Skip to main content

The phenomenon of self-change: overview and conceptual issues

  • Chapter
Promoting Self-Change from Problem Substance Use

Abstract

We should also consider those who have a more fleeting contact with deviance, whose careers lead them away from it into conventional ways of life. Thus, for example, studies of delinquents who fail to become adult criminals might teach us even more than studies of delinquents who progress in crime [1, pp. 24–25].

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Becker, H.S. (1963) Outsiders, Free Press: New York.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Cahalan, D. (1987) Studying Drinking Problems Rather Than Alcoholism, Plenum: New York.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Cahalan, D. (1970) Problem Drinkers: A National Survey, Jossey-Bass: San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Cahalan, D., Cisin, LH. and Crossley, H.M. American Drinking Practices, Rutgers Center of Alcohol Studies: New Brunswick, NJ.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Cahalan, D. and Room, R. (1974) Problem Drinking Among American Men, Rutgers Center of Alcohol Studies: New Brunswick, NJ.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Room, R. (1977) Measurement and Distribution of Drinking Patterns and Problems in General Populations, Geneva: World Health Organization: Geneva.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Vaillant, G.E. and Milofsky, E.S. (1984) Natural history of male alcoholism: Paths to recovery, in Longitudinal Research in Alcoholism (eds D.W. Goodwin, K.T.V. Dusen and S.A. Mednick) Kluwer-Nijhoff Publishing, pp. 53–71.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Robins, L.N. (1993) Vietnam veterans’ rapid recovery from heroin addiction: A fluke or normal expectation? Addiction 88, 1041–1054.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Erickson, P.G. and Alexander, B.K. (1989) Cocaine and addictive liability. Soc Pharmacol 3, 249–270.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Cunningham, J.A. (1999) Untreated remissions from drug use: The predominant pathway. Addict Behav. 24(2), 267–270.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Cunningham, J.A., Lin, E., Ross, E. and Walsh, G.W. (2000) Factors associated with untreated remissions from alcohol abuse or dependence. Addict Behav. 25, 317–321.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Dawson, D.A. (1996) Correlates of past-year status among treated and untreated persons with former alcohol dependence: United States, 1992. Alcohol: Clin Exp Res. 20, 771–779.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Grant, B.F. (1997) Barriers to alcoholism treatment: Reasons for not seeking treatment in a general population sample. J Stud Alcohol 58(4), 365–371.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Narrow, W.E., Regier, D.A., Rae, D.S., Manderscheid, R.W. and Locke, B.Z. (1993) Use of services by persons with mental and addictive disorders: Findings from the National Institute of Mental Health epidemiologic catchment area program. Arch Gen Psychiatry 50, 95–107.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Roizen, R. (1977) Barriers to Alcoholism Treatment, Alcohol Research Group: Berkeley, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Room, R. and Greenfield, T. (1993) Alcoholics Anonymous, other 12 step movements and psychotherapy in the United States population, 1990. Addiction 88, 555–562.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Hodgins, D.C. and El-Guebaly, N. (2000) Natural and treatment-assisted recovery from gambling problems: A comparison of resolved and active gamblers. Addiction 95, 777–789.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Humphreys, K., Moos, R.H. and Finney, J.W. Two pathways out of drinking problems without professional treatment. Addict Behav. 20(4), 427–441.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Sobell, L.C., Cunningham, J.A. and Sobell, M.B. (1996) Recovery from alcohol problems with and without treatment: Prevalence in two population surveys. Am J Public Health 86(7), 966–972.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Sobell, L.C., Ellingstad, T.P. and Sobell, M.B. (2000) Natural recovery from alcohol and drug problems: Methodological review of the research with suggestions for future directions. Addiction 95, 749–769.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Sobell, L.C., Sobell, M.B. and Toneatto, T. (1992) Recovery from alcohol problems without treatment, in Self-control and the Addictive Behaviours (eds. N. Heather, W.R. Miller and J. Greeley), Maxwell MacMillan: New York.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Shaffer, H.J. and Jones, S.B. (1989) Quitting Cocaine: The Struggle Against Impulse, Lexington Books: Lexington, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Tuchfeld, B.S. (1981) Spontaneous remission in alcoholics: Empirical observations and theoretical implications. J Stud Alcohol 42, 626–641.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Roizen, R., Cahalan, D. and Shanks, P. (1978) Spontaneous remission among untreated problem drinkers, in Longitudinal Research on Drug Use: Empirical Findings and Methodological Issues (ed. D.B. Kandel), Hemisphere: Washington, DC, pp. 197–221.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Biernacki, P. (1986) Pathways from Heroin Addiction: Recovery without Treatment, Temple University Press: Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Marlatt, G.A. and Gordon, J.R. (1985) Relapse Prevention, Guilford Press: New York.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Stall, R. (1983) An examination of spontaneous remission from problem drinking in the bluegrass region of Kentucky. J Drug Iss. 13, 191–206.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Happel, H.-V., Fischer, R. and Wittfeld, I. (1993) Selbstorganisierter Ausstieg. Überwindung der Drogenabhängigkeit ohne professionelle Hilfe (Endbericht). Integrative Drogenhilfe an der Fachhochschule Ffm L.V.: Frankfurt

    Google Scholar 

  29. Labouvie, E. (1996) Maturing out of substance abuse: Selection and self-correction. J Drug Iss. 26, 457–476.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Institute of Medicine. (1990) Broadening the Base of Treatment for Alcohol Problems, National Academy Press: Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Tuchfeld, B.S. (1976) Changes in Patterns of Alcohol Use Without the Aid of Formal Treatment: An Exploratory Study of Former Problem Drinkers, Research Triangle Institute: Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Mulford, H. (1988) Enhancing the natural control of drinking behavior: Catching up with common sense. Contemp Drug Probl. 17, 121–334.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Heather, N. (1989) Psychology and brief interventions. Br J Addict. 84, 357–370.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Heather, N. (1990) Brief Intervention Strategies, Pergamon: New York.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Heather, N. (1994) Brief interventions on the world map. Addiction 89, 665–667.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Law, M. and Tang, J.L. (1995) An analysis of the effectiveness of interventions intended to help people stop smoking. Arch Intern Med. 155(18), 1933–1941.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Giffen, C.A. (1991) Community intervention trial for smoking cessation (commit) — summary of design and intervention. J Natl Cancer Inst. 83, 1620–1628.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Green, S.B., Corle, D.K., Gail, M.H. et al. (1995) Interplay between design and analysis for behavioral intervention trials with community as the unit of randomization. Am J Epidemiol. 142(6), 587–593.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Hughes, J.R., Cummings, K.M. and Hyland, A. (1999) Ability of smokers to reduce their smoking and its association with future smoking cessation. Addiction 94(1), 109–114.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Foulds, J. (1996) Strategies for smoking cessation. Br Med Bull 52, 157–173.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Ludwig, A.M. (1985) Cognitive processes associated with’ spontaneous’ recovery from alcoholism. J Stud Alcohol 46, 53–58.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Saunders, W.M. and Kershaw, P.W. (1979) Spontaneous remission from alcoholism: A community study. Br J Addict. 74, 251–265.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Klingemann, H.K.-H. (1991) The motivation for change from problem alcohol and heroin use. Br J Addict. 86, 727–744.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Sobell, L.C., Sobell, M.B., Toneatto, T. and Leo, G.I. (1993) What triggers the resolution of alcohol problems without treatment? Alcohol: Clin Exp Res. 17(2), 217–224.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Fagerström, K.O., Kunze, M. and Schoberberger, R. (1996) Nicotine dependence versus smoking prevalence: Comparison among countries and categories of smokers. Tob Control 5, 52–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Hingson, R., Scotch, N., Day, N. and Culbert, A. (1980) Recognizing and seeking help for drinking problems. J Stud Alcohol 11, 1102–1117.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Weisner, C. (1987) The social ecology of alcohol treatment in the U.S., in Recent Developments in Alcoholism, Vol 5 (ed. M. Galanter), Plenum: New York, pp. 203–243.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Sobell, M.B. and Sobell, L.C. (1998) Guiding self-change, in Treating Addictive Behaviors, 2nd edition (eds W.R. Miller and N. Heather), Plenum: New York, pp. 189–202.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Toneatto, T., Sobell, L.C., Sobell, M.B. and Rubel, E. (1999) Natural recovery from cocaine dependence. Psychol Addict Behav. 13(4), 259–268.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Tucker, J.A., Vuchinich, R.E. and Gladsjo, J.A. (1991) Environmental influences on relapse in substance use disorders. Int J Addict. 25, 1017–1050.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Blomqvist, J. (1999) Treated and untreated recovery from alcohol misuse: Environmental influences and perceived reasons for change. Subst Use Misuse 34(10), 1371–1406.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Blomqvist, J. (in press) Recovery with and without treatment. A comparison of resolutions of alcohol and drug problems. in Thematic Meeting on the Natural History of Addictions, 7–12 March 1999, Les Diablerets.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Blomqvist, J. (1999) Inte bara behandling — vägar ut ur alkoholmissbruket, Bokförlaget Bjurner & Bruno: Vaxholm.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Tucker, J.A., Vuchinich, R.E. and Pukish, M.M. (1995) Molar environmental contexts surrounding recovery by treated and untreated problem drinkers. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 3, 195–204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Tucker, J.A., Vuchinich, R.E., Gladsjo, J.A., Hawkins, J.L. and Sherrill, J.T. (1989) Environmental influences on the natural resolution of alcohol problems without treatment in Paper Presented at a Poster Session at the Annual Meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy, November 1989, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Tucker, J.A., Vuchinich, R.E. and Gladsjo, J.A. (1994) Environmental events surrounding natural recovery from alcohol-related problems. J Stud Alcohol 55, 401–411.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Rumpf, H.-J., Bischof, G., Hapke, U., Meyer, C. and John, U. (2000) Studies on natural recovery from alcohol dependence: Sample selection bias by media solicitation. Addiction 95, 747.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Vaillant, G.E. (1995) The Natural History of Alcoholism Revisited, Harvard University Press: Cambridge, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Vaillant, G.E. and Milofsky, E.S. (1982) Natural history of male alcoholism. IV. Paths to recovery. Arch Gen Psychiatry 39, 127–133.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Drew, L.R.H. (1968) Alcoholism as a self-limiting disease. Q J Stud Alcohol 29, 956–967.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Schachter, S. (1982) Recidivism and self-cure of smoking and obesity. Am Psychol 37(4), 436–444.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Winick, C. (1962) Maturing out of narcotic addiction. Bull Narc. 14, 1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Carey, M.P., Snel, D.L., Carey, K.B. and Richards, CS. (1989) Self-initiated smoking cessation: A review of the empirical literature from a stress and coping perspective. Cognitive Ther Res. 13, 323–341.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Fiore, M.C., Novotny, T.E., Pierce, J.P. et al. (1990) Methods used to quit smoking in the United States. JAMA. 263, 2760–2765.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Hughes, J.R., Fiester, S., Goldstein, M. et al. (1996) Practice guidelines for the treatment of patients with nicotine dependence. Am J Psychiatry 153(10 Suppl.), 1–31.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Mariezcurrena, R. (1994) Recovery from addictions without treatment: Literature review. Scand J Behav Ther. 23, 131–154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Orleans, C.T., Rimer, B.K., Cristinzio, S., Keintz, M.K. and Fleisher, L. (1991) A national survey of older smokers: A treatment needs of a growning population. Health Psychol. 10, 343–351.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (1988) The health consequences of smoking: Nicotine addiction. A report of the Surgeon General. U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Jeffery, R.W. and Wing, R.R. (1983) Recidivism and self-cure of smoking and obesity: Data from population studies (Letter to the editor). Am Psychol 38, 852.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Rzewnicki, R. and Forgays, D.G. (1987) Recidivism and self-cure of smoking and obesity: An attempt to replicate. Am Psychol 42, 97–100.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Tinker, J.E. and Tucker, J.A. (1997) Motivations for weight loss and behavior change strategies associated with natural recovery from obesity. Psychol Addict Behav. 11(2), 98–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Hodgins, D.C., Wynne, H. and Makarchuk, K. (1999) Pathways to recovery from gambling problems: Follow-up from a general population survey. J Gambling Stud. 15, 93–104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Eysenck, H.J. and Rachman, S.J. (1973) Neurosen: Ursachen und Heilmethoden: Einführung in die moderne Verhaltenstherapie (The causes and cures of neurosis). Cerlag der Wissenschaft: Berlin,-OST, Germany.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Finn, P. (1997) Adults recovered from stuttering without treatment: Perceptual assessment of speech normalcy. J Speech Hear Res. 40, 821–831.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Finn, P. (1988) Recovery without treatment: A review of conceptual and methodological considerations across disciplines, in Toward Treatment Efficacy for Stuttering: A Search for Empirical Bases (eds A.K. Cordes and R.J. Ingham), Singular: San Diego, CA, pp. 3–25.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Toro, P.A. (1986) A comparison of natural and professional help. Am J Community Psychol 14, 147–159.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Veroff, J., Douvan, E. and Kulka, R.A. (1981) The Inner American: A Self-Portrait From 1957–1976, Basic: New York.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Rush, B. (1814) An Inquiry Into the Effects of Ardent Spirits Upon the Human Body and Mind, 8th edition, E. Merriam & Company: Brookfield.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Blomqvist, J. (1996) Paths to recovery from substance misuse: Change of lifestyle and the role of treatment. Subst Use Misuse 31, 1807–1852.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Fillmore, K.M. (1988) Alcohol Use Across the Life Course: A Critical Review of 70 Years of International Longitudinal Research, Addiction Research Foundation: Toronto, Ontario.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Hughes, J.R., Gulliver, S.B., Fenwick, J.W. et al. (1992) Smoking cessation among self-quitters. Health Psychol. 11, 331–334.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Jordon, C.M. and Oei, T.P.S. (1989) Help-seeking behaviour in problem drinkers: A review. Br J Addict 84, 979–988.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. O’Doherty, F. and Davies, J.B. (1987) Life events and addiction: A critical review. Br J Addict 82, 127–137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Smart, R.G. (1975/6) Spontaneous recovery in alcoholics: A review and analysis of the available research. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1, 277–285.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. Stall, R. and Biernacki, P. (1986) Spontaneous remission from the problematic use of substances: An inductive model derived from a comparative analysis of the alcohol, opiate, tobacco, and food/obesity literatures. Int J Addict. 21, 1–23.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Waldorf, D. and Biernacki, P. (1982) Natural Recovery From Heroin Addiction: A Review of the Incidence Literature, Human Science: New York.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Fillmore, K.M., Hartka, E., Johnstone, B.M., Speiglman, R. and Temple, M.T. (1988) Spontaneous remission of alcohol problems: A critical review, in a paper commissioned and supported by the Institute of Medicine, June 1988, Institute of Medicine: Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Alden, L. (1988) Behavioral self-management controlled drinking strategies in a context of secondary prevention. J Consult Clin Psychol. 56, 280–286.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Kissin, B., Rosenblatt, S.M. and Machover, K. (1968) Prognostic factors in alcoholism. American Psychiatric Association Reports 24, 22–43.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Kendell, R.E. and Staton, M.C. (1966) The fate of untreated alcoholics. Q J Stud Alcohol 27, 30–41.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Granfield, R. and Cloud, W. (1996) The elephant that no one sees: Natural recovery among middle-class addicts. J Drug Iss. 26(1), 45–61.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Schasre, R. (1966) Cessation patterns among neophyte heroin users. Int J Addict 1, 23–32.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Snow, M. (1973) Maturing out of narcotic addiction in New York City. Int J Addict. 8, 921–938.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Chiauzzi, E.J. and Liljegren, S. (1993) Taboo topics in addiction treatment: An empirical review of clinical folklore. J Subst Abuse Treat. 10, 303–316.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Cunningham, J.A., Sobell, L.C. and Chow, V.M.C. (1993) What’s in a label? The effects of substance types and labels on treatment considerations and stigma. J Stud Alcohol 54, 693–699.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Cunningham, J.A., Sobell, L.C. and Sobell, M.B. (1998) Awareness of self-change as a pathway to recovery for alcohol abusers: Results from five different groups. Addict Behav. 23(3), 399–404.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Ferris, J. (1994) Comparison of public perceptions of alcohol, drug tobacco and other addictions — moral vs. disease models, in Paper Presented at the 20th Annual Alcohol Epidemiology Symposium, June 1994, Ruschlikon, Switzerland.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Klingemann, H.K.H. (2001) Natural recovery from alcohol problems, in International Handbook of Alcohol Dependence and Problems (eds N. Heather, T.J. Peters and T. Stockwell), John Wiley & Sons: New York, pp. 649–662.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Rush, B. and Allen, B.A. (1997) Attitudes and beliefs of the general public about treatment for alcohol problems. Can J Pub Health 88, 41–43.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Dupont, R.L. (1993) Foreword to the book ‘Treating adolescent substance abuse’ by G.R. Ross. Allyn and Bacon: Boston.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Johnson, V.E. (1980) I’ll Quit Tomorrow, revised edition, Harper & Row: San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Sack, F. (1978) Probleme der kriminalsoziologie, in Handbuch der empirischen Sozialforschung (Band 12, Wahlverhalten, Vorurteile, Kriminalität) (ed. R. Konig), Ferdinand Enke Verlag: Stuttgart, Germany.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Wagner, K. (1985) Das potential des labeling-approach: Versuch einer programmatischen neueinschätzung. Kriminologisches J. 4, 267–289.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Hunt, M. (1998) The New Know-Nothings: The Political Foes of the Scientific Study of Human Nature, Transaction Publishers: Piscataway, NJ.

    Google Scholar 

  105. Marlatt, G.A. (1983) The controlled drinking controversy: A commentary. Am Psychol 38, 1097–1110.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Marlatt, G.A. (1998) Harm Reduction: Pragmatic Strategies for Managing High-Risk Behaviors, Guilford Press: New York.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Rosenberg, H. and Davis, L.A. (1994) Acceptance of moderate drinking by alcohol treatment services in the United States. J Stud Alcohol 55, 167–172.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Sobell, M. and Sobell, L.C. (1995) Controlled drinking after 25 years: How important was the great debate? Addiction 90, 1149–1153.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. American Psychiatric Association. (1994) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, American Psychiatric Association: Washington DC.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Orford, J. and Edwards, G. (1977) Alcoholism: A Comparison of Treatment and Advice with a Study of the Influence of Marriage, Oxford University Press: Oxford, England.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Vaillant, G.E. (ed.) (1980) The Doctor’s Dilemma, 27A, CD ed. Croom Helm: London, England.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Emrick, C.D. (ed.) (1982) Evaluation of Alcoholism Psychotherapy Methods, Gardner Press: New York.

    Google Scholar 

  113. Miller, W.R. and Heather, N. (1986) Treating Addictive Behaviors: Processes of Change, Plenum: New York.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  114. Sobell, L.C., Toneatto, A. and Sobell, M.B. (eds) (1990) Behavior Therapy (Alcohol and Other Substance Abuse), John Wiley: New York.

    Google Scholar 

  115. Orford, J. (1999) Future research directions: A commentary on Project MATCH. Addiction 94(1), 62–66.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Project MATCH Research Group. (1998) Matching alcoholism treatments to client heterogeneity: Treatment main effects and matching effects on drinking during treatment. J Stud Alcohol 59(6), 631–639.

    Google Scholar 

  117. Project MATCH Research Group. (1998) Matching alcoholism treatments to client heterogeneity: Project MATCH three-year drinking outcomes. Alcohol: Clin Exp Res. 22, 1300–1311.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  118. Granfield, R. and Cloud, W. (1999) Coming Clean: Overcoming Addiction Without Treatment, New York University Press: New York.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Nathan, P.E. (1989) Treatment outcomes for alcoholism in the U.S.: Current research, in Addictive Behaviors: Prevention and Early Intervention (eds T. Lørberg, W.R. Miller, P.E. Nathan and G.A. Marlatt), Swets & Zeitlinger: Amsterdam, pp. 87–101.

    Google Scholar 

  120. Orleans, CT., Schoenbach, V.J., Wagner, E.H. et al. (1991) Self-help quit smoking interventions: Effects of self-help materials, social support instructions, and telephone counseling. J Consult Clin Psychol. 59, 439–448.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. National Gambling Impact Study Commission. (1999) Final Report. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Cunningham, J.A., Sobell, L.C., Sobell, M.B., Agrawal, S. and Toneatto, T. (1993) Barriers to treatment: Why alcohol and drug abusers delay or never seek treatment. Addict Behav. 18, 347–353.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Cunningham, J.A., Sobell, L.C., Sobell, M.B. and Gaskin, J. (1994) Alcohol and drug abusers reasons for seeking treatment. Addict Behav. 19(6), 691–696.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Hasin, D. and Grant, B. (1995) AA and other helpseeking for alcohol problems: Former drinkers in the U. S. general population. J Subst Abuse 7, 281–292.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Oppenheimer, E., Sheehan, M. and Taylor, C. (1988) Letting the client speak: Drug misusers and the process of help seeking. Br J Addict. 83, 635–647.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Smith, L. (1992) Help seeking in alcohol-dependent females. Alcohol Alcohol 27, 3–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Tucker, J.A. and Davison, J.W. (2000) Waiting to see the doctor: The role of time constraints in the utlization of health and behavioral health services, in Refraining Health Behavior Change with Behavior Economics (eds W. Bickel and R. Vuchinich), Lawrence Erlbaum: New York, pp. 219–264.

    Google Scholar 

  128. Tucker, J.A. and Gladsjo, J.A. (1993) Help seeking and recovery by problem drinkers: Characteristics of drinkers who attend Alcoholics Anonymous or formal treatment or who recovered without assistance. Addict Behav. 18, 529–542.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Gomberg, E.S.L. and Turnbull, J.E. (1990) Alcoholism in women: Pathways to treatment, in Research Society on Alcoholism Annual Meeting, June 1990, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  130. Roman, P.M. (1988) Treatment issues, in Women and Alcohol Use: A Review of the Research Literature (ADM 88-1574) (ed. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism), U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, pp. 38–45.

    Google Scholar 

  131. Schmidt, L. and Weisner, C. (1995) The Emergence of Problem-Drinking Women as a Special Population in Need of Treatment, Plenum Press: New York.

    Google Scholar 

  132. Schober, R. and Annis, H.M. (1996) Barriers to help-seeking for change in drinking: A gender-focused review of the literature. Addict Behav. 21(1), 81–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Thorn, B. (1986) Sex differences in help-seeking for alcohol problems — 1. The barriers to help-seeking. Br J Addict. 81, 777–788.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  134. Thorn. B. (1987) Sex differences in help-seeking for alcohol problems — 2. Entry into treatment. Br J Addict. 82, 989–997.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  135. Weisner. C. (1993) Toward an alcohol treatment entry model: A comparison of problem drinkers in the general population and in treatment. Alcohol: Clin Exp Res.; 17, 746–752.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  136. Weisner, C. and Schmidt, L. (1992) Gender disparities in treatment for alcohol problems. JAMA. 268, 1872–1876.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Beckman, L.J. and Kocel, K.M. (1982) Treatment-delivery system and alcohol abuse in women: social policy and implications. J Soc Issues 38, 139–151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  138. Schmidt, L.A. and Weisner, CM. (1999) Public health perspectives on access and need for substance abuse treatment, in Changing Addictive Behavior: Bridging Clinical and Public Health Strategies (eds J.A. Tucker, D.A. Donovan and G.A. Marlatt), Guilford Press: New York, pp. 67–96.

    Google Scholar 

  139. Duckert, F. (1989) ‘Controlled drinking’: A complicated and contradictory field. Nordic Council for Alcohol and Drug Research (NAD) Annankatu 29 A 23 SF-00100.

    Google Scholar 

  140. Blume, S.B. (1986) Women and alcohol: A review. JAMA. 256, 1467–1470.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Klingemann, H.K.H. (1994) Environmental influences which promote or impede change in substance behaviour, in Addiction: Processes of Change (eds G. Edwards and M. Lader), Oxford University Press: Oxford, pp. 131–161.

    Google Scholar 

  142. Engemann, S. (1991) Zwei Jahre Erprobung akzeptanzorientierter, niedrigschwellinger Drogenarbeit im Kontaktcafé Münster. Münster: INDRO e.V.

    Google Scholar 

  143. National Institute on Drug Abuse. (1992) Highlights from the 1989 National Drug and Alcoholism Treatment Unit Survey (NDATUS). National Institute on Drug Abuse: Rockville, MD.

    Google Scholar 

  144. Sanchez-Craig, M., Spivak, K. and Davila, R. (1991) Superior outcome of females over males after brief treatment for the reduction of heavy drinking: replication and report of therapist effects. Br J Addict. 86, 867–876.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Rounsaville, B.J. and Kleber, H.D. (1985) Untreated opiates addicts: How do they differ from those seeking treatment? Arch Gen Psychiatry 42, 1072–1077.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Gordis, E. (1994) Alcohol and minorities. Alcohol Alert (N1AAA) 23, 1–5.

    Google Scholar 

  147. Castro, F.G., Proescholdbell, P.J., Abeita. L. and Rodriquez, D. (1999) Ethnic and cultural minority groups, in Addictions: A Comprehensive Guidebook (eds B.S. McCrady and E.E. Epstein), Oxford University Press: New York, pp. 499–526.

    Google Scholar 

  148. Sue, S., Fujino, D.C., Hu, L., Takeuchi, T. and Zane, N.W.S. (1991) Community mental health services for ethnic minority groups: A test of the cultural responsiveness hypothesis. J Consult Clin Psychol. 59, 533–540.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Orford, J. (1986) Critical Conditions for Change in the Addictive Behaviors, Plenum Press: New York.

    Google Scholar 

  150. Eysenck, H.J. (1952) The effects of psychotherapy: An evaluation. J Consult Psychol 16, 319–324.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Goldfried, M.R. (1982) Converging Themes in Psychotherapy, Springer: New York.

    Google Scholar 

  152. Janis, I.L. and Mann, L. (1968) A Conflict-Theory Approach To Attitude Change and Decision Making, Academic Press: New York.

    Google Scholar 

  153. Janis, I.L. and Mann, L. (1977) Decision-Making: A Psychological Analysis of Conflict, Choice, and Commitment, Free Press: New York.

    Google Scholar 

  154. Prochaska, J.O. and DiClemente, C.C. (1984) The Transtheoretical Approach: Crossing Traditional Boundaries of Therapy, Dow Jones-Irvwin: Homewood, IL.

    Google Scholar 

  155. Prochaska, J.O., DiClemente, C.C. and Norcross, J.C. (1992) In search of how people change. Am Psychol. 47, 1102–1114.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Prochaska, J.O. (1983) Self-changers versus therapy versus Schachter (Letter to the editor). Am Psychol. 38, 853–854.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Baumeister, R.F. (1996) The crystallization of discontent in the process of major life change, in Can Personality Change? (eds T.F. Heatherton and J.L. Weinberger), American Psychological Association: Washington, DC, pp. 281–297.

    Google Scholar 

  158. Ebaugh, H.R.F. (1988) Becoming An Ex: The Process of Role Exits, University of Chicago Press: Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  159. Bandura, A. (1997) The anatomy of stages of change. Am J Health Promot. 12(1), 8–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. Budd, R.J. and Rollnick, S. (1996) The structure of the Readiness to Change Questionnaire: A test of Prochaska and DiClemente’s transtheoretical model. Br J Health Psychol. 1, 365–376.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  161. Carey, K.B., Purnine, D.M., Maisto, S.A. and Carey, M.P. (1999) Assessing readiness to change substance abuse: A critical review of instruments. Clin Psychol-Sci Pract. 6(3), 245–266.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  162. Davidson, R. (1998) The transtheoretical model: A critical overview, in Treating Addictive Behaviors, 2nd edition (eds W.R. Miller and N. Heather), Plenum: New York, pp. 25–38.

    Google Scholar 

  163. Sutton, S. (1996) Can stages of change provide guidelines in the treatment of addictions? in Psychotherapy, Psychological Treatments and the Addictions (eds G. Edwards and C. Dare), Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, MA, pp. 189–205.

    Google Scholar 

  164. King, M.P. and Tucker, J.A. (2000) Behavior change patterns and strategies distinguishing moderation drinking and abstinence during the natural resolution of alcohol problems without treatment. Psychol Addict Behav. 15, 48–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  165. Cunningham, J.A., Ansara, D., Wild, T.C., Toneatto, T. and KoskiJannes, A. (1999) What is the price of perfection? The hidden costs of using detailed assessment instruments to measure alcohol consumption. J Stud Alcohol 60(6), 756–758.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. Gladsjo, J.A., Tucker, J.A., Hawkins, J.L. and Vuchinich, R.E. (1992) Adequacy of recall of drinking patterns and event occurrences associated with natural recovery from alcohol problems. Addict Behav. 17, 347–358.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  167. Klingemann, H. (1991) Coping and maintenance strategies of spontaneous remitters from problem use of alcohol and heroin in Switzerland, in Paper Presented at the 17th Annual Alcohol Epidemiological Symposium, 1991, Sigtuna, Sweden.

    Google Scholar 

  168. Sobell, L.C., Agrawal, S. and Sobell, M.B. (1997) Factors affecting agreement between alcohol abusers’ and their collaterals’ reports. J Stud Alcohol 58(4), 405–413.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  169. Tucker, J.A. (1995) Predictors of help-seeking and the temporal relationship of help to recovery among treated and untreated recovered problem drinkers. Addiction 90(6), 805–809.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  170. Babor, T.F., Brown, J. and Del Boca, F.K. (1990) Validity of self-reports in applied research on addictive behaviors: Fact or fiction? Addict Behav. 12, 5–32.

    Google Scholar 

  171. Babor, T.F., Steinberg. K., Anton. R. and DelBoca, F. (2000) Talk is cheap: Measuring drinking outcomes in clinical trials. J Stud Alcohol 61(1), 55–63.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  172. Maisto, S.A. and Connors, G.J. (1992) Using subject and collateral reports to measure alcohol consumption, in Measuring Alcohol Consumption: Psychosocial and Biological Methods (eds R.Z. Litten and J. Allen), Humana Press: Towota, NJ, pp. 73–96.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  173. Maisto, S.A., McKay, J.R. and Connors, G.J. (1990) Self-report issues in substance abuse: State of the art and future directions. Behav Assess. 12, 117–134.

    Google Scholar 

  174. Sobell, L.C., Toneatto, T. and Sobell, M.B. (1994) Behavioral assessment and treatment planning for alcohol, tobacco, and other drug problems: Current status with an emphasis on clinical applications. Behav Ther. 25, 533–580.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  175. De Soto, C.B., O’Donnell, W.E. and De Soto, J.L. (1989) Long-term recovery in alcoholics. Alcohol: Clin Exp Res. 13, 693–697.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  176. Jin, H., Rourke, S.B., Patterson, T.L., Taylor, MJ. and Grant, I. (1998) Predictors of relapse in long-term abstinent alcoholics. J Stud Alcohol 59(6), 640–646.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  177. Sobell, M.B., Sobell, L.C. and Kozlowksi, L.T. (1995) Dual recoveries from alcohol and smoking problems, in Alcohol and Tobacco: From Basic Science to Clinical Practice (NIAAA Research Monograph No 30) (eds J.B. Fertig and J.A. Allen), National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: Rockville, MD, pp. 207–224.

    Google Scholar 

  178. Bonadonna, G. and Robustelli, G. (1988) Handbook of Medical Oncology, Masson: Milano, Italy.

    Google Scholar 

  179. Devita, V.T.J., Hellman, S. and Rosenberg, S.A. (1985) Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 2nd edition, J.P. Lippincott: New York.

    Google Scholar 

  180. Breslau, N., Peterson, E., Schultz, L., Andreski, P. and Chilcoat, H. (1996) Are smokers with alcohol disorders less likely to quit? Am J Public Health 86(7), 985–990.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  181. Breslin, F.C., Sobell, S.L., Sobell, L.C. and Sobell, M.B. (1997) Alcohol treatment outcome methodology: State of the art 1989–1993. Addict Behav. 22(2), 145–155.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  182. Heather, N. and Robertson, I. (1997) Problem Drinking, 3rd edition, Oxford University Press: New York.

    Google Scholar 

  183. Rosenberg, H. (1993) Prediction of controlled drinking by alcoholics and problem drinkers. Psychol Bull. 113, 129–139.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  184. Blackwell, J.S. (1983) Drifting, controlling and overcoming: Opiate users who avoid becoming chronically dependent. J Drug Iss. 13, 219–235.

    Google Scholar 

  185. Shewan, D., Dalgarno, P., Marshall, A. et al. (1998) Patterns of heroin use among a non-treatment sample in Glasgow (Scotland). Addict Res. 6(3), 215–234.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  186. Waldorf, D. (1983) Natural recovery from opiate addiction: Some social-psychological processes of untreated recovery. J Drug Iss. 13, 237–280.

    Google Scholar 

  187. Zinberg, N.E., Harding, W.M. and Winkeller, M. (1977) A study of social regulatory mechanism in controlled illicit drug users. J Drug Iss. 7, 117–133.

    Google Scholar 

  188. Zinberg, N.E. and Jacobson, R.C. (1976) The natural history of ‘chipping’. Am J Psychiatry 133, 37–40.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  189. Cohen, P. and Sas, A. (1994) Cocaine use in Amsterdam in non deviant subcultures. Addict Res. 2, 71–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  190. Hammersley, R. and Ditton, J. (1994) Cocaine careers in a sample of Scottish users. Addict Res. 2, 51–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  191. Mugford, S.K. (1995) Recreational cocaine use in three Australian cities. Addict Res. 3, 95–108.

    Google Scholar 

  192. Waldorf, D., Reinarman, C. and Murphy, S. (1991) Cocaine Changes: The Experience of Using and Quitting, Temple University: Philadelphia, PA.

    Google Scholar 

  193. Klingemann, H.K.H. (1992) Coping and maintenance strategies of spontaneous remitters from problem use of alcohol and heroin in Switzerland. Int J Addict. 27, 1359–1388.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  194. Amodeo, M. and Kurtz, N. (1990) Cognitive processes and abstinence in a treated alcoholic population. Int J Addict. 25, 983–1009.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  195. Sobell, L.C., Cunningham, J.C., Sobell, M.B. et al. (1996) Fostering self-change among problem drinkers: A proactive community intervention. Addict Behav. 21(6), 817–833.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  196. Mann, L. (1972) Use of a ‘balance sheet’ procedure to improve the quality of personal decision making: A field experiment with college applicants. J Vocat Behav. 2, 291–300.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  197. Velicer, W.F., DiClemente, C.C., Prochaska, J.O. and Brandenburg, N. (1985) Decisional balance measure for assessing and predicting smoking status. J Vers Soc Psychol. 48, 1279–1289.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  198. Billings, A.G. and Moos, R.H. (1983) Psychosocial processes of recovery among alcoholics and their families: Implications for clinicians and program evaluators. Addict Behav. 8, 205–218.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  199. Moos, R.H., Finney, J.W. and Chan, D. (1982) The process of recovery from alcoholism. II. Comparing spouses of alcoholic patients and matched community controls. J Stud Alcohol 43, 888–909.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  200. Blomqvist, J. (1999) Recovery with and without treatment: A comparison of resolutions of alcohol and drug problems, in Thematic Meeting on the Natural History of Addictions, 7–12 March 1999, Les Diablerets.

    Google Scholar 

  201. Sobell, L.C., Klingemann, H., Toneatto, T., Sobell, M.B., Agrawal, S. and Leo, G.I. (in press) Cross-cultural qualitative analysis of factors associated with natural recoveries from alcohol and drug problems. Subst Use Misuse.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2001 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Klingemann, H. et al. (2001). The phenomenon of self-change: overview and conceptual issues. In: Promoting Self-Change from Problem Substance Use. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0922-5_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0922-5_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-7923-7088-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-010-0922-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics