Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Current Status of Clinical Cardiology ((CSOCC,volume 2))

  • 42 Accesses

Abstract

Hypertension is a very common condition with a prevalence rate which depends on its definition and the age group screened. In patients aged 45 to 64 years, a diastolic blood pressure of 90, 95 and 100 mmHg or more may be found 40%, 26% and 16% of subjects respectively1. Community screening programmes were encouraged by the observation identified. However, as 75% of patients considered for treatment have identified. However, as 75% of patients considered for treatment have diastolic pressure below 105 mmHg, it is possible that many patients with apparent hypertension may receive life-long drug treatment unnecessarily.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Hawthorne, V.M., Greaves, D.A. and Beevers, D.G. (1974) Blood pressure in a Scottish town.Br. Med. J,3, 600–603

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Management Committee of the Australian Therapeutic Trial in Mild Hypertension. (1982). Untreated mild hypertension.Lancet,1, 185–91

    Google Scholar 

  3. Medical Research Council Working Party on Mild to Moderate Hypertension. (1977). Randomised controlled trial of treatment for mild hypertension; design and pilot trial.Br. Med. J,1, 1437–40

    Google Scholar 

  4. Memorandum from the WHO/ISH Meeting. (1983). Guidelines for the treatment of mild hypertension.Lancet,1, 457–8

    Google Scholar 

  5. Maxwell, M.H., Waks, A.U., Schroth, P.C., Karam, M. and Dornfield, L.P. (1982). Error in blood pressure measurement due to incorrect cuff size in obese patients.Lancet,2, 33–6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Webster, J., Newnham, D. and Petrie, J.C. (1983). Influence of arm position on the measurement of blood pressure by sphygmomanometer.J. Hypertension,1, 319

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Weir, R.J., Briggs, E., Mack, A., Naismith, L., Taylor, L. and Wilson, E. (1974). Blood pressure in women taking oral contraceptives.Br. Med. J, 1, 533–5

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Weir, R.J., Wilson, E.S.B., Cruikshank, J. and McMaster, M., (1983). Effects on blood pressure of low dose oestrogen and progesterone only oral contraceptives.J. Hypertension, 1 (Suppl. 2), 100–101

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Reisen, E., Abel, R., Mordan, M., Silverbergh, D.S., Eliahou, H.E. and Modan, B. (1978). Effect of weight loss without salt restriction on the reduction of blood pressure in overweight hypertensive patients.N. Engl. J. Med,298, 1–6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Clatsky, A.L., Freedman, G.D., Siegelaub, A.B. and Gerrard, M.J. (1977). Alcohol consumption and blood pressure. Kieser Permanente Multiphasic Health Examination Data.N. Engl. J. Med,196, 1194–1200

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Potter, J.F. and Beavers, D.G. (1984). Pressor effect of alcohol in hypertension.Lancet,1, 119–22

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Veteran’s Administration Co-operative Study Group on Anti-hypertensive Agents. (1970). Effects of treatment on morbidity in hypertension. II. Results in patients with diastolic blood pressure averaging 90 through 114mm Hg.J. Am. Med. Assoc,213, 1143–52

    Google Scholar 

  13. Report by the Management Committee. (1979). Initial results of the Australian therapeutic trial in mild hypertension.Clin. Sci,57, (Suppl. 5), 449–52

    Google Scholar 

  14. Report by the Management Committee. (1980). The Australian therapeutic trial in mild hypertension.Lancet,1, 1261–7

    Google Scholar 

  15. Veteran’s Administration Co-operative Study Group on Anti-hypertensive Agents. (1972). Effects of treatment on morbidity in hypertension III. Influence of age, diastolic blood pressure and prior cardiovascular disease; further analysis of side effects.Circulation,45, 991–1004

    Google Scholar 

  16. Fuller, J.H., Shipley, M.J., Rose, G., Jarrett, R.J. and Keen, H. (1983). Mortality from coronary heart disease and stroke in relation to degree of glycaemia; The Whitehall Study.Br. Med. J,287, 867–70

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Knowler, W.C., Bennett, P.H. and Ballintine, E.J. (1980). Increased incidence of retinopathy in diabetics with elevated blood glucose.N. Engl. J. Med,302, 645–50

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Parving, H.K., Andersen, A.R., Smidt, U.M. and Svendsen, P.A. (1983). Early aggressive anti-hypertensive treatment reduces rate of decline in kidney function in diabetic nephropathy.Lancet,1, 1175–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Buhler, F.R. (1981). Anti-hypertensive actions of beta-blockers. In Laragh, J.H., Buhler, F.R. and Seldon, D.W. (eds)The Frontiers in Hypertension Research, pp. 423–5. ( New York: Springer )

    Google Scholar 

  20. Floras, J.S., Jones, J.V., Hassan, M.O. and Sleight, P. (1983). Ambulatory blood pressure during once daily randomised, double-blind administration of atenolol, metoprolol, pindolol and slow release propranolol.Drugs,25, (Suppl. 2) 19–25

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Petrie, J.C., Jeffers, T.A., Robb, O.J., Scott, A.K. and Webster, J. (1980). Atenolol, slow release oxprenolol and long-acting propranolol in hypertension.Br. Med. J,280, 1573–5

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Wilcox, R.G. and Hampton, J.R. (1981). Comparative study of atenolol, metoprolol, metoprolol durules and slow release oxprenolol in essential hypertension.Br. Heart J,46, 498–502

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Veteran’s Administration Co-operative Study Group on Anti-hypertensive Agents. (1982). Comparison of propranolol and hydrochlorothiazide for the initial treatment of hypertension I.J. Am. Med. Assoc,248, 1996–2003

    Google Scholar 

  24. Veteran’s Administration Co-operative Study Group on Anti-Hypertensive Agents. (1977). Propranolol in the treatment of essential hypertension.J. Am. Med. Assoc,237, 2303–10

    Google Scholar 

  25. Zacharias, F.J., Cowen, K.J., Cuthbertson, P.J.R., Johnson, T.W.B., Prestt, J., Thompson, J., Vickers, J., Simpson, W.T. and Touson, R. (1977). Atenolol in hypertension: a study of long-term therapy.Postgrad. Med. J,53, (Suppl. 3), 102–110

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Report of M.R.C. working party on mild to moderate hypertension. (1981). Adverse reactions to bendrofluazide and propranolol for the treatment of mild hypertension.Lancet,2, 539–43

    Google Scholar 

  27. Cruikshank, J.M. (1983). How safe are beta-blockers.Drugs 25, (Suppl. 2) 331– 40

    Google Scholar 

  28. Greenblatt, D.J. and Koch-Weser, J. (1974). Adverse reactions to beta-adrenergic receptor blocking drugs. A report from the Boston Collaborative surveillance programme.Drugs, 7, 118–29

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Barnett, A.H., Leslie, D. and Watkins, P.J. (1980). Can insulin treated diabetics be given beta-blocking drugs?Br. Med. J 1, 976–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Lager, I., Blohme, G. and Smith, U. (1979). Effective cardio-selective and nonselective beta-blockade on the hypoglycaemic response in insulin dependent diabetes.Lancet,1, 458–62

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Day, J.L., Metcalfe, J. and Simpson, C.W. (1982). Adenergic mechanisms in control of plasma lipid concentration.Br. Med. J,284, 1145–8

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Anderson, J., Godfrey, B.E., Hill, D.M., Munro-Faure, A.D. and Sheldon, J. (1971). A comparison of the effects of hydrochlorothiazide and of frusemide in the treatment of hypertensive patients.Q. J. Med,40, 541–60

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. VA Co-operative Study Group on Anti-hypertensive Agents. (1982). Comparison of propranolol and hydrochlorothiazide for the initial treatment of hypertension II. Results of longterm study.J. Am. Med. Assoc,248, 2004–11

    Google Scholar 

  34. Ramsay, L.E., Boyle, P. and Ramsey, M.H. (1977). Factors influencing serum potassium in treated hypertension.Q. J. Med,46, 401–10

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Ramsay, L.E., Hettiarchi, J., Frazer, R. and Morton, J.J. (1980). Amiloride, spi-ronolactone and potassium chloride in thiazide treated hypertensive patients.Clin. Pharmacol. Ther,27, 533–43

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. M.R.C. Working Party on mild to moderate hypertension. (1983). Ventricular extrasystoles during thiazide treatment. Substudy of M.R.C. mild hypertension trial.Br. Med. J, 287, 1249–53

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Struthers, A.D., Whitesmith, R. and Reid, J.C. (1983). Prior thiazide diuretic treatment increases adrenaline-induced hypokalaemia.Lancet,1, 1358–61

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Murphy, M.B., Lewis, P.J., Koehner, E., Schumer, B. and Dollery, C.T. (1982). Glucose intolerance in hypertensive patients treated with diuretics. A 14 year follow up.Lancet,2, 1293–5

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Bergman, G. and Andersson O. (1981). Betablocker with diuretics in hypertension. A six year follow up of blood pressure and metabolic side effects.Lancet,1, 744–7

    Google Scholar 

  40. Multiple risk factor intervention trial research group. (1982). Multiple risk factor intervention trial; Risk factor changes and mortality results.J. Am. Med. Assoc,248, 1465–77

    Google Scholar 

  41. Morgan, F.O., Adam, W.R., Hodgson, M. and Gibbar, R.S. (1980). Failure of therapy to improve prognosis in elderly males with hypertension.Med. J. Austr,2, 27–31

