Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Gases and their Precipitation Scavenging in the Marine Atmosphere

  • Chapter
Air-Sea Exchange of Gases and Particles

Part of the book series: NATO ASI Series ((ASIC,volume 108))

Abstract

The marine atmosphere contains numerous trace gaseous species that can potentially interact with water droplets in clouds or during precipitation events. These gases, when dissolved in water droplets, modify the chemistry of the droplet phase and, then during precipitation, can be transferred to the oceans. This process is in addition to the direct transfer of the trace gases from the air to the ocean, described in this volume by Broecker and Liss.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

General References

  • Bird, R. B., W. E. Stewart, and E. N. Lightfoot, 1960: Transport Phenomena. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 780 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clift, R., J. R. Grace, and M. E. Weber, 1978: Bubbles, Drops, and Particles. Academic Press, Inc., New York, 380 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Danckwerts, P. V., 1970: Gas-Liquid Reactions. McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, 276 pp.

    Google Scholar 

References

  • Abramzon, B. and I. Borde, 1980: Conjugate unsteady heat transfer from a droplet in creeping flow. AIChE J., 26, 536–544.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adewuyi, Y. G. and G. R. Carmichael, 1982: A theoretical investigation of gaseous absorption by water droplets from SO2-HNO3-NH3-CO2-HCl mixtures. Atmos. Environ., 16, 719–729.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Altwicker, E. R. and E. Chapman, 1981: Mass transfer of sulfur dioxide into falling drops: A comparison of experimental data with absorption models. Atmos. Environ., 15, 297–300.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ayers, G. P. and J. L. Gras, 1982: The concentration of ammonia gas in the southern ocean air. 2nd Symposium, Composition of the Nonurban Troposphere, Am. Meteorol. Soc., 45 Beacon Street, Boston, Mass., 36–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baboolal, L. B., H. R. Pruppacher, and J. H. Topalian, 1981: A sensitivity study of a theoretical model of SO2 scavenging by water drops in air. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 856–870.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baldwin, A. C. and D. M. Golden, 1980: Heterogeneous atmospheric reactions: Atom and radical reactions with sulfuric acid. J. Geophys. Res., 85, 2888–2889.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • au]Balko, J. A. and L. K. Peters, 1982: A modeling study of SOx-NOx hydrocarbon plumes and their transport to the background troposphere. Atmos. Environ., submitted for publication.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrie, L. A., 1978: An improved model of reversible SO2 washout by rain. Atmos. Environ., 12, 407–412.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beilke, S. and G. Gravenhorst, 1978: Heterogeneous SO2 oxidation in the droplet phase. Atmos. Environ., 12, 231–239.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beilke, S. and D. Lamb, 1975: Remarks on the rate of formation of bisulfite ions in aqueous solution. AIChE J., 21, 402–404.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brian, P. L. T., 1964: Gas absorption accompanied by an irreversible reaction of general order. AIChE J., 10, 5–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cadle, R. D., P. Crutzen, and D. Ehhalt, 1975: Heterogeneous chemical reactions in the stratosphere. J. Geophys. Res., 80, 3381–3385.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, M. J., J. C. Sheppard, F. J. Hopper, and R. Hardy, 1982: Measurements of tropospheric hydroxyl radical concentrations by the 14C tracer method. 2nd Symposium, Composition of the Nonurban Troposphere, Am. Meteorol. Soc., 45 Beacon Street, Boston, Mass., 314.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carmichael, C. R. and L. K. Peters, 1979: Some aspects of SO2 absorption by water-generalized treatment. Atmos. Environ., 13, 1505–1513.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chameides, W. L. and D. D. Davis, 1982: The free radical chemistry of cloud droplets and its impact upon the composition of rain. J. Geophys. Res., in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chao, B. T., 1969: Transient heat and mass transfer to a translating drop. J. Heat Trans., 273–281.

    Google Scholar 

  • Charlson, R. J. and H. Rodhe, 1982: Factors controlling the acidity of natural rainwater. Nature, 295, 683–685.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, R. T., M. Corn, and J. O. Frohliger, 1971: Contribution to the reaction kinetics of water soluble aerosols and SO2 in air at ppm concentrations. Atmos. Environ., 5, 987–1008.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clift, R., J. R. Grace, and M. E. Weber, 1978: Bubbles, Drops, and Particles. Academic Press, Inc., New York, 380 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Danckwerts, P. V., 1950: Absorption by diffusion and chemical reaction. Trans. Faraday Soc., 46, 300–304.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Danckwerts, P. V., 1970: Gas-Liquid Reactions. McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, 276 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, D. D., W. Heaps, and T. McGee, 1976: Direct measurements of natural tropospheric levels of OH via an aircraft borne tunable dye laser. Geophys. Res. Lett., 3, 331–333.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, Jr., L. I., C. C. Wang, H. Niki, and B. Weinstock, 1982: Fluorescence measurements of OH at Niwot Ridge. 2nd Symposium, Composition of the Nonurban Troposphere, Am. Meteorol. Soc., 45 Beacon Street, Boston, Mass., 319–323.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dobos, D., 1975: Electrochemical Data. Elsevier Scientific Publishing, Amsterdam, 339 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eigen, N., K. Kustin, and G. Maas, 1961: Die Geschwindigkeit der Hydration von SO2 in wässriger Lösung. Z. Phys. Chem., 30, 130–135.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Erickson, R. E. and L. J. Yates, 1976: Reaction kinetics of ozone with sulfur compounds. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Report No. EPA-60013-76-089.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fishman, J. and P. J. Crutzen, 1978: The origin of ozone in the troposphere. Nature, 274, 855–858.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freiberg, J., 1979: Heterogeneous oxidation in the droplet phase. Atmos. Environ., 13, 1061–1062.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frössling, N., 1938: The evaporation of falling drops. Beitr. Geophys., 52, 170–216.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuchs, N. A. and A. G. Sutugin, 1971: Highly dispersed aerosols. Topics in Current Aerosol Research (G. M. Hidy and J. R. Brock, editors), Pergamon Press, Inc., New York, 1–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garner, F. H. and R. D. Suckling, 1958: Mass transfer from a soluble solid sphere. AIChE J., 4, 114–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gelbard, F. and J. H. Seinfeld, 1979: The general dynamic equation for aerosols. J. Coll. Interface Sci., 68, 363–382.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gelbard, F., Y. Tambour, and J. H. Seinfeld, 1980: Sectional representations for simulating aerosol dynamics. J. Coll. Interface Sci., 76, 541–556.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Graedel, T. E., L. A. Farrow, and T. A. Weber, 1975: The influence of aerosols on the chemistry of the troposphere. Int. J. Chem. Kin. Symposium No. 1 (S. W. Benson, editor), John Wiley and Sons, New York, 581–594.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffith, R. M., 1960: Mass transfer from drops and bubbles. Chem. Eng. Sci., 12, 198–213.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hales, J. M., 1972: Fundamentals of the theory of gas scavenging by rain. Atmos. Environ., 6, 635–659.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hales, J. M., 1978: Wet removal of sulfur compounds from the atmosphere. Atmos. Environ., 12, 389–399.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hales, J. M. and S. L. Sutter, 1973: Solubility of sulfur dioxide in water at low concentrations. Atmos. Environ., 7, 997–1001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Happel, J. and H. Brenner, 1965: Low Reynolds Number Hydrodynamics. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 553 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hegg, D. A. and P. V. Hobbs, 1981: Cloud water chemistry and the production of sulfates in clouds. Atmos. Environ., 15, 1597–1604.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hikita, H. and S. Asai, 1964: Gas absorption with (m,n)-th order irreversible chemical reaction. Int. Chem. Eng., 4, 332–340.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hikita, H., S. Asai, and H. Nose, 1978: Absorption of sulfur dioxide into water. AIChE J., 24, 147–149.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hsu, N. T., K. Sato, and B. H. Sage, 1954: Material transfer in turbulent gas streams. Ind. Eng. Chem., 46, 870–876.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hubler, G., D. Perner, U. Platt, A. Toennissen, and D. H. Ehhalt, 1982: Groundlevel OH radical concentration: New measurements by optical absorption. 2nd Symposium, Composition of the Nonurban Troposphere, Am. Meteorol. Soc., 45 Beacon Street, Boston, Mass., 315–318.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huebert, B. J. and A. L. Lazrus, 1978: Global tropospheric measurements of nitric acid vapor and particulate nitrate. Geophys. Res. Lett., 5, 577–580.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huebert, B. J., 1980: Nitric acid and aerosol nitrate measurements in the equatorial Pacific region. Geophys. Res. Lett., 7, 325–328.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson, J. S., L. I. Heller, and P. Van Leuken, 1976: Acid precipitation at a site within the northeastern conurbation. Wat. Air. Soil Pollut., 6, 339–349.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jaenicke, R., 1978: Ãœber die dynamik atmosphärischer Aitkenteilchen. Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem., 82, 1198–1202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaeschke, W., H. W. Georgii, H. Claude, and H. Malewski, 1978: Contribution of H2S to the atmospheric sulfur cycle. Geofis. Pura. Appl., 116, 465–475.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Junge, C. E. and T. G. Ryan, 1958: Study of the SO2 oxidation in solution and its role in atmospheric chemistry. Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 84, 46–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Junge, C. E., 1963: Air Chemistry and Radioactivity. Academic Press, New York, 382 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, T. J. and D. H. Stedman, 1979: Measurements of H2O2 and HNO3 in rural air. Geophys. Res. Lett., 6, 375–378.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kley, D., J. W. Drummond, M. McFarland, and S. C. Liu, 1981: Tropospheric profiles of NOx. J. Geophys. Res., 86, 3153–3161.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kolthoff, I. M. and C. S. Miller, 1941: The reduction of sulffurous acid (sulfur dioxide) at the dropping electrode. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 63, 2818–2821.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kronig, R. and J. C. Brink, 1950: On the theory of extraction from falling droplets. Appl. Sci. Res., A2, 142–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • LeClair, B. P., A. E. Hamielec, H. R. Pruppacher, and W. D. Hall, 1972: A theoretical and experimental study of the internal circulation in water drops falling at terminal velocity in air. J. Atmos. Sci., 29, 728–740.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, Y-N. and S. E. Schwartz, 1981: Evaluation of the rate of uptake of nitrogen dioxide by atmospheric and surface liquid water. J. Geophys. Res., 86, 11,971–11,983.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levy, H., 1971: Normal atmosphere: Large radical and formaldehyde concentrations predicted. Science, 173, 141–143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Likens, C. E., 1976: Acid precipitation. Chemical and Engineering News, November 22, pp. 29–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Logan, J. A., M. J. Prather, S. C. Wofsy, and M. B. McElroy, 1981: Tropospheric chemistry: A global perspective. J. Geophys. Res., 86, 7210–7254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luther, C. J. and L. K. Peters, 1982: The possible role of heterogeneous aerosol processes in the chemistry of CH4 and CO in the troposphere. Workshop/Conference on Heterogeneous Catalysis-Its Importance to Atmospheric Chemistry, Albany, New York, June 29–July 3, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lynn, S., J. R. Straatemeier, and H. Kramers, 1955: Absorption studies in the light of the penetration theory. Chem. Eng. Sci., 4, 49–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maroulis, P. J. and A. R. Bandy, 1977: Estimate of the contribution of biologically produced dimethyl sulfide to the global sulfur cycle. Science, 196, 647–648.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maroulis, P. J., A. L. Torres, A. B. Goldberg, and A. R. Bandy, 1980: Atmospheric measurements of SO2 on Project Gametag. J. Geophys. Res., 85, 7345–7349.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, L. R. and D. E. Damschen, 1981: Aqueous oxidation of sulfur dioxide by hydrogen peroxide at low pH. Atmos. Environ., 15, 1615–1621.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maxwell, R. W. and J. A. Storrow, 1957: Mercury vapor transfer studies-I. Chem. Eng. Sci., 6, 204–214.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McConnell, J. C., M. B. McElroy, and S. C. Wofsy, 1971: Natural sources of atmospheric CO. Nature, 223, 187–188.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mihelcic, D., M. Helten, H. Fark, P. Müsgen, H. W. Pätz, M. Trainer, D. Kempa, and D. H. Ehhalt, 1982: Tropospheric airborne measurements of NO2 and RO2 using the technique of matrix isolation and electron spin resonance. 2nd Symposium, Composition of the Nonurban Troposphere, Am. Meteorol. Soc., 45 Beacon Street, Boston, Mass., 327–329.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, J. M. and R. G. dePena, 1972: Contribution of scavenged sulfur dioxide to the sulfate content of rain water. J. Geophys. Res., 77, 5905–5916.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Overton, Jr., J. H., V. P. Aneja, and J. L. Durham, 1979: Production of sulfate in rain and raindrops in polluted atmospheres. Atmos. Environ., 13, 355–367.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Penkett, S. A., 1972: Oxidation of SO2 and other atmospheric gases by ozone in aqueous solution. Nature, 240, 105–106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perner, D., D. H. Ehhalt, H. W. Pate, E. P. Roth, and V. Volz, 1976: OH-radicals in the lower troposphere. Geophys. Res. Lett., 3, 466–468.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perry, R. H. and C. H. Chilton, 1973: Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, 5th Edition, McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peters, L. K. and W. L. Chameides, 1980: The chemistry and transport of methane and carbon monoxide in the troposphere. Adv. Env. Sci. Eng., III, 100–149.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pruppacher, H. R. and K. V. Beard, 1970: A wind tunnel investigation of the internal circulation and shape of water drops falling at terminal velocity in air. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 96, 247–256.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ranz, W. E. and W. R. Marshall, 1952: Evaporation from drops. Chem. Eng. Prog., 48, 141–146, 173-180.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rasmussen, R. A., S. D. Hoyt, and M. A. Khalil, 1982: Atmospheric carbonyl sulfide (COS): Techniques for measurement in air and water. 2nd Symposium, Composition of the Nonurban Troposphere, Am. Meteorol. Soc., 45 Beacon Street, Boston, Mass., 265–268.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reid, R. C., J. M. Prausnitz, and T. K. Sherwood, 1977: The Properties of Gases and Liquids. McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, 688 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowe, P. N., K. T. Claxton, and J. B. Lewis, 1965: Heat and mass transfer from a single sphere in an extensive flowing fluid. Trans. Inst. Chem. Eng., 43, T14–T31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rudolph, J., D. H. Ehhalt, A. Khadim, and C. Jebsen, 1982: Latitudinal profiles of some C2-C5 hydrocarbons in the clean troposphere over the Atlantic. 2nd Symposium, Composition of the Nonurban Troposphere, Am. Meteorol. Soc., 45 Beacon Street, Boston, Mass., 284–286.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sahni, D. C., 1966: The effect of a black sphere on the flux distribution in an infinite moderator. J. Nucl. Energy A/B, 20, 915–920.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, B. C., 1982: Predictions of in-cloud conversion rates of SO2 to SO4 based upon a simple chemical and kinematic storm model. J. Atmos. Sci., 16, 1735–1752.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, W. D. and P. V. Hobbs, 1967: The formation of sulfate in water drops. J. Atmos. Sci., 24, 54–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Secor, R. M. and J. A. Beutler, 1967: Penetration theory for diffusion accompanied by a reversible chemical reaction with generalized kinetics. AIChE J., 13, 365–373.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seiler, W. and J. Fishman, 1981: The distribution of carbon monoxide and ozone in the free troposphere. J. Geophys. Res., 86, 7255–7265.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Semb, A., 1976: Measurement of acid precipitation in Norway. Wat. Air. Soil Pollut., 6, 231–240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Semonin, R. G., 1976: The variability of pH in convective storms. Wat. Air. Soil Pollut., 6, 395–406.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sherwood, T. K. and R. L. Pigford, 1952: Absorption and Extraction. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New. York, 2nd Edition, 478 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherwood, T. K., R. L. Pigford, and C. R. Wilke, 1975: Mass Transfer. McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, 677 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skelland, A. H. P., 1974: Diffusional Mass Transfer. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 510 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skelland, A. H. P., and A. R. H. Cornish, 1963: Mass transfer from spheroids to an air stream. AIChE J., 9, 73–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spells, K. E., 1952: A study of circulation patterns within liquid drops moving through a liquid. Proc. Phys. Soc., B65, 541–546.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanner, R. L., 1982: Temporal and spatial variability of ammonia concentrations in the non-urban troposphere. 2nd Symposium, Composition of the Nonurban Troposphere, Am. Meteorol. Soc., 45 Beacon Street, Boston, Mass., 29–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Terraglio, F. P. and R. M. Manganelli, 1967: The absorption of atmospheric sulfur dioxide by water solutions. J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc., 17, 403–406.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van den Heuval, A. P. and B. J. Mason, 1963: The formation of ammonium sulphate in water droplets exposed to gaseous sulphur dioxide and ammonia. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 89, 271–275.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walcek, C., P. K. Wang, J. H. Topalian, S. K. Mitra, and H. R. Pruppacher, 1981: An experimental test of a theoretical model to determine the rate at which freely falling water drops scavenge SO2 in air. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 871–876.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, C. C., L. I. Davis, Jr., C. H. Wu, S. Japar, H. Niki, and B. Weinstock, 1975: Hydroxyl radical concentrations measured in ambient air. Science, 189, 797–800.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weinstock, B., 1969: Carbon monoxide residence time in the atmosphere. Science, 166, 224–225.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Willeke, K. and K. T. Whitby, 1975: Atmospheric aerosols: Size distribution interpretation. J. Air Poll. Control Assoc., 25, 529–534.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wofsy, S. C., 1976: Interactions of CH4 and CO in the Earth’s atmosphere. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 4 (F. A. Donath, F. G. Stehli, and G. W. Wetherill, editors), Annual Reviews, Palo Alto, California, 441–469.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zafiriou, O. C., J. Alford, M. Herrera, E. T. Peltzer, and R. B. Gagosian, 1980: Formaldehyde in remote marine air and rain: Flux measurements and estimates. Geophys. Res. Lett., 7, 341–344.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40506-0046, USA

    Leonard K. Peters

Authors
  1. Leonard K. Peters
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK

    Peter S. Liss

  2. Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Battelle Memorial Institute, Richland, Washington, USA

    W. George N. Slinn

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1983 D. Reidel Publishing Company

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Peters, L.K. (1983). Gases and their Precipitation Scavenging in the Marine Atmosphere. In: Liss, P.S., Slinn, W.G.N. (eds) Air-Sea Exchange of Gases and Particles. NATO ASI Series, vol 108. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-7169-1_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-7169-1_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-009-7171-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-009-7169-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation