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Nitrogen in shifting cultivation systems of Latin America

El nitrógeno en sistemas de agricultura migratoria en America Latina

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Nitrogen Cycling in Ecosystems of Latin America and the Caribbean

Part of the book series: Developments in Plant and Soil Sciences ((DPSS,volume 6))

Abstract

Relatively little is known about the dynamics of N in shifting cultivation and related cropping systems in the humid tropics of Latin America. The soils that predominate in 82% of the region, namely Oxisols and Ultisols, have a fairly high total N content. Contrary to conventional wisdom, the bulk of the N in tropical rainforests is present in the soil, and not in the biomass. Losses of N through clearing and burning are about 20–25% of the N existing in the ecosystem. Mechanized land clearing causes larger N losses than the traditional slash and burn method. Ashes can contribute substantial amounts (67–127kg N ha-1) to the soil, which prevents N deficiency for the first crop sown, but N deficiency is observed from the second crop onwards. The rate of total-N decomposition in the arable layer is high during the first two years after burning, but subsequently reaches a new equilibrium with continuous cultivation.

Continuous production of food crops is feasible in Ultisols and Oxisols of the Amazon with correct agronomic practices. Crops such as maize and rice require N fertilization rates of 80–120 kg N ha-l. The efficiency of applied-N utilization is comparable to that in the temperate zone and varies with planting season and cropping system. Pastures following burning do not cause significant losses of N in the soil, particularly if they consist of properly managed mixtures of grasses and legumes. These observations are based on data collected from only a small number of sites, making generalization difficult. Nitrogen dynamics should be viewed in conjunction with other soil factors such as acidity and the availability of other nutrients.

Resumen

Se conoce bastante poco acera de la dinámica del N en sistemas de agricultura migratoria y otras prácticas de cultivo en el trópico húmedo latinoamericano. Los suelos Oxisoles y Ultisoles que predominan en el 82% de la región están bastante bien dotados de N. Contrariamente a lo que comunmente se cree la mayoría del nitrógeno en ecosistemas naturales se encuentra en el suelo y no en la biomasa. Por lo tanto las pérdidas de nitrógeno por la quema son del 20–25% del N existente en el ecosistema. El desmonte mecanizado causa mayores pérdidas de N que el desmonte por tumba y quema tradicional. La ceniza contribuye con cantidades considerables de nitrógeno (67–127 kg N ha-1) al suelo lo cual evita las deficiencias de nitrógeno para el primer cultivo que se siembra. En un Ultisol de la Amazonía la deficiencia de nitrógeno es aguda a partir del segundo cultivo. La tasa de descomposición total para el nitrógeno en la capa arable es alta durante los dos primeros años después de la quema pero se alcanza un nuevo valor de equlibrio posteriormente. La producción contínua de cultivos de ciclo corto es factible en estos suelos mediante prácticas agronómicas correctas. Los cultivos como el maiz y el arroz responden positivamente a dósis de 80–120 kg ha-1 de fertilización con N. La eficiencia de utilización del nitrógeno aplicado es comparable a la de zonas templadas y varía con la época de siembra y sistemas de cultivos. El establecimiento de pastizales después de la quema no causa pérdidas apreciable de nitrógeno en el suelo, especialmente si se siembran mezclas de gramineas con leguminosas y se manejan bien. Debido a que estas observaciones están basadas en datos recolectados en pocos sitios es por lo tanto dificil generalizar. La fertilización con nitrógeno debe considerarse conjuntamente con el manejo adecuado de otras limitaciones de los suelos tales como la acidez y el estado del suelo con respecto a otros elementos nutritivos.

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© 1982 Martinus Nijhoff/Dr W. Junk Publishers, The Hague

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Sánchez, P.A. (1982). Nitrogen in shifting cultivation systems of Latin America. In: Robertson, G.P., Herrera, R., Rosswall, T. (eds) Nitrogen Cycling in Ecosystems of Latin America and the Caribbean. Developments in Plant and Soil Sciences, vol 6. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-7639-9_8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-7639-9_8

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-009-7641-2

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