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. McAreavey, D., Ramsay, L.E., Latham, L.et al (1984). ‘Third Drug’ Trial; A comparative study of antihypertensive agents added to treatment when blood pressure remains uncontrolled by a betablocker plus thiazide diuretic.Br. Med. J,288, 106–11

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Zacest, R., Gilmore, E. and Koch-Weser, J. (1972). Treatment of essential hypertension with combined vasodilation and beta-adrenergic blockade.N. Engl. J. Med,286, 617–22

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Shepherd, A.M.M., Ludden, T.M., McMay, J.L. and Lynn, M.S. (1980). Hydralazine kinetics after single and repeated oral doses.Clin. Pharmacol. Ther,28, 804–11

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Ramsay, L.E., Silas, J.H., Ollerenshaw, J.D., Tucker, G.T., Phillips, F.C. and Freestone, S. (1984). Should the acetylator phenotype be determined when prescribing hydralazine for hypertension?Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol,26, 39–42

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Silas, J.H., Freestone, S. and Ramsey, L.E. (1982). Hydralazine once daily in hypertension.Br. Med. J,284, 1602–4

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Perry, H.M. (1973). Late toxicity to hydralazine resembling system lupus erythe-matosus or rheumatoid arthritis.J. Am. Med. Assoc,54, 58–72

    Google Scholar 

  48. Bachelor, J.R., Walsh, K., Tenoko, R.M. et al. (1980). Hydralazine induced systemic lupus erythematosus; influences of HLA DR and sex on susceptibility.Lancet,1, 1107–9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Jaillon, P. (1980). Clinical pharmacokinetics of prazosin.Clin. Pharmacokinetics,5, 365–76

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Rubin, P.C. and Blaschke, J.F. (1980). Studies on the clinical pharmacology of prazosin I. Cardiovascular, catecholamine and endocrine changes following a single dose.Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol,10, 23–32

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Sjoerdsma, A., Vendslau, A. and Engleman, K. (1963). Studies on the metabolism and mechanism of action of methyldopa.Circulation,28, 492–502

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Kwan, K.C., Faltz, E.L., Breault, G.O., Baer, J.E. and Tataro, J.A. (1976). Phar-macokinetics of methyldopa in Man.J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther,198, 264–77

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Webster, J., Jeffers, T.A., Galloway, D.B., Petrie, J.C. and Barker, M.P. (1977). Atenolol, methyldopa and chlorthalidone in moderate hypertension.Br. Med. J,1, 76–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Carstairs, K.C., Worrlledge, S.M., Dollery, C.T. and Breckenridge, A. (1966). Methyldopa and haemolytic anaemia.Lancet,1, 201

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Kirkland, H.H., Mohler, D.N. and Horowitz, D.A. (1980). Methyldopa inhibition of suppressor lymphocyte function. A proposed cause of an auto-immune haemolytic anaemia.N. Engl. J. Med,302, 825–32

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Campese, D.M. (1981). Minoxidil: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use.Drugs,22, 257–78

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Johnson, B.F., Black, H.R., Beckner, R., Vyner, B. and Angeletti, F. (1983). A comparison of minoxidil and hydralazine in non-azotaemic hypertensives.J. Hypertension,1, 103–7

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Takeda, T., Kaneko, Y., Omae, T., Yoshinga, K., Masuyama, Y., Nukada, T. and Shigiya, R. (1982). The use of labetalol in Japan: results of multicentre clinical trials.Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol,13, (Suppl. 1), 49S–58S

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Waal-Manning, H.J. and Simpson, F.O. (1982). Review of long-term treatment with labetalol.Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol,13, (Suppl. 1) 65S–74S

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Johnson, C.I., Jackson, B., McGrath, B., Matthews, G. and Arnolda, L. (1983). Relationship of antihypertensive effect of enalapril to serum MK 422 levels and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition.J. Hypertension,1 (Suppl. 1), 71–5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. VA Co-operative study group on antihypertensive agents. (1982). Captopril: evaluation of low doses twice daily doses and the addition of diuretic for the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension.Clin. Sci,63, 433S–445S

    Google Scholar 

  62. Arr, S.M., Burgess, J., Cooper, W.D.et al (1984). A comparative study of enalapril and atenolol in moderate to severe hypertension.Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol,18, 31 P

    Google Scholar 

  63. Dollery, C.T. (1983) Safety and efficacy of enalapril: summing up the evidence.J. Hypertension (Suppl 1 ), 1, 155–7

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Hodsman, G.P., Isles, C.G., Murray, G.D., Usherwood, T.P., Webb, D.J. and Robertson, J.I.S. (1983). Factors related to the first dose hypotensive effect of captopril prediction and treatment.Br. Med. J,286, 832–4

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Hrick, D.E., Browning, P.J., Kopelman, R., Goorna, W.E., Madias, N.E. and Dazu, D.J. (1983). Captopril induced functional renal insufficiency in patients with bilateral renal artery stenosis or renal artery stenosis in a solitary kidney.N. Engl. J. Med,308, 373–6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Wenting, G. J., Tan-Tjiong, H.L., Derkx, F.H.M.et al (1984). Split renal function after captopril with unilateral renal artery stenosis.Br. Med. J,288, 886–90

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Robinson, B.F., Dobbs, R.J. and Bayley, S. (1982). Response of forearm resistance vessels to verapamil and sodium nitroprusside in normotensive and hypertensive men: Evidence for a functional abnormality of vascular smooth muscle in primary hypertension.Clin. Sci,63, 33–42

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Heagerty, A.M., Bing, R.F., Thurston, H. and Swales, J.D. (1983). Calcium antagonists in hypertension: Relation to abnormal sodium transport.Br. Med. J,287, 1405–7

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Hornung, R.S., Gould, B.A., Jones, R.I., Sonecha, T. and Raftery, E.B. (1983). Nifedipine tablets for hypertension. A study using continuous ambulatory intraarterial monitoring.Postgrad. Med. J 59, (Suppl. 2) 95–7

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Hornung, R.S. (1983). Calcium antagonists in hypertension. In Jackson, W. (ed.)Calcium Antagonists Today and Tomorrow, pp. 49–53. (Medicine Publishing Foundation)

    Google Scholar 

  71. Murphy, M.B., Scriven, A.J. and Dollery C.T. (1983). Role of nifedipine in treatment of hypertension.Br. Med. J,287, 257–9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Yagil, Y., Leibel, B., Kobrin, I., Stressman, J. and Ishay, D.B. (1983). A combination of propranolol and nifedipine in the treatment of hypertension: Acute and longterm effects.Postgrad. Med. J,59, (Suppl. 2) 114–18

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Dunstan, H.P., Tarazi, R.C., Bravo, E.L. (1976). False tolerance to antihypertensive drugs. In Sambhi, M.P. (ed.)Systemic Effects of Antihypertensive Agents, pp. 51–73. ( New York: Stratton )

    Google Scholar 

  74. Geyskes, G.G., Puylaert, C.B.A., Dei, H.Y. and Dorhout Mees, E.J. (1983). Follow up study of 70 patients with renal artery stenosis treated by percutaneous transluminal dilation.Br. Med. J,287, 333–6

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Ramsay, L.E., Silas, J.H. and Freestone, S. (1980). Diuretic treatment of resistant hypertension.Br. Med. J,281, 1101–3

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Freestone, S., Ramsay, L.E. and Silas, J.H. (1982). A controlled trial of frusemide versus high dose thiazide in resistant hypertension.Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol,14, 137P–138 P

    Google Scholar 

  77. Freestone, S., Ramsay, L.E. and Silas, J.H. (1982). Hypertensive effect of spiron-olactone when added to bendrofluazide in resistant hypertension.Br. J. Clin.Pharmacol,151, 622P–623 P

    Google Scholar 

  78. Strandgaard, S. (1976). Autoregulation and cerebral blood flow in hypertensive patients.Circulation.53, 720–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Bertel, O., Connen, D., Radu, E.W., Miller, J., Lang, C. and Duback, U.C. (1983). Nifedipine in hypertensive emergencies.Br. Med. J,286, 19–20

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Koch-Weser, J. (1976). Diazoxide.N. Engl. J. Med,294, 1271–4

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Palmer, R.F. and Lasseter, K.C. (1975). Sodium nitroprusside.N. Engl. J. Med,294, 294–7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Report on confidential enquiries into maternal deaths in England and Wales (1979) (Department of Health & Social Security 1973–75), pp. 21–9. ( London: HMSO )

    Google Scholar 

  83. Chamberlain, G. (1981). Raised blood pressure in pregnancy. The foetus in hyper-tension.Br. J. Hosp. Med,26, 127–133

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Rubin, P.C., Butters, L., Clark, D.M.et al (1983). Placebo-controlled trial of atenolol treatment of pregnancy associated hypertension.Lancet,1, 431–4

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Rubin, P.C. (1981). Betablockers in pregnancy.N. Engl. J. Med,305, 1323–6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Svensson, A., Andersch, B. and Hansson, L. (1983). Prediction of later hypertension following a hypertensive pregnancy.J. Hypertension,1 (Suppl. 2), 94–6

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1985 MTP Press Limited

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Silas, J.H. (1985). Drug treatment of hypertension. In: Breckenridge, A. (eds) Drugs in the Management of Heart Disease. Current Status of Clinical Cardiology, vol 2. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4876-1_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4876-1_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-8658-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-009-4876-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics