Abstract
The potential of membrane processes will be by far overestimated if only the transport properties of the membrane are taken into consideration. Concentration polarization and pressure losses in the module, i.e., the membrane arrangement, will result in sometimes much lower figures for capacity and product quality. Therefore, the first part of this chapter will discuss the major aspects which have to be considered in module design—based on the equations governing the local mass transport at and in the membrane. The next step will be a discussion of how modules have to be arranged in a process in order to achieve the desired result. The last part of this chapter will deal with the application of membrane processes, the economics of membrane processes compared with conventional separation techniques and with hybrid processes, i.e., the combination of a membrane process and a conventional separation process such as distillation.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Mitsubishi International GmbH. Hollosep for Seawater Desalination.
Gill, W.N., Bansal, B.: 1973, “Hollow fiber reverse osmosis systems analysis and design.” AIChE J. 19, pp. 823–831.
Hwang, S.T., Thorman, J.M.: 1980, “The continuous membrane column.” AIChE J. 26, pp. 558–566.
Kammermeyer, K.: 1976, “Technical gas permeation processes.” Chemie Ing. Technik 48, pp. 672–675.
Weller, S., Steiner, W.A.: 1950, J. Appl. Phys. 21, p. 279.
Naylor, R.W., Backer, P.O.: 1955, AIChE J. 1, p. 95.
Blaisdell, C.T., Kammermeyer, K.: 1973, Chem. Eng. Sci. 28, p. 1249.
Breuer, M.E., Kammermeyer, K.: 1967, Separation Sci. 2, p. 319.
Hwang, S.T., Kammermeyer, K.: 1965, “Membranes in separations.” In Techniques of Chemistry, vol. 7, New York, John Wiley & Sons.
Walawender, W.P., Stern, S.A.: 1972, “Analysis of membrane separation parameters. II. Countercurrent and co-current flow in a single permeation stage.” Separation Sci. 7, pp. 553–584.
Thorman, J.M.: 1979, “Engineering aspects of capillary gas permeators, and the continuous membrane column.” Dissertation, University of Iowa.
Hwang, S.T., Ghalchi, S.: 1982, “Methane separation by a continuous membrane column.” J. Membrane Sci. 11, pp. 187–198.
Michels, H., Schulz, G., Werner, U.: 1981, „Schaltungen zur Gasrektifikation mit Membranen.“ Chem.-Ing.-Tech. 53, pp. 206–207 (Synopse 887).
Rautenbach, R., Seide, A.: 1978, “Technical problems and economics of hydrate processes.” Proceedings of the 6th Symp. on Fresh Water from the Sea 4, pp. 43–51.
Grassman, P.: 1970, Grundlagen der Verfahrenstechnik. Sauerländer, Aarau und Frankfurt.
Riekert, L.: 1980, Ber. Bunsengesellschaft Phys. Chemie 84, pp. 964–973.
Finnegan, D.R., Wagner, W.M.: 1981, “Process selection guide to seawater desalination.” Proceedings of the International Congress on Desalination and Water Re-Use (Bahrain), vol. 1. pp. 29–48.
Rautenbach, R., Arzt, B.: 1983, “Assessment of present and future desalination processes with respect to their primary energy demand.” Arabian J. Sci. and Engin.
Rautenbach, R., Henne, K.H.: 1980, “Denitration von Grundwasser mittels Umkehrosmose.” BMFT Forschungsbericht T, pp. 90–155.
Kawahara, T., Suzuki, K.: 1981, “Utilization of the waste concentrated seawater in the desalination plants.” Water, the Essence of Life, (Bahrain) vol. 1. pp. 499–507.
Peters, T., van Opbergen, G., et al.: 1983, “Reduction of nitrate concentration in drinking water by a hybrid process with zero discharge based on reverse osmosis.” First World Congress on Desalination and Water Re-Use (Florence, Italy; May 23–27).
Paul, H., Schock, G., Rautenbach, R.: 1983, „Ölhaltige Industrieabwässer mit Mikrofiltration oder Ultrafiltration aubereiten.“ Maschinenmarkt 89, pp. 1785–1788.
Monsanto Communications. 1982. Symposium in Scheveningen, The Netherlands, March 24, 1982.
Schell, W.J., Houston, C.D.: 1982, “Use of spiral-wound gas permeators for purification and recovery.”
R. Rautenbach, R. Albrecht: European Workshop on Pervaporation, Nancy (F) 21.–22.9.1982, Journal of Membrane Science (in print)
H. Brüschke, W. Schneider, G.F. Tusel: European Workshop on Pervaporation, Nancy (F) 21.–22. 9. 1982
P. Aptel: European Workshop on Pervaporation, Nancy (F) 21.–22. 9. 1982
R. Albrecht: Ph.D.-Thesis, RWTH Aachen, W.-Germany, 1983
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1986 D. Reidel Publishing Company
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Rautenbach, R. (1986). Process Design and Optimization. In: Bungay, P.M., Lonsdale, H.K., de Pinho, M.N. (eds) Synthetic Membranes: Science, Engineering and Applications. NATO ASI Series, vol 181. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4712-2_17
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4712-2_17
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-8596-0
Online ISBN: 978-94-009-4712-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive