio736
Wu WG, Tang XM, Hu W, Lotan R, Hong WK, Mao L (2002) Identification and validation of metastasis-associated proteins in head and neck cancer cell lines by two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Clin Exp Metastasis 19(4):319–326. doi:10.1023/a:1015515119300
Hanash S (2003) Disease proteomics. Nature 422(6928):226–232. doi:10.1038/nature01514
Merkley MA, Weinberger PM, Jackson LL, Podolsky RH, Lee JR, Dynan WS (2009) 2D-DIGE proteomic characterization of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 141(5):626–632. doi:10.1016/j.otohns.2009.08.011
Anderson L, Hunter CL (2006) Quantitative mass spectrometric multiple reaction monitoring assays for major plasma proteins. Mol Cell Proteomics 5(4):573–588. doi:10.1074/mcp.M500331-MCP200
Anderson NL, Anderson NG (2002) The human plasma proteome – history, character, and diagnostic prospects. Mol Cell Proteomics 1(11):845–867. doi:10.1074/mcp.R200007-MCP200
Zhou G, Li HM, DeCamp D, Chen S, Shu HJ, Gong Y, Flaig M, Gillespie JW, Hu N, Taylor PR, Emmert-Buck MR, Liotta LA, Petricoin EF, Zhao YM (2002) 2D differential in-gel electrophoresis for the identification of esophageal scans cell cancer-specific protein markers. Mol Cell Proteomics 1(2):117–124. doi:10.1074/mcp.M100015-MCP200
Cheng AL, Huang WG, Chen ZC, Peng F, Zhang PF, Li MY, Li F, Li JL, Li C, Yi H, Yi B, Xiao ZQ (2008) Identification of novel nasopharyngeal carcinoma biomarkers by laser capture microdissection and proteomic analysis. Clin Cancer Res 14(2):435–445. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-1215
Patel V, Hood BL, Molinolo A, Lee NH, Conrads TP, Braisted JC, Krizman DB, Veenstra TD, Gutkind JS (2008) Proteomic analysis of laser-captured paraffin-embedded tissues: a molecular portrait of head and neck cancer progression. Clin Cancer Res 14(4):1002–1014. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-1497
Bleijerveld OB, Brakenhoff RH, Schaaij-Visser TBM, Damen JMA, Altelaar AFM, Heck AJR, Leemans CR, Slijper M (2011) Protein signatures associated with tumor cell dissemination in head and neck cancer. J Proteomics 74(4):558–566. doi:10.1016/j.jprot.2011.01.008
Wang Z, Jiang L, Huang CH, Li ZY, Chen LJ, Gou LT, Chen P, Tong AP, Tang MH, Gao F, Shen J, Zhang YY, Bai JP, Zhou M, Miao D, Chen QM (2008) Comparative proteomics approach to screening of potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets for oral squamous cell carcinoma. Mol Cell Proteomics 7(9):1639–1650. doi:10.1074/mcp.M700520-MCP200
Ralhan R, Desouza LV, Matta A, Tripathi SC, Ghanny S, Gupta SD, Bahadur S, Siu KWM (2008) Discovery and verification of head-and-neck cancer biomarkers by differential protein expression analysis using iTRAQ labeling, multidimensional liquid chromatography, and tandem mass spectrometry. Mol Cell Proteomics 7(6):1162–1173. doi:10.1074/mcp.M700500-MCP200
Kouzu Y, Uzawa K, Koike H, Saito K, Nakashima D, Higo M, Endo Y, Kasamatsu A, Shiiba M, Bukawa H, Yokoe H, Tanzawa H (2006) Overexpression of stathmin in oral squamous-cell carcinoma: correlation with tumour progression and poor prognosis. Br J Cancer 94(5):717–723
Matta A, DeSouza LV, Shukia NK, Gupta SD, Ralhan R, Siu KWM (2008) Prognostic significance of head-and-neck cancer biomarkers previously discovered and identified using iTRAQ-labeling and multidimensional liquid chromatography – Tandem mass spectrometry. J Proteome Res 7(5):2078–2087. doi:10.1021/pr7007797
Negishi A, Masuda M, Ono M, Honda K, Shitashige M, Satow R, Sakuma T, Kuwabara H, Nakanishi Y, Kanai Y, Omura K, Hirohashi S, Yamada T (2009) Quantitative proteomics using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Sci 100(9):1605–1611. doi:10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01227.x
Chi LM, Lee CW, Chang KP, Hao SP, Lee HM, Liang Y, Hsueh C, Yu CJ, Lee IN, Chang YJ, Lee SY, Yeh YM, Chang YS, Chien KY, Yu JS (2009) Enhanced interferon signaling pathway in oral cancer revealed by quantitative proteome analysis of microdissected specimens using (16)O/(18)O labeling and integrated two-dimensional LC-ESI-MALDI Tandem MS. Mol Cell Proteomics 8(7):1453–1474. doi:10.1074/mcp.M800460-MCP200
Sahu N, Grandis JR (2011) New advances in molecular approaches to head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Anticancer Drugs 22(7):656–664. doi:10.1097/CAD.0b013e32834249ba
Chaurand P, Schwartz SA, Caprioli RM (2002) Imaging mass spectrometry: a new tool to investigate the spatial organization of peptides and proteins in mammalian tissue sections. Curr Opin Chem Biol 6(5):676–681
Stoeckli M, Chaurand P, Hallahan DE, Caprioli RM (2001) Imaging mass spectrometry: a new technology for the analysis of protein expression in mammalian tissues. Nat Med 7(4):493–496
Bowlus CL, Seeley EH, Roder J, Grigorieva J, Roder H, Caprioli RM, Gershwin ME (2011) In situ mass spectrometry of autoimmune liver diseases. Cell Mol Immunol 8(3):237–242. doi:10.1038/cmi.2010.72
Cornett DS, Mobley JA, Dias EC, Andersson M, Arteaga CL, Sanders ME, Caprioli RM (2006) A novel histology-directed strategy for MALDI-MS tissue profiling that improves throughput and cellular specificity in human breast cancer. Mol Cell Proteomics 5(10):1975–1983. doi:10.1074/mcp.M600119-MCP200
Deininger SO, Ebert MP, Futterer A, Gerhard M, Rocken C (2008) MALDI imaging combined with hierarchical clustering as a new tool for the interpretation of complex human cancers. J Proteome Res 7(12):5230–5236. doi:10.1021/pr8005777
Wehder L, Ernst G, Crecelius AC, Guntinas-Lichius O, Melle C, Schubert US, von Eggeling F (2010) Depicting the spatial distribution of proteins in human tumor tissue combining SELDI and MALDI imaging and immunohistochemistry. J Histochem Cytochem 58(10):929–937. doi:10.1369/jhc.2010.956656
DeSouza LV, Romaschin AD, Colgan TJ, Siu KWM (2009) Absolute quantification of potential cancer markers in clinical tissue homogenates using multiple reaction monitoring on a hybrid triple quadrupole/linear Ion trap tandem mass spectrometer. Anal Chem 81(9):3462–3470. doi:10.1021/ac802726a
Schiess R, Wollscheid B, Aebersold R (2009) Targeted proteomic strategy for clinical biomarker discovery. Mol Oncol 3(1):33–44. doi:10.1016/j.molonc.2008.12.001
Fakhry C, Westra WH, Li S, Cmelak A, Ridge JA, Pinto H, Forastiere A, Gillison ML (2008) Improved survival of patients with human papillomavirus-positive head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in a prospective clinical trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 100(4):261–269
Gillison ML, D’Souza G, Westra W, Sugar E, Xiao W, Begum S, Viscidi R (2008) Distinct risk factor profiles for human papillomavirus type 16-positive and human papillomavirus type 16-negative head and neck cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst 100(6):407–420
Gillison ML, Koch WM, Capone RB, Spafford M, Westra WH, Wu L, Zahurak ML, Daniel RW, Viglione M, Symer DE, Shah KV, Sidransky D (2000) Evidence for a causal association between human papillomavirus and a subset of head and neck cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst 92(9):709–720
Ragin CCR, Taioli E (2007) Survival of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck in relation to human papillomavirus infection: review and meta-analysis. Int J Cancer 121(8):1813–1820
Hafkamp HC, Speel EJM, Haesevoets A, Bot FJ, Dinjens WNM, Ramaekers FCS, Hopman AHN, Manni JJ (2003) A subset of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas exhibits integration of HPV 16/18 DNA and overexpression of p16INK4A and p53 in the absence of mutations in p53 exons 5–8. Int J Cancer 107(3):394–400
Lace MJ, Anson JR, Klussmann JP, Wang DH, Smith EM, Haugen TH, Turek LP (2011) Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) genomes integrated in head and neck cancers and in HPV-16-immortalized human keratinocyte clones express chimeric virus-cell mRNAs similar to those found in cervical cancers. J Virol 85(4):1645–1654
Chaturvedi AK, Engels EA, Anderson WF, Gillison ML (2008) Incidence trends for human papillomavirus-related and -unrelated oral squamous cell carcinomas in the United States. J Clin Oncol 26(4):612–619
D’Souza G, Agrawal Y, Halpern J, Bodison S, Gillison ML (2009) Oral sexual behaviors associated with prevalent oral human papillomavirus infection. J Infect Dis 199(9):1263–1269
Smith EM, Ritchie JM, Summersgill KF, Klussmann JP, Lee JH, Wang D, Haugen TH, Turek LP (2004) Age, sexual behavior and human papillomavirus infection in oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers. Int J Cancer 108(5):766–772
Campisi G, Giovannelli L, Aricò P, Lama A, Di Liberto C, Ammatuna P, D’Angelo M (2004) HPV DNA in clinically different variants of oral leukoplakia and lichen planus. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 98(6):705–711
Furrer VE, Benitez MB, Furnes M, Lanfranchi HE, Modesti NM (2006) Biopsy vs. superficial scraping: detection of human papillomavirus 6, 11, 16, and 18 in potentially malignant and malignant oral lesions. J Oral Pathol Med 35(6):338–344
Kreimer AR, Clifford GM, Boyle P, Franceschi S (2005) Human papillomavirus types in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas worldwide: a systematic review. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 14(2):467–475
Schlecht NF (2005) Prognostic value of human papillomavirus in the survival of head and neck cancer patients: an overview of the evidence. Oncol Rep 14(5):1239–1247
Bottalico D, Chen Z, Dunne A, Ostoloza J, McKinney S, Sun C, Schlecht NF, Fatahzadeh M, Herrero R, Schiffman M, Burk RD (2011) The oral cavity contains abundant known and novel human papillomaviruses from the Betapapillomavirus and Gammapapillomavirus genera. J Infect Dis 204(5):787–792
Coutlée F, Trottier AM, Ghattas G, Leduc R, Toma E, Sanche G, Rodrigues I, Turmel B, Allaire G, Ghadirian P (1997) Risk factors for oral human papillomavirus in adults infected and not infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Sex Transm Dis 24(1):23–31
Oflatharta C, Flint SR, Toner M, Butler D, Mabruk MJEMF (2003) Investigation into a possible association between oral lichen planus, the human herpesviruses, and the human papillomaviruses. Molecular Diagn 7(2):73–83
Klussmann JP, Weissenborn SJ, Wieland U, Dries V, Eckel HE, Pfister HJ, Fuchs PG (2003) Human papillomavirus-positive tonsillar carcinomas: a different tumor entity? Med Microbiol Immunol 192(3):129–132
Koch WM, Lango M, Sewell D, Zahurak M, Sidransky D (1999) Head and neck cancer in nonsmokers: a distinct clinical and molecular entity. Laryngoscope 109(10):1544–1551
Smith EM, Swarnavel S, Ritchie JM, Wang D, Haugen TH, Turek LP (2007) Prevalence of human papillomavirus in the oral cavity/oropharynx in a large population of children and adolescents. Pediatr Infect Dis J 26(9):836–840
zur Hausen H (2000) Papillomaviruses causing cancer: evasion from host-cell control in early events in carcinogenesis. J Natl Cancer Inst 92(9):690–698
Gravitt P (2003) HPV: the ultimate cancer initiator? In: Bosch FX (ed) HPV today, 3rd edn. IPV Society, Spain, pp 8–9
Martinez I, Wang J, Hobson KF, Ferris RL, Khan SA (2007) Identification of differentially expressed genes in HPV-positive and HPV-negative oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas. Eur J Cancer 43(2):415–432
O’Regan EM, Toner ME, Finn SP, Fan CY, Ring M, Hagmar B, Timon C, Smyth P, Cahill S, Flavin R, Sheils OM, O’Leary JJ (2008) p16(INK4A) genetic and epigenetic profiles differ in relation to age and site in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Hum Pathol 39(3):452–458
Park I-S, Chang X, Loyo M, Wu G, Chuang A, Kim MS, Chae YK, Lyford-Pike S, Westra WH, Saunders JR, Sidransky D, Pai SI (2011) Characterization of the methylation patterns in human papillomavirus type 16 viral DNA in head and neck cancers. Cancer Prev Res 4(2):207–217
Ritchie JM, Smith EM, Summersgill KF, Hoffman HT, Wang D, Klussmann JP, Turek LP, Haugen TH (2003) Human papillomavirus infection as a prognostic factor in carcinomas of the oral cavity and oropharynx. Int J Cancer 104(3):336–344
Slebos RJC, Yi Y, Ely K, Carter J, Evjen A, Zhang X, Shyr Y, Murphy BM, Cmelak AJ, Burkey BB, Netterville JL, Levy S, Yarbrough WG, Chung CH (2006) Gene expression differences associated with human papillomavirus status in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 12(3 Pt 1):701–709
Gillison ML, Shah KV (2001) Human papillomavirus-associated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: mounting evidence for an etiologic role for human papillomavirus in a subset of head and neck cancers. Curr Opin Oncol 13(3):183–188
Fischer CA, Zlobec I, Green E, Probst S, Storck C, Lugli A, Tornillo L, Wolfensberger M, Terracciano LM (2010) Is the improved prognosis of p16 positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma dependent of the treatment modality? Int J Cancer 126(5):1256–1262
Hamoir M, Ferlito A, Schmitz S, Hanin F-X, Thariat J, Weynand B, Machiels J-P, Grégoire V, Robbins KT, Silver CE, Strojan P, Rinaldo A, Corry J, Takes RP (2011) The role of neck dissection in the setting of chemoradiation therapy for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma with advanced neck disease. Oral Oncol
Lindel K, Beer KT, Laissue J, Greiner RH, Aebersold DM (2001) Human papillomavirus positive squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx: a radiosensitive subgroup of head and neck carcinoma. Cancer 92(4):805–813
Rose Ragin CC, Taioli E (2008) Second primary head and neck tumor risk in patients with cervical cancer–SEER data analysis. Head Neck 30(1):58–66
Devaraj K, Gillison ML, Wu TC (2003) Development of HPV vaccines for HPV-associated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 14(5):345–362
Harris M, Wang XG, Jiang Z, Goldberg GL, Casadevall A, Dadachova E (2011) Radioimmunotherapy of experimental head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) with E6-specific antibody using a novel HPV-16 positive HNSCC cell line. Head Neck Oncol 3(1):9
Garland SM, Hernandez-Avila M, Wheeler CM, Perez G, Harper DM, Leodolter S, Tang GWK, Ferris DG, Steben M, Bryan J, Taddeo FJ, Railkar R, Esser MT, Sings HL, Nelson M, Boslego J, Sattler C, Barr E, Koutsky LA, Females United to Unilaterally Reduce Endo/Ectocervical Disease, I.I (2007) Quadrivalent vaccine against human papillomavirus to prevent anogenital diseases. N Engl J Med 356(19):1928–1943
Giuliano AR, Palefsky JM, Goldstone S, Moreira ED, Penny ME, Aranda C, Vardas E, Moi H, Jessen H, Hillman R, Chang Y-H, Ferris D, Rouleau D, Bryan J, Marshall JB, Vuocolo S, Barr E, Radley D, Haupt RM, Guris D (2011) Efficacy of quadrivalent HPV vaccine against HPV infection and disease in males. N Engl J Med 364(5):401–411
Group FIS (2007) Quadrivalent vaccine against human papillomavirus to prevent high-grade cervical lesions. N Engl J Med 356(19):1915–1927
Harper DM, Franco EL, Wheeler C, Ferris DG, Jenkins D, Schuind A, Zahaf T, Innis B, Naud P, De Carvalho NS, Roteli-Martins CM, Teixeira J, Blatter MM, Korn AP, Quint W, Dubin G, GlaxoSmithKline HPVVSG (2004) Efficacy of a bivalent L1 virus-like particle vaccine in prevention of infection with human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 in young women: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 364(9447):1757–1765
Olsson S-E, Kjaer SK, Sigurdsson K, Iversen O-E, Hernandez-Avila M, Wheeler CM, Perez G, Brown DR, Koutsky LA, Tay EH, GarcÃa P, Ault KA, Garland SM, Leodolter S, Tang GWK, Ferris DG, Paavonen J, Lehtinen M, Steben M, Bosch FX, Dillner J, Joura EA, Majewski S, Muñoz N, Myers ER, Villa LL, Taddeo FJ, Roberts C, Tadesse A, Bryan J, Maansson R, Vuocolo S, Hesley TM, Saah A, Barr E, Haupt RM (2009) Evaluation of quadrivalent HPV 6/11/16/18 vaccine efficacy against cervical and anogenital disease in subjects with serological evidence of prior vaccine type HPV infection. Hum Vaccin 5(10):696–704
Black CC, Bentley HA, Davis TH, Tsongalis GJ (2010) Use of a linear array for the detection of human papillomavirus genotypes in head and neck cancer. Arch Pathol Lab Med 134(12):1813–1817
Schache AG, Liloglou T, Risk JM, Filia A, Jones TM, Sheard J, Woolgar JA, Helliwell TR, Triantafyllou A, Robinson M, Sloan P, Harvey-Woodworth C, Sisson D, Shaw RJ (2011) Evaluation of human papilloma virus diagnostic testing in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: sensitivity, specificity, and prognostic discrimination. Clin Cancer Res 17(19):6262–6271
Schlecht NF, Brandwein-Gensler M, Nuovo GJ, Li M, Dunne A, Kawachi N, Smith RV, Burk RD, Prystowsky MB (2011) A comparison of clinically utilized human papillomavirus detection methods in head and neck cancer. Mod Pathol 24(10):1295–1305
Zhao J, Grant SFA (2011) Advances in whole genome sequencing technology. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 12(2):293–305
Augenlicht LH, Taylor J, Anderson L, Lipkin M (1991) Patterns of gene expression that characterize the colonic mucosa in patients at genetic risk for colonic cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88(8):3286–3289
Mao X, Young BD, Lu Y-J (2007) The application of single nucleotide polymorphism microarrays in cancer research. Curr Genomics 8(4):219–228
Al Moustafa A-E, Alaoui-Jamali MA, Batist G, Hernandez-Perez M, Serruya C, Alpert L, Black MJ, Sladek R, Foulkes WD (2002) Identification of genes associated with head and neck carcinogenesis by cDNA microarray comparison between matched primary normal epithelial and squamous carcinoma cells. Oncogene 21(17):2634–2640
Cui X, Churchill GA (2003) Statistical tests for differential expression in cDNA microarray experiments. Genome Biol 4(4):210
Leung YF, Cavalieri D (2003) Fundamentals of cDNA microarray data analysis. Trends Genet 19(11):649–659
Liu XS, Brutlag DL, Liu JS (2002) An algorithm for finding protein-DNA binding sites with applications to chromatin-immunoprecipitation microarray experiments. Nat Biotechnol 20(8):835–839
Adorján P, Distler J, Lipscher E, Model F, Müller J, Pelet C, Braun A, Florl AR, Gütig D, Grabs G, Howe A, Kursar M, Lesche R, Leu E, Lewin A, Maier S, Müller V, Otto T, Scholz C, Schulz WA, Seifert H-H, Schwope I, Ziebarth H, Berlin K, Piepenbrock C, Olek A (2002) Tumour class prediction and discovery by microarray-based DNA methylation analysis. Nucleic Acids Res 30(5):e21
Sebastiani P, Yu YH, Ramoni MF (2003) Bayesian machine learning and its potential applications to the genomic study of oral oncology. Adv Dent Res 17:104–108
Buffa FM, Bentzen SM, Daley FM, Dische S, Saunders MI, Richman PI, Wilson GD (2004) Molecular marker profiles predict locoregional control of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in a randomized trial of continuous hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 10(11):3745–3754
Muralidhar B, Goldstein LD, Ng G, Winder DM, Palmer RD, Gooding EL, Barbosa-Morais NL, Mukherjee G, Thorne NP, Roberts I, Pett MR, Coleman N (2007) Global microRNA profiles in cervical squamous cell carcinoma depend on Drosha expression levels. J Pathol 212(4):368–377
Oehler VG, Yeung KY, Choi YE, Bumgarner RE, Raftery AE, Radich JP (2009) The derivation of diagnostic markers of chronic myeloid leukemia progression from microarray data. Blood 114(15):3292–3298
Manilich EA, Özsoyoğlu ZM, Trubachev V, Radivoyevitch T (2011) Classification of large microarray datasets using fast random forest construction. J Bioinform Comput Biol 9(2):251–267
Huynh-Thu VA, Irrthum A, Wehenkel L, Geurts P (2010) Inferring regulatory networks from expression data using tree-based methods. PloS one 5(9):e12776. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012776
Agrawal N, Frederick MJ, Pickering CR, Bettegowda C, Chang K, Li RJ, Fakhry C, Xie T-X, Zhang J, Wang J, Zhang N, El-Naggar AK, Jasser SA, Weinstein JN, Treviño L, Drummond JA, Muzny DM, Wu Y, Wood LD, Hruban RH, Westra WH, Koch WM, Califano JA, Gibbs RA, Sidransky D, Vogelstein B, Velculescu VE, Papadopoulos N, Wheeler DA, Kinzler KW, Myers JN (2011) Exome sequencing of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma reveals inactivating mutations in NOTCH1. Science 333(6046):1154–1157
Stransky N, Egloff AM, Tward AD, Kostic AD, Cibulskis K, Sivachenko A, Kryukov GV, Lawrence MS, Sougnez C, McKenna A, Shefler E, Ramos AH, Stojanov P, Carter SL, Voet D, Cortés ML, Auclair D, Berger MF, Saksena G, Guiducci C, Onofrio RC, Parkin M, Romkes M, Weissfeld JL, Seethala RR, Wang L, Rangel-Escareño C, Fernandez-Lopez JC, Hidalgo-Miranda A, Melendez-Zajgla J, Winckler W, Ardlie K, Gabriel SB, Meyerson M, Lander ES, Getz G, Golub TR, Garraway LA, Grandis JR (2011) The mutational landscape of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Science 333(6046):1157–1160
Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network (2011) Integrated genomic analyses of ovarian carcinoma. Nature 474(7353):609–615. doi:10.1038/nature10166
Poliseno L, Salmena L, Zhang J, Carver B, Haveman WJ, Pandolfi PP (2010) A coding-independent function of gene and pseudogene mRNAs regulates tumour biology. Nature 465(7301):1033–1038
Maienschein-Cline M, Zhou J, White KP, Sciammas R, Dinner AR (2011) Discovering transcription factor regulatory targets using gene expression and binding data. Bioinformatics 28(2):206–213
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Belbin, T.J. et al. (2013). Capturing and Deciphering the Molecular Signatures of Head and Neck Cancer. In: Pfeffer, U. (eds) Cancer Genomics. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5842-1_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5842-1_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-5841-4
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-5842-1
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)