Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Parasitic control

  • Chapter
Large White Butterfly

Part of the book series: Series Entomologica ((SENT,volume 18))

Abstract

Parasites (parasitoids) associating with Lepidoptera, including Pieris brassicae, attracted enough attention to be illustrated by the early entomologist Joanne Goedart (1662) even before the nature of parasitism was properly understood. John Ray (1710) was perhaps only one of several naturalists who independently discovered the essence of the host-parasite relationship in the early part of the 18th century, but it is of particular interest here that his celebrated conclusions were inspired by watching the braconid wasp now known as Apanteles glomeratus (L.) attacking larvae of P. brassicae.

“... I think that the ichneumon wasps prick these caterpillars with the hollow tube of their ovipositor and insert eggs into their bodies; the maggots are hatched by the warmth of them, and feed there until full grown; then they gnaw through the skin, come out, and spin their cocoons.”

John Ray, 1710. Historia Insectorum. In Mickel, 1973

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References cited

  • Abdulla, I., 1978. Studies on host discrimination, mating and sex determination in Apanteles glomeratus (L.) and Pteromalus puparum (L.); hymenopterous parasitoids of Pieris species. Ph.D. thesis, University of London (Wye College) Unpublished.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andriescu, I., 1973. Importance economique des chalcids en Roumanie. Ecol. Ter. Gen. 1972–1973: 155–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Askew, R.R., 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books. London. pp. 316.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berkoviten, I., 1972. Seeking pest solutions at Silwood Park. Int. Pest Control 14: 24–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bignell, G.C., 1883. Extra-ordinary number of Apanteles glomeratus infesting Pieris brassicae. Entomologist 16: 263.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birkett, N.L., 1944. The natural control of Pieris brassicae by its Braconid parasite, Apanteles glomeratus. Entomologist 77: 13–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bisset, G.A., 1934. Tachinids parasitising Pieris rapae and Pieris brassicae at Imperial College Field Station, Slough, Berks with a note on the extent of parasitism in Pieris rapae. Diploma. University of London (Imperial College).

    Google Scholar 

  • Blunck, H., 1922. Über den Massenwechsel des grossen Kohlweisslings bei Hamburg. Mitt. biol. Zent. Anst. Berl. 21: 182–184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blunck, H., 1944a. Zur Kenntnis der Hyperparasiten von Pieris (Autographa) brassicae L. Pt. 1. Mesochorus pectoralis Ratz. und seine Bedeutung für den Massenwechsel des Kohlweisslings. Z. angew. Ent. 30: 418–491.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blunck, H., 1944b. Zur Kenntnis der Hyperparasiten von Pieris brassicae L. Relative Einflüsse auf die Populationsdichte von Apanteles glomeratus und Pieris brassicae im Vergleich zu andern Begrenzungsfaktoren des Massenwechsels. Z. angew. Ent. 30: 465–483.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blunck, H., 1950. Zur Kenntnis des Massenwechsels von Pieris brassicae L. mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des Dürrejahres 1947. Z. angew. Ent. 32: 141–171.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blunck, H., 1951a. Zur Kenntnis der Hyperparasiten von Pieris brassicae L. 3. Beitrag. Hemiteles simillimus Taschb. nov. var. sulcatus. Kennzeichen und Verhalten der Vollkerfe. Z. angew. Ent. 32: 335–405.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blunck, H., 1951b. Zur Kenntnis der Hyperparasiten von Pieris brassicae L. 4. Gelis cf. transfusa Forst. Z. angew. Ent. 33: 217–267.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blunck, H., 1951c. Parasiten und Hyperparasiten von Pieris brassicae L. Z. PflKrankh. PflPath. PflSchutz 58: 25–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blunck, H., 1952a. Zur Kenntnis der Hyperparasiten von Pieris brassicae L. 5. Hemiteles simillimus sulcatus, die Metamorphose. Z. angew. Ent. 33: 421–459.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blunck, H., 1952b. Zur Kenntnis der Hyperparasiten von Pieris brassicae L. 6. Gelis corruptor Forst. und Gelis faunus Forst. Beitr. Ent. Berl. 2: 94–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blunck, H., 1953. Tierische Schädlinge an Nutzpflanzen. 1. Teil. Lepidopteren und Trichopteren. Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blunck, H. & Jansen, M., 1957. Zur Kenntnis von Hemiteles melanarius Grav. (Ichneumonidae). Ein Fall des Übergangs von Ekto— zum Endoparasitismus. Z. PflKrankh. PflPath. PflSchutz 64: 600–606.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonnamour, S., 1921. Note sur deux diptères parasites nouveaux de la piéride du chou (Drosophila rubrostriata Beck. et Phora chlorogasta Beck.). Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. (15): 217–219.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bordeaux, 1917. Ravages des chenilles de Pieris brassicae avec les cruciferes. Bull. Soc. Étude vulg. zool. agric. Bordeaux 16: 108–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bouletreau, M., 1968. Développement et croissance larvaires et conditions semi-artificielles et artificielles chez un hyménoptère entomophage: Pterornalus puparum L. (Chalc.). Entomophaga 17: 265–273.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bouletreau, M., 1971a. Métabolisme respiratoire de Pteromalus puparum L. (Hym. Chalc.) au cours de développement et influence de la densité de population larvaire. Ann. Zool. ecol. anim. 3: 195–207.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bouletreau, M., 1971b. Croissance larvaire et utilisation de l’hôte chez Pteromalus puparum (Hym. Chalc.): Influence de la densité de population. Ann. Zool. ecol. anim. 3: 305–318.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bouletreau, M., 1972. Premiers résultats de l’élevage des larvas d’un Hyménoptère chalcidien (Pteromalus puparum L.) sur hemolymphe des lépidoptères. Entomophaga 13: 217–222.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bouletreau, M., 1974. Influence de la densité de population larvaire sur quelques caractères biometrique des adultes. Études chez un hyménoptère parasite Pteromalus puparum. Ann. Zool. ecol. anim. 6: 200–204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bouletreau, M. & David, J., 1967. Influence of the density of the larval population on the size of the adults, the duration of development and the frequency of diapause in Pteromalus puparum. Entomophaga 12: 187–197.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carton, Y., 1971. Biologie de Pimpla instigator F. 1793 (Ich. Pimplinae) I. Mode de perception de l’hôte. Entomphaga 16: 285–296.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carton, Y., 1973. La biologie de Pimpla instigator (Ich. Pimplinae). Entomophaga 18: 25–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carton, Y., 1974. Sur la biologie de Pimpla instigator (Ich. Pimplinae) 3. Analysis experimental sur le recognition de l’hôte pupal, Pieris brassicae. Ent. exp. appl. Amst. 17: 265–278.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carton, Y., 1975a. Reactions haemolytiques dans pupae des lépidoptères. C. r. hebd. Séanc. Acad, agric. Fr. 281: 579–582.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carton, Y., 1975b. Colloquium on immunity in insects. Angers, 30th Sept. to 1st Oct. 1975. Annls. Parasit. Huma. comp. 52: 53–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ciochia, V., 1966. Sur la biologie de l’ichneumonidae Hemiteles melanarius Grav. Anal. St. Univ. Al. 1. Cuza lasi (Seria noua) Sect. II (St. Natur-Geogr.) 13: 355–364.

    Google Scholar 

  • Constantineanu, I.M., 1929. Contribution à l’étude des Ichneumonides en Roumania. Thèse dans les Annal. St. Univ. Jassy. 15: 389–642.

    Google Scholar 

  • Constantineanu, I.M. & Pisica, C., 1966. Ichneumonides de la Roumanie obtenus par les cultures et leurs hôtes. Anal. St. Univ. Al. 1 Cuza (Ser. noua) Sect. II. 12: 205–215.

    Google Scholar 

  • Constantineanu, M.I.I., Suciu, I., Andriescu, V., Ciochia, V. & Pisica, C., 1957. Contributii la studiul himenopterelor parazite in albilita verzii (Pieris brassicae L.) din R.P.R. Anal. St. Univ. Al. Cuza Iasi (Sera noua). Sect. II. 3: 1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Constantineanu, M.I. & Mustaţa, G., 1970. Ichneumonide (Hym. Ichn.) obtinute prin culturi de insecte daunatoare legumelor in Moldava. Stud. Com. St. Nat. Muz. Jud. Suceava.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corunna, 1934. Mem. work. Phytopath. Stn. Corunna. Publ. Estac. Fitopat. Agric. Galicia 1935: 1–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Danilevskii, A.S., 1965. Photoperiodism and Seasonal Development of Insects. English Translation of 1961 edition. Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh & London.

    Google Scholar 

  • David, W.A.L. & Gardiner, B.O.C., 1952. Laboratory breeding of Pieris brassicae L. and Apanteles glomeratus L. Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 27: 54–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Bruijn, J.F., 1921. Wat kant er in den herfst van de Witjesrupsen terecht. De Levende Natuur 25: 210–215.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fabre, J.H., 1908. La chenille de chou. Rev. Quest. Sci. Louvain 14: 349–374.

    Google Scholar 

  • Faure, J.C., 1924. Sur la determination de la ponte chez Pimpla instigator (Ichneumonidae) parasite de Pieris brassicae L. Feuille Nat. 45: 153–157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Faure, J.C., 1925a. Sur la multiplicité des parasites de l’Apanteles glomeratus L. C. r. Séanc. Soc. Biol. 93: 524–526.

    Google Scholar 

  • Faure, J.C., 1925b. Contribution à l’étude des hyménoptères parasitiques. Rev. path. veg. ent. Agric. 12: 293–305.

    Google Scholar 

  • Faure, J.C., 1926a. Contribution à l’étude d’un complexe biologique: La Piéride du chou (Pieris brassicae L.) et ses parasites hyménoptères. Thèse. Université de Lyons (Faculté de Science), pp. 222.

    Google Scholar 

  • Faure, J.C., 1926b. Sur la spécificité relative des insectes parasites polyphages. C. r. hebd. Séanc. Acad. Sci. Paris 182: 243–245.

    Google Scholar 

  • Faure, J.C. & Zolotarewsky, B., 1925. Contribution à l’étude biologique de Dibrachys boucheanus Ratz. Rev. path. veg. ent. Agri. 12: 144–161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fernère, C. & Faure, J.C., 1924. Sur Trichogramma evansecens Westw. Parasite des oeufs de Pieris brassicae L. Rev. path. veg. ent. agri. 11: 104–118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fernère, C. & Faure, J.C., 1925. Contribution à l’étude des Chalcidiens parasites de Apanteles glomeratus. Ann. Épiphyt. 11: 221–234.

    Google Scholar 

  • Filipescu, I.C., 1972. Contributiuni la studiul sistematic, biologie, ecologie si economic a Fam. Braconidae (Hymenoptera) parazite in insecte daunatoare agriculturii Teza, Univ. Al. I Cuza.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fitton, M.G., 1976. The western Palaearctic Ichneumonidae of British Authors. Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) 32: 301–373.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ford, E.B., 1945. Butterflies. Collins, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frechin, E., 1959. Mes captures d’hymenoptères en 1957 et 1958. Bull. Soc. ent. nord. Fr. (104) 3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frohawk, F.W., 1906. Life history of Aporia crataegi. Entomologist 39: 132–138.

    Google Scholar 

  • Führer, E., 1972. Abnorme Glykogenspeicherung in Larven von Pieris brassicae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) als Folge des Parasitismus von Apante les glomeratus Z. angew. Ent. 70: 370–374.

    Google Scholar 

  • Führer, E., 1975a. Über die physiologische Spezifität des polyphagen Puppenparasiten Pimpla turionella L. (Hym. Ichneumonidae) und ihre ökologischen Folgen. Sond. Centr. Ges. Forst. 92: 218–227.

    Google Scholar 

  • Führer, E., 1975b. Der Einfluss einiger Endoparasiten auf die Entwicklung der Kutikula ihrer Wirte. Z. angew. Ent. 77: 274–279.

    Google Scholar 

  • Führer, E. & Keja, T.D., 1976. Physiologische Wechselbeziehungen zwischen Pieris brassicae und dem endoparasiten Apanteles glomeratus, der Einfluss der Parasitierung auf Wachstum und Körpergewicht des Wirtes. Ent. exp. appl. Amst. 19: 287–300.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gatenby, J.B., 1918. Notes on the bionomics, embryology, and anatomy of certain Hymenoptera Parasites, especially of Microgaster connexus (Nees). J. Zool. Linn. Soc. 33: 287–416.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gatenby, J.B., 1919. Note on Apanteles glomeratus, a braconid parasite of the larva of Pieris brassicae. Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 55: 19–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gautier, C., 1918. Études physiologiques et parasitologiques sur les lépidoptères nuisibles. C. r. Soc. Biol. 81: 44–46, 197–199, 801–803, 1152–1155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gautier, C., 1919. Recherches physiologiques et parasitologiques sur les larves des lépidoptères nuisibles. C. r. Soc. Biol. 82: 72–721, 1000–1002, 1369–1371.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gautier, C. & Bonnamour, S., 1924. Recherches sur Tetrastichus rapo Walker. Rev. path. veg. ent. Agric. 11: 246–253.

    Google Scholar 

  • George, L., 1927. Observations sur la biologie de deux Hymenopteres entomophages. Bull. Soc. Hist. nat. Afr. N. Algiers 18: 55–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • George, L., 1928. Sur la biologie de l’Apanteles glomeratus L. Bull. Soc. Hist. nat. Afr. N. Algiers 19: 104–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghosh, C.C., 1914. Life history of Indian insects. Lepidoptera. Mem. Dept. Agric. India Pusa 5: 1–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Godan, D., 1949. Massenauftreten von Kohlweisslingsraupen (Pieris brassicae) in Berlin. Biol. Zentanst. 1: 165–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goedart, J.B., 1662. Metamorphosis et Historia naturalis Insectorum. Middlesborough. (A copy is in the British Museum (Natural History) library.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Graffinn, M.G., 1679. Der Raupen wunderbare Berivandelung und Sonderbare Blumen-nahrung. Graffen, Frankfurt.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, M.W.R. de V., 1961. The genus Aprostocetus Westwood, sensu lato (Hym. Eulophidae); notes on the synonymy of European species. Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 97: 34–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, M.W.R. de V., 1969. Pteromalidae of north west Europe. Bull. Br. nat. hist. ent. Suppl. 16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grandori, R., 1911. Contributo all’embriologia e alla biologia dell’ Apanteles glomeratus (L.) Reinh., immenottero parasita del bruco di Pieris brassicae L. Redia 1: 363–428.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, A.G., 1934. The biology of Apanteles glomeratus (Braconidae) parasitising Pieris brassicae and Pieris rapae L. Diploma. University of London (Imperial College).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, A.G., 1935. Miscellaneous observations on the biology of Apanteles glomeratus (Braconidae). Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 71: 262–270.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hogge, M.A.F. & King, P.E., 1975. The structure and function of the male genitalia of Pimpla instigator F. (Hym. Ichneumonidae). Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 111: 193–200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howard, L.O. & Fiske, W.F., 1911. The importation into the US of the parasites of the gipsy moth and brown tail moth. US Dept. agric. Bull. 91: 344 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Imms, A.D., 1925. General Textbook of Entomology. Methuen, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johannson, A.S., 1951. Studies on the relation between Apanteles glomeratus (Hym. Brac.) and Pieris brassicae L. (Lep. Pieridae). Norsk. ent. Tidsskr. 8: 145–186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Junnikkala, E., 1966. Effect of braconid parasitization on the nitrogen metabolism of Pieris brassicae L. Ann. Acad. Sci. fenn. 100: 1–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karadjov, S., 1972. The joint utilisation of biopreparations entobacterin (Bacillus cereus var. galleriae) and boverin (Beauveria bassiana Vuill.) with the egg parasite Trichogramma evanescens West. for the control of Pieris brassicae L. and Pieris rapae L. and the cabbage worm (Mamestra brassicae L.). Acad. agric. Sci. Inst. Plant Prot. Kostinbrod. Stud. Biol. Cont. pl. Pests Vol. 1. 129–143.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kitano, H., 1974. Effects of the parasitization of a braconid, Apanteles, on the blood of its host, Pieris. J. Insect Physiol. 20: 315–327.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klein, H.Z., 1932. Studien zur Oekologie und Epidemiologie der Kohlweisslinge. II. Zur Bionomie von Pieris brassicae L. und deren Parasit Microgaster glomeratus L. Z. wiss. InsektBiol. 26: 192–199.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kloet, G.S. & Hincks, W.D., 1972. Check list of British Hymenoptera. British Museum (Natural History).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kot, J., 1961. Experiments on the use of Trichogramma evansecens Westw. in pest control of the vegetable garden pests Plutella maculipennis Curt., Pieris brassicae L. and Pieris rapae L. Ekol. Polska B 5: 83–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kot, J. & Plewka, T., 1968. The parasitism of eggs of the large white cabbage butterfly, Pieris brassicae and the small white cabbage butterfly, Pieris rapae by Trichogramma evanescens in natural conditions. (In Polish.) Polskie Pismo ent. 38: 619–625.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lacatuscu, M., 1963. Studiul Braconidelor din R.P.R. (Sistematic, morfologic, biologic, Zoogeographie). Teza de doctorat, Minist. Inv. Univ. Bucuresti.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lal, O.P. & Chandra, J., 1976. Some parasites of cabbage worm Pieris brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) from the Kulu Valley, Himachal Pradesh (India). Curr. Sci. 45: 766–767.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lartschenko, K., 1932. Definite reaction to parasites of larvae of L. sticticalis and Pieris brassicae. Z. Parasitenk. 5: 679–707.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyle, G.T., 1908. Oviposition of a hyperparasite (Chalcid) of Pieris brassicae. Entomologist 61: 249.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyle, G.T., 1916. Contribution to our knowledge of the British Braconidae. Entomologist 49: 121–125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyle, G.T., 1926. Pieris brassicae and its parasite Apanteles glomeratus. Entomologist 59: 302–303.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyon, J.P., 1969. Contribution to study of the biology of X. comptus. Ann. Épiphyt. 19: 683–693.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marchai, P. & Foex, E., 1920. Rapport phytopathologique pour les années 1919–20. Ann. Épiphyt. 7: 1–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, T.A., 1885. Monograph of British Braconidae Part I. Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 1–280.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martelli, G., 1907. Contribuzioni alla Biologia della Pieris brassicae L. e di alcuni suoi parassiti ed iperparassiti. Boll. Lab. zool. gen. Agrar R. Scuola. Sup. Agric. Portici 1: 170–224.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maslennikova, V.A. & Mustafayeva, T.M., 1971. An analysis of photoperiodic adaptations of Apanteles glomeratus L. (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) and Pieris brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Ent. Rev. 50: 281–284.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matheson, R., 1907. The life history of Apanteles glomeratus. Can. Ent. 39: 205–207.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meĭer, N.F., 1925. Study of some larvae in relation to their parasites. (In Polish.) Ann. State Inst. Expt. Agron. 3: 260–265.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meĭer, N.F., 1938. Biological methods of controlling injurious insects and results of application in USSR (with additional material on races of Trichogramma. (In Russian.) Zool. Zh. Moscow 17: 905–932.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meĭer, N.F., 1940. Species and races of the genus Trichogramma Westw. (In Russian.) Bull. Plant Prot. Leningrad 1940: 70–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meĭer, N.F., 1941. Ecology and results of utilisation for the control of injurious insects. (In Russian.) Sel’khozgiz Moscow 1941: 1–175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mesnil, L., 1944–1975. Tachinidae. Fliegen palaearkt. Reg. 9–10: 1–1435.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mickel, C.E., 1973. John Ray: Indefatigable student of nature. A. Rev. Ent. 18: 1–16.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moiseeva, N.V., Mashkina, L.G., Kalashnikova, G.I. & Ratomskaya, A.A., 1975. The effectiveness of the use of Trichogramma for control of certain pests in the Chu Valley, Kirgizia. In: Arthropods of Agricultural Importance. Ed. A.I. Protsenko. Emt. issled Kirgizii Vypusk. Kirgiz SSR.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mokrzecki, Z., 1934. Chalcidoid parasites and hyperparasites of forest pests. Polskie. Pismo ent. 12: 143–144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morley, C., 1936. Notes on Braconidae XV: Microgasterinae. Entomologist 1936: 39–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morley, C. & Rait-Smith, W., 1933. The hymenopterous parasites of British Lepidoptera. Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 81: 133–183.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moss, J.E., 1933. The natural control of the cabbage caterpillars, Pieris spp. J. Anim. Ecol. 2: 210–231.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mustaţa, G. & Andriescu, I., 1973. Recherches sur le complexe de parasites (Insecta) du Papillon du chou (Pieris brassicae L.) en Moldavie (R.s. de Roumanie) I. Parasites primaires. Lucrǎdle Staţiunii “Stejarul”. Ecol. Ter. gen. 1972–73: 191–230.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nonell Comas, J., 1922. Entomophagous insects. Use of coccinelid N. cardinalis against Australia Scale I. purchasi. Rev. Inst. Agric. Catalan S. Isidro 72: 211–213.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ormerod, E.A., 1884. Notes and observations of injurious insects and common crop pests, 1884. Simpkin, Marshall, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osmolovski, G.Y., 1964. The biology of Apanteles glomeratus L. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a parasite of Pieris brassicae. Ent. Rev. URSS 43: 387–388.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paillot, A., 1918a. Un nouveau parasite coccobacilli du cockchafer. C. r. hebd. Séanc. Acad. Sci. Paris 167: 1046–1048.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paillot, A., 1918b. Deux nouveaux parasites microsporidiens de larva de Pieris brassicae. C. r. Soc. Biol. Paris 81: 66–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paillot, A., 1923. Sur Chalcis femorata Panz. nouveau parasite hyménoptère des chrysalides de Pieris brassicae L. Rev. path. veg. ent. Agric. 10: 342–345.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paillot, A., Fernere, C. & Faure, J.C., 1924. Note préliminaire sur les parasites des Apanteles hôtes de Pieris brassicae L. dans la région de Lyon 1923. Rev. path. veg. ent. Agric. 11: 78–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Picard, F., 1921. Sur la biologie de Tetrastichus rapo Walk. (Hym. Chal.). Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 1921: 206–208.

    Google Scholar 

  • Picard, F., 1922a. Contribution à l’étude des parasites de Pieris brassicae L. Bull. Biol. Fr. Belg. 56: 54–130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Picard, F., 1922b. Note sur la biologie de Melittoba acasta Walk. Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. Paris 1922: 301–304.

    Google Scholar 

  • Picard, F., 1923. L’hibernation des chenilles de Pieris brassicae L. Bull. Biol. Fr. Belg. 57: 98–106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Portier, P., 1949. La Biologie des Lépidoptères. Lechavalier, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prokofera, N.A., 1976. Trichogramma in cabbage fields. (In Russian.) Zasch. Rast. No. 9. 19–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quednau, W., 1956. Die biologischen Kriterien zur Unterscheidung von Trichogramma Arten. Z. PflKrankh. PflPath. PflSchutz 63: 333–344.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ray, J., 1710. Historia Insectorum. pp. 114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richards, O.W., 1940. Biology of Pieris rapae with special reference to factors Controlling abundance. J. Anim. Ecol. 9: 243–288.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robaux, P., 1971. Recherches sur le développement et la biologie des Acariens, Thrombidiidae. Thèse. Université de Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwarz, R., 1948. Butterflies Diurnal. Vesmir, Prague.

    Google Scholar 

  • Serebroskii, A.S., Tupikov, V. & Khvostova, V.B., 1944. Ernestia consobrina Meig. a parasite of the larvae of Noctuids which attack vegetables. (In Russian.) Proc. Lenin. Acad. Agric. Sci. USSR 9: 16–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, M.R. & Askew, R.R., 1976. Parasites. In: The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland. Ed. J. Heath. Vol. 1. Blackwell, Oxford. pp. 24–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shenfelt, R.D., 1972. Hymenopterorum Catalogus (Nova edition) Ed. J. van der Vecht and R.D. Shenfelt.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shevirev, I.J., 1913a. Regulation of sex of their offspring by female Ichneumonidae. (In Russian.) Bull. lab. biol. St. Petersburg 111: 24–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shevirev, I.J., 1913b. Oviposition in Ichneumon flies. Jl. R. Microscop. Soc. Lond. 385.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silujanova, O.E., 1969. Control of cabbage white butterflies. Zashch. Rast. 14: 51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soures, B., 1971. La lutte biologique et ses avantages. Pepinieristes Horticulteurs Maraichers 119: 47–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Speyer, W., 1956. Pieris brassicae L. in den Dünen der Nordseeinsel Amrum. Z. PflKrankh. PflPath. PflSchutz 63: 12–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanuszek, S., 1974. Neoplectana feltiae pieridarum N. ecotype (Nematoda: Rhaoditoidea, Steinernematidae) a parasite of Pieris brassicae L. and Mamestra brassicae L. in Poland. Morphology and biology. “Nematodes and cultivated and natural environment” Zesz. Probl. Post. nauk. Roln. 154: 361–393.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strawinsky, K., 1929. Cabbage butterfly. Biology and control. Polskie Pismo ent. 8: 227–248.

    Google Scholar 

  • Talhouk, A.M., 1969. Insects and mites injurious to crops in Middle Eastern countries. Monographien zur Angew. Entomologye No. 21. Verlag Paul Parey, Hamburg & Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tawfik, M.F.S., 1956. On the host-specificity and early development of Apanteles glomeratus (Brac. Hym.) Ph.D. thesis. University of Dublin (Trinity College).

    Google Scholar 

  • Telenga, N.A., 1929. Hymenopterous parasites of F. Ichneumonidae, reared at Kuban Plant Protection Station, 1927. Plant Prot. Leningrad 6: 225–226.

    Google Scholar 

  • Telenga, N.A., 1955. Fauna SSSR. Pereponciatokrillie Tom. V. vip. 4. Sem. Braconidae, Podsem. Microgasterinae, posem, Agathinae. Zool. Inst. Akad. SSSR Nov. Ser. N. 61. Izd. Acad. nauk. SSSR Moskva-Leningrad, pp. 311.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, W.R., 1946. A catalogue of parasites and predators of insect pests. Section 1. Part 8. Imperial Agricultural Bureaux, Belleville.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, W.R., 1953. A catalogue of the parasites and predators of insect pests. Section 2. Part 2. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Ottawa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Torka, V., 1927. Angita rufipes Grav. ein Parasit der Kohlweisslingsraupe. Anz. Schädlingsk. 3: 97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Treat, A.E., 1975. Mites of Moths and Butterflies. Comstock Publishing Association. Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, J., 1933. South London Entomological and Natural History Society. Meeting. July 27th. Entomologist.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verma, G.C., Singh, S. & Bindra, O.S., 1976. Record of a hyperparasitoid, Catolaccus crassiceps (Masi) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) from India. Entomologist’s Newsletter 6: 44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Völkel, H., 1925. Ueber die praktische Bedeutung der Schlupferwespe Trichogramma evanscens Westw. Arb. biol. Bundanst Forst. 14: 97–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Voukassovitch, P., 1926. Observations biologique sur les parasites de la Pieride du chou (Pieris brassicae L.). Rev. zool. agric, appl. Bordeaux 25: 81–90, 103–108, 113–121, 134–140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westropp, M.S.D., 1925. Pieris brassicae in January. Entomologist 58: 39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilbert, H., 1960. Apanteles pieridis, a parasite of Aporia crataegi. Entomophaga 5: 183–211.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilkes, B., 1747–49. The English Moths and Butterflies, together with the plants, flowers, and fruits whereon they feed, and are usually found. Benjamin Wilkes, Fleetstreet, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson, D.S., 1928. Revision of the Indo-Australian species of the genus Apanteles. Pt. 1. Bull. ent. Res. 19: 79–146.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson, D.S., 1939. Two species of Apanteles (Hym. Brac.) not previously recognised from the western Palaearctic region. Bull. ent. Res. 30: 77–84.

    Google Scholar 

Further references

  • Adaskievici, B.P., 1972. In: Min. Sel’sk. Hoz. Mold. S.S.R. Naucin. Isled. Inst. Oros. 3–29 (parasites in Rumania).

    Google Scholar 

  • Alder, S., 1918. Z. wiss. InsektBiol. 14: 182–186 (biology of Apanteles).

    Google Scholar 

  • Alder, S., 1920. Aus. Natur. 16: 236–243 (biology of Apanteles).

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen, W.W., 1958. Hilgardia 27: 515–541 (biology of Apanteles).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bendel-Janssen, M., 1962. Z. PflKrankh. PflPath. PflSchutz 69: 526–529 (parasitism of Apanteles).

    Google Scholar 

  • Benedek, P., 1972. Acta Phytopath. Acad. Sci. Hung. 7: 445–452 (effect of parasitism on host stability).

    Google Scholar 

  • Benitez Morera, A., 1945. Bol. Pat. Veg. ent. agric. Madrid 13: 463–466 (P. instigator on P. brassicae).

    Google Scholar 

  • Birkett, N.L., 1944. Entomologist 73: 13–14 (control by A. glomeratus).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bisset, G.A., 1938. Parasitology 30: 111–122 (tachinids).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bjegovic, P., 1962. Arh. Poljopr. nauk Belgrade 15: 125–131 (tachinid).

    Google Scholar 

  • Blunck, H., 1951a. Z. angew. Ent. 32: 335–405 (hyperparasites).

    Google Scholar 

  • Blunck, H., 1951b. Z. angew. Ent. 33: 217–267 (hyperparasites).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bree, W.T., 1832. London’s Mag. Nat. Hist. 5: 105 (A. glomeratus, colour of larvae).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ceballos Jimenez, P., 1961. Bol. Serv. Plag. For. Madrid 4: 97–101 (reproduction of P. instigator in captivity).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chandra, G. & Gupta, V.K., 1977. Ichneumonologia orientalis. Part VII. The Tribes of Lissonofini and Banchini. Oriental Insects Monograph No. 7. (Exetastes illusor).

    Google Scholar 

  • Creighton, C.S., McFadden, T.L., Cuthbert, R.B. & Onsager, J.A., 1972. J. econ. Ent. 65: 1399–1402 (control with B. thuringiensis).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crutchley, G.W., 1922. Entomologist 55: 245–246 (biology of A. glomeratus).

    Google Scholar 

  • Debach, P., 1974. Biological Control by Natural Enemies. Cambridge University Press (early details of parasitism by A. glomeratus).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dewitz, J., 1912. Bull. ent. Res. 3: 343–354 (experiments on cocooning of A. glomeratus).

    Google Scholar 

  • Doutt, R.L., 1959. A. Rev. Ent. 4: 161–182 (biology of parasites).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dowden, P.B., 1935. J. agric. Res. Washington 50: 495–523 (B. intermedia).

    Google Scholar 

  • Farwick, S., 1947. Zur Kenntnis der Hyperparasiten von Pieris brassicae L. Über einige Chalcididen die Parasiten von Apanteles glomeratus. Dissertation. University of Bonn. pp. 108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Faure, J.C., 1926. Congres. Nat. sur la lutte contre les ennemis des cultures Lyon. 1–375 (methods of destroying P. brassicae).

    Google Scholar 

  • Führer, E., 1975. Z. angew. Ent. 11: 274–279 (biochemical effects of parasite).

    Google Scholar 

  • Grandori, R., 1911. Redia 1: 363–428 (embryology of A. glomeratus).

    Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, J.H., 1944. Lond. Nat. 1943: 12–19 (parasites).

    Google Scholar 

  • Janssen, M., 1960. Z. PflKrankh. PflPath. PflSchutz 67: 19–24 (biology of A. glomeratus).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jegen, G., 1918. Landw. Jb. Schweiz. 32: 524–550 (parasites).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kot, J., Krukierek, T., Plewka, T., 1975. In: Studies on crop-field ecosystem. Ed. L. Ryszkowski, pp. 173–182 (resistance of T. evanescens to insecticides).

    Google Scholar 

  • Krukierek, T., Plewka, T. & Kot, J., 1975. In: Studies on crop-field ecosystem. Ed. L. Rzszkowski. pp. 183–196 (susceptibility of parasites to insecticides).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurir, A., 1946. Zentbl. Ges. Forst. Holzw. 70: 81–88 (P. puparum).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kutin, A., 1917. Z. PflKrankh. PflPath. PflSchutz 26: 452–454 (A. glomeratus).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyle, G.T., 1922. Entomologist 55: 281 (defensive fluid of P. brassicae).

    Google Scholar 

  • Marchall, P., 1927. C. r. Acad. Sci. Paris 185: 489–493 (T. evanescens).

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, F., 1910. Mem. Soc. Vulg. Sci. Nat. Deux-Sevres 1: 84–90 (larval parasite).

    Google Scholar 

  • Miles, P.M., 1950. Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 86: 141 (Drosophila on larvae).

    Google Scholar 

  • Moiseeva, T.S., 1960. Trudy. Vses. Inst. Zashch. Rast. 14: 51–56 (specialisation of A. glomeratus).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mokrzecki, Z., 1934. Polskie Pismo Ent. 12: 143–144 (parasites and hyperparasites).

    Google Scholar 

  • Muggeridge, J., 1939. N. Z. J. Agric. 58: 305–307 (control of P. rapae with A. glomeratus).

    Google Scholar 

  • Muller Hale, D.E.W., 1966. Der deutsche Gartenbau 13: 218–219 (parasites).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nikol’skaya, M., 1934. Bull. ent. Res. 25: 129–143 (chalcids reared in USSR).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nixon, G.E.L., 1973. Bull. ent. Res. 63: 169–228 (Revision of NW European Apanteles).

    Google Scholar 

  • Olenev, N.O., 1925. Defense des Plantes 2: 377–378 (biology of A. glomeratus).

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker, F.D., 1970. Agric. Res. Wash. 18: 8–9 (build up of parasites).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pavlichek, K.I., 1962. Zashch. Rast. (10) 52 (Trichogramma).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rabbm, R.L. & Thurston, R., 1969. Annl. ent. Soc. Am. 62: 125–128 (diapause in Apanteles).

    Google Scholar 

  • Richter, V., 1960. Ent. Z. 70: 114–116 (parasites).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ritzema, J., 1924. Tijdschr. Plantenz. 30: 65–67 (life history of A. glomeratus).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sakharov, N.L., 1938. Soc. Grain Fmg. Saratov 1938: 164–168 (races of Trichogramma).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schoonhoven, L.M., 1962. Symp. Diapause in Relation to Insect pest control. London 1962. 617–621 (discussion on parasite host systems).

    Google Scholar 

  • Seurat, L.G., 1899. Ann. Sci. nat. zool. 10: 1–159 (parasites).

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, V.A., 1970. Byull. Vses. Nauch. Issled. Inst. Zash. Rast. 1968: 3–7 (host parasite relationships).

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, V.A. & Khotyanovitch, A.V., 1962. Proc. Symp. use of Biophys. in Field of Plant Protection. Leningrad. Vsesoyuz. Inst. Zashch. Rast. 1961. 67–69 (developmental characteristics of A. glomeratus).

    Google Scholar 

  • Steinberg, D.M., 1961. Dokl. Akad. nauk. SSSR 138: 1477–1480 (host/parasite relationships).

    Google Scholar 

  • SLENHS (South London Entomological and Natural History Society), 1946. Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 82: 120 (P. puparum exhibited).

    Google Scholar 

  • Spanjer, W., Grosu, L. & Piek, T., 1977. Toxicon 15: 413–422 (effect of homogenate from Microbracon hebetor on P. brassicae).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stellwaag, F., 1929. Verh. dt. Ges. angew. Ent. 31: 15–32 (biological control).

    Google Scholar 

  • Suster, P., 1931. Annal. Sci. Univ. Jassy 16: 57–249 (tachinids).

    Google Scholar 

  • Taschenberg, E.L., 1865. Naturgeschichte der wirbellosen Tiere. Leipzig. (H. melanarius).

    Google Scholar 

  • Thorpe, W.H., 1930. Bull. Ent. Res. 21: 387–412 (parasite on P. brassicae).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tuhan, N.C., Bindra, O.S. & Grewal, C., 1977. Ind. J. Ent. 37: 208–209 (P. brassicae tried experimentally as host for T. israeli).

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiseenberg, R., 1908. Sitzungsber Ges. naturf. Freunde Berlin (biology of A. glomeratus).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilbert, H., 1958. Z. PfKrankh. PflPath. PflSchutz 11: 661–673 (A. glomeratus).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilbert, H., 1959. Beitr. Ent. Berl. 9: 874–898 (A. glomeratus).

    Google Scholar 

  • Willers, D., 1974. Untersuchungen über die physiologische Eignung verschiedener Schmetterlingspuppen als Wirte für den Puppenparasiten Pimpla turionella L. Diplomarbeiten. University of Göttingen.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Royal Scotish Museum, UK

    M. R. Shaw

Authors
  1. M. R. Shaw
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1982 Dr W. Junk Publishers, The Hague

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Shaw, M.R. (1982). Parasitic control. In: Large White Butterfly. Series Entomologica, vol 18. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-8638-1_14

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-8638-1_14

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-009-8640-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-009-8638-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation