Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Developments in Plant and Soil Sciences ((DPSS,volume 5))

Abstract

Ectomycorrhizae are symbiotic associations between fungi and plant roots in which the fungus forms a sheath around all or some of the fine absorbing rootlets. Hyphae penetrate between the root cells and occasionally enter the cells but they never penetrate beyond the cortex and any intracellular hyphae do not cause destruction of the host cell.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Björkman, E. 1942 Über die Bedingungen der Mykorrhizabildung bei Kiefer und Fichte. Symb. Bot. Upsal. 6, 1–190.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Black, R. 1980 The role of mycorrhizal symbiosis in the nutrition of tropical plants. In: Tropical Mycorrhiza Research, pp. 191–202. Mikola, P. (ed.), Clarendon Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Bowen, G.D. 1973 Mineral nutrition of ectomycorrhizae. In: Ectomycorrhizae, Their Ecology and Physiology, pp. 151–205. Marks, G.C. and Kozlowski, T.T. (eds.), Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Bowen, G.D. and Theodorou, C. 1967 Studies on phosphate uptake by mycorrhizas. Proc. Int. Union For. Res. Organ., 14th, 1967, Vol. 5, p. 116.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Bowen, G.D. and Theodorou, C. 1973 Fungal growth around seeds and roots. In: Ectomycorrhizae, Their Ecology and Physiology, pp. 107–150. Marks, G.C. and Kozlowski, T.T. (eds.), Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Bowen, G.D., Skinner, M.F. and Bevege, D.I. 1974 Zinc uptake by mycorrhizal and uninfected roots of Pinus radiata and Araucaria cunninghamii. Soil Biol. Biochem. 6, 141–144.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Briscoe, C.B. 1959 Early results of mycorrhizal inoculation in Puerto Rico. Caribbean Forester 20, 73–77.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Chaudhry, M.A. 1980 Ectomycorrhiza of Pinus caribaea in Uganda. In: Tropical Mycorrhiza Research, pp. 88–89. Mikola, P. (ed.), Clarendon Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Chilvers, G.A. 1968 Some distinctive types of eucalypt mycorrhiza. Aust. J. Bot. 16, 49–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Chilvers, G.A. and Pryor, L.D. 1965 The structure of eucalypt mycorrhizas. Aust. J. Bot. 13, 245–259.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Clements, J.B. 1941 The introduction of pines into Nyasaland. Nyasaland Agric. Quart. J. 1, 5–15.

    Google Scholar 

  12. de Alwis, D.P. and Abeynayake, K. 1980 A survey of mycorrhizae in some forest trees in Sri Lanka. In: Tropical Mycorrhiza Research, pp. 146–153. Mikola, P. (ed.), Clarendon Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Dominik, T. 1959 Synopsis of a new classification of the ectotrophic mycorrhizae established on morphological and anatomical characteristics. Mycopathologia 11, 359–367.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Fassi, B. 1963 The distribution of ectotrophic mycorrhiza in the litter and upper soil layers of the Gilbertiodendron dewevrei (Caesalpiniaceae) forest in the Congo. In: mycorrhiza, pp. 297–302. Proc. Mykorrhiza Intern. Mykorrhizas-symposium, Weimar, 1960. Rawald, W. and Lyr, H. (eds.), G. Fischer, Jena.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Fassi, B. and Fontana, A. 1961 Le micorize ectotrofiche di Julbernardia seretii, Caesalpiniacea del Congo. Alliona 7, 131–151.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Fassi, B. and Fontana, A. 1962 Micorize ectotrofiche di Brachystegia laurentii e di alcune altre Cesalpiniaceae minori del Congo. Alliona 8, 121–131.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Foster, R.C. and Marks, G.C. 1966 The fine structure of the mycorrhizas of Pinus radiata D. Don. Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 19, 1027–1038.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Foster, R.C. and Marks, G.C. 1967 Observations on the mycorrhizas of forest trees. II. The rhizosphere of Pinus radiata D. Don. Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 20, 915–926.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Frank, A.B. 1885 Über die auf Wurzelsymbiose beruhende Ernährung gewisser Bäume durch Unterirdische Pilze. Ber. Dtsch. bot. Ges. 3, 128–145.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Gadgil, R.L. and Gadgil, P.D. 1975 Suppression of litter decomposition by mycorrhizal roots of Pinus radiata. New Zealand J. Forest Sc. 5, 33–41.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Gibson, I.A.S. 1963 Eine Mitteilung über die Kiefernmykorrhiza in den Waldern Kenias. In: Mykorrhiza. pp. 49–51. Proc. Mykorrhiza Intern. Mykorrhizas - Symposium, Weimar, 1960. Rawald, W. and Lyr, H. (eds.), G. Fischer, Jena.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Giles, K.L. and Whitehead, H.C.M. 1976 Uptake and continued metabolic activity of Azotobacter within fungal protoplasts. Science 193, 1125–1126.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Giles, K.L. and Whitehead, H.C.M. 1977 Reassociation of a modified mycorrhiza with the host plant roots (Pin us radiata) and the transfer of acetylene reduction activity. Plant and Soil 48, 143–152.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Hacskaylo, E. 1969 Metabolic exchanges in ectomycorrhizae. In: Mycorrhizae, pp. 175–182. Hacskaylo, E., (ed.), Proc. 1st N. American Conf. on Mycorrhizae, April 1969. USDA, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Hacskaylo, E., Palmer, J.G. and Vozzo, J.A. 1965 Effect of temperature on growth and respiration of ectotrophic mycorrhizal fungi. Mycologia 57, 748–756.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Harley, J.L. 1968 Fungal symbiosis. Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 51, 1–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Harley, J.L. 1969 The Biology of Mycorrhiza. 2nd Ed. Leonard Hill, London.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Harley, J.L. 1971 Fungi in ecosystems. J. Ecol. 59, 635–668.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Harley, J.L. and McCready, C.C. 1950 Uptake of phosphate by excised mycorrhizal roots of the beech. New Phytol. 49, 388–397.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Harley, J.L. and Wilson, J.M. 1959 The absorption of potassium by beech mycorrhizas. New Phytol. 58, 281–298.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Hartig, R. 1888 Die pflanzlichen Wurzelparasiten. Allg. Forst. und Jagdztg. 64, 118–123.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Hatch, A.B. 1937 The physical basis of mycotrophy in the genus Pinus. Black Rock Forest Bull. 6, 1–168.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Hong, L.T. 1979 A note on dipterocarp mycorrhizal fungi. Malaysian Forester 42, 280–283.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Ivory, M.H. 1975 Mycorrhizal studies on exotic conifers in West Malaysia. Malaysian Forester 38, 149–152.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Janse, J.M. 1896 Les endophytes radicaux de quelques plantes Javanaises. Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 14, 53–212.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Jenik, J. and Mensah, K.O.A. 1967 Root system of tropical trees. I. Ectotrophic mycorrhizae of Afzelia africana Sm. Preslia (Praha) 39, 59–65.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Johnston, A. 1949 Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza in Sea Island Cotton and other tropical plants. Trop. Agric. Trinidad 26, 118–121.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Kalaghe, A.G. 1980 Studies on the fungi forming ectotrophic mycorrhizal associations on pines at Sao Hill. M.Sc. thesis, University of Dar es Salaam.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Katznelson, H., Rouatt, J.W. and Peterson, E.A. 1962 The rhizosphere effect of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal roots of yellow birch seedlings. Can. J. Bot. 40, 377–382.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Krywalop, G.N., Grand, L.F. and Casida, L.E. 1964 The natural occurrence of an antibiotic in the mycorrhizal fungus Cenococcum graniforme. Can. J. Microbiol. 10, 323–328.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Lamb, A.F.A. 1956 Exotic forest trees in Trinidad and Tobago. Govt. Printer, Trinidad and Tobago.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Lamb, R.J. and Richards, B.N. 1971 Unpublished data. Cited by Bowen, G.D. and Theodorou, C. 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Lewis, D.H. 1974 Micro-organisms and plants: the evolution of parasitism and mutualism. Symp. Soc. gen. Microbiol. 24, 367–392.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Madu, M. 1967 The biology of ectotrophic mycorrhiza with reference to the growth of pines in Nigeria. Obeche, J. of the Tree Club, Univ. of Ibadan 3, 9–18.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Marks, G.C. and Kozlowski, T.T. 1973 Ectomycorrhizae, their ecology and physiology. Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Marx, D.H. 1973 Mycorrhizae and feeder root diseases. In: Ectomycorrhizae, Their Ecology and Physiology, pp. 351–382. Marks, G.C. and Kozlowski, T.T. (eds.), Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Marx, D.H. 1980 Ectomycorrhizal fungus inoculations: A tool for improving forestation practices. In: Tropical Mycorrhiza Research, pp. 13–71. Mikola, P. (ed.), Clarendon Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Marx, D.H. and Bryan, W.C. 1971 Influence of ectomycorrhizae on survival and growth of aseptic seedlings of loblolly pine at high temperature. Forest Sci. 17, 37–41.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Marx, D.H. and Davey, C.B. 1969 The influence of ectotrophic mycorrhizal fungi on the resistance of pine roots to pathogenic infections. III. Resistance of aseptically formed mycorrhizae to infection by Phytophthora cinnamomi. Phytopathology 59, 549–558.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Melin, E. 1923 Experimentelle Untersuchungen über die Konstitution und Ökologie der Mykorrhizen von Pin us sylvestris und Picea ables. Mykol. Unters. u. Ber. 2, 73–331.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Melin, E. 1925 Untersuchungen über die Bedeutung der Baummykorrhiza. G. Fischer, Jena.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Melin, E. 1936 Methoden der experimentellen Untersuchungen mykotropher Pflanzen. Handb. d. biol. Arbeitsmeth. II 4, 1015–1108.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Melin, E. 1954 Growth factor requirements of mycorrhizal fungi of forest trees. Svensk. Bot. Tidskr. 48, 86–94.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Melin, E. 1955 Nyare undersökningar över skogsträdens mykorrhizasvampar och det fysiologiska växelspelet mellan dem och trädens rötter. Uppsala Univ. Arsskr. 3, 3–29.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Meyer, F.H. 1962 Die Buchen und Fichtenmykorrhiza in verschiedenen Bodentypen, ihre Beeinflussung durch Mineraldünger sowie für die Mykor-rhizabildung wichtige Faktoren. Mitt. Bundesforschungsant. Forst-Holzwirt. 54, 1–73.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Mikola, P. 1970 Mycorrhizal inoculation in afforestation. Int. Rev. For. Res. 3, 123–196.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Mikola, P. 1973 Mycorrhizal symbiosis in forestry practice. In: Ectomycorrhizae, Their Ecology and Physiology, pp. 383–411. Marks, G.C. and Kozlowski, T.T. (eds.), Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Mikola, P. 1980 Mycorrhizae across the frontiers. In: Tropical Mycorrhiza Research, pp. 3–10. Mikola, P. (ed.), Clarendon Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Mikola, P., Hahl, J. and Torniainen, E. 1966 Vertical distribution of mycorrhizae in pine forests with spruce undergrowth. An. bot. Fen. 3, 406–409.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Momoh, Z.O. 1972 The problem of mycorrhizal establishment in the savanna zone of Nigeria. In: The Development of Forest Resources in the Economic Advancement of Nigeria, pp. 408–415. Onochie, C.F.A. and Adeyoju, S.K. (eds.), Proc. Inaug. Conf. Forestry Assoc. of Nigeria, Ibadan, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Palmer, J.G. and Hacskaylo, E. 1970 Ectomycorrhizal fungi in pure culture. I. Growth on single carbon sources. Physiol. Plant. 23, 1187–1197.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Pawsey, R.G. 1980 A review of mycorrhizal inoculation practice in Malawi. In: Tropical Mycorrhiza Research, pp. 90–92. Mikola, P. (ed.), Clarendon Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Pegler, D.N. 1977 A Preliminary Agaric Flora of East Africa. Kew Bulletin Additional Series VI. H.M.S.O., London.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Redhead, J.F. 1960 A study of mycorrhizal associations in some trees of Western Nigeria. Diploma in Forestry Thesis, University of Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Redhead, J.F. 1968 Mycorrhizal associations in some Nigerian forest trees. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 51, 377–387.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Redhead, J.F. 1968 Inocybe sp. associated with ectotrophic mycorrhiza on Afzelia bella in Nigeria. Comm. Forest. Rev. 47, 63–65.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Redhead, J.F. 1974 Aspects of the biology of mycorrhizal associations occurring on tree species in Nigeria. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Ibadan.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Redhead, J.F. 1980 Mycorrhiza in natural tropical forest. In: Tropical Mycorrhiza Research, pp. 127–142. Mikola, P. (ed.), Clarendon Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Richards, B.N. 1964 Fixation of atmospheric nitrogen in coniferous forests. Aust. Forest. 28, 68–74.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Richards, B.N. and Voigt, G.K. 1965 Nitrogen accretion in coniferous forest ecosystems. In: Proc. Second N. American Forest Soils Conf., pp. 105–116. Youngberg, C.T. (ed.), Oregon State Univ. Press, Corvallis.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Singh, K.G. 1966 Ectotrophic mycorrhiza in equatorial rain forest. Malayan Forester 39, 13–19.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Slankis, V. 1969 Formation of ectomycorrhizae of forest trees in relation to light, carbohydrates and auxins. In: Mycorrhizae, pp. 151–167. Hacskaylo, E. (ed.), Proc. 1st N. American Conf. on Mycorrhizae, April 1969. USDA, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Slankis, V. 1973 Hormonal relationships in mycorrhizal development. In: Ectomycorrhizae, their ecology and physiology, pp. 231–298. Marks, G.C. and Kozlowski, T.T. (eds.), Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Tackacs, E.A. 1967 Produccidn de cultivos puros de hongos micorrhizógenos en el Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Castelar. IDIA Suppl. For. 4, 83–87.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Theodorou, C. 1978 Soil moisture and the mycorrhizal association of Pinus radiata D. Don. Soil Biol. Biochem. 10, 33–37.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Theodorou, C. and Bowen, G.D. 1970 Mycorrhizal responses of radiata pine in experiments with different fungi. Aust. Forest. 34, 183–191.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Theodorou, C. and Bowen, G.D. 1971 Influence of temperature on the mycorrhizal associations of Pinus radiata D. Don. Aust. J. Bot. 19, 13–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Thoen, D. 1974 Preliminary data on mycorrhizas and mycorrhizal fungi in plantations of exotics of Upper Shaba (Republic of Zaire). Bulletin des Recherches Agronomiques de Gembloux 9, 215–227.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Thomazini, L.I. 1974 Mycorrhiza in plants of the “Cerrado”. Plant and Soil 41, 707–711.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Watling, R. 1980 Mycorrhizal fungi. Bull. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 14, 59–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. Wedding, R.T. and Harley, J.L. 1976 Fungal polyol metabolism in control of carbohydrate metabolism of mycorrhizal roots of beech. New Phytol. 77, 675–688.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Wilson, J.M. 1957 A study of the factors affecting the uptake of potassium by the mycorrhiza of beech. Ph.D. thesis, University of Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Worley, J.F. and Hacskaylo, E. 1959 The effect of available soil moisture on the mycorrhizal association of Virginia pine. Forest Sci. 5, 267–268.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Zak, B. 1969 Characterization and identification of Douglas fir mycorrhiza. In: Mycorrhizae, pp. 38–53. Hacskaylo, E. (ed.), Proc. 1st N. American Conf. on Mycorrhizae, April 1969. USDA, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Zak, B. 1973 Classification of ectomycorrhizae. In: Ectomycorrhizae, Their Ecology and Physiology, pp. 43–78. Marks, G.C. and Kozlowski, T.T. (eds.), Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1982 Martinus Nijhoff/Dr W. Junk Publishers, The Hague/Boston/London

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Redhead, J.F. (1982). Ectomycorrhizae in the tropics. In: Dommergues, Y.R., Diem, H.G. (eds) Microbiology of Tropical Soils and Plant Productivity. Developments in Plant and Soil Sciences, vol 5. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-7529-3_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-7529-3_9

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-009-7531-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-009-7529-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics