Skip to main content

Biological Implications of Global Marine Pollution

  • Chapter
The Changing Global Environment

Abstract

The living resources of the sea provide a substantial part of the world population with an essential source of animal protein, and the marine environment is a valuable resource for recreational facilities. In some of our estuaries, these resources are endangered at present by marine pollution, which has already limited our harvest of sea food in polluted estuaries. The remaining areas of the sea suitable for marine life must be protected from additional pollution if we are to maintain and increase our harvest of protein from the sea and to retain the amenities of the marine waters for recreational purposes. Critical marine pollutants are identified, and various methods of assessing the impact of these pollutants on marine life are discussed. Although additional research is needed before we can make absolute recommendations for acceptable levels of pollutants in the marine environment, it is also emphasized that we already know enough to recommend limits which appear, on the basis of present available knowledge, to provide assurance of minimal risk of damage to the marine environment. Some examples of these acceptable limiting concentrations are presented.

Contribution No. 2974 from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. APHA: Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater, American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, and Water Pollution Control Federation: 13th Ed. (APHA Washington, D.C.), (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  2. Bardach, John E. and Todd, John H.: ‘Chemical Communication in Fish’, in J. W. Johnson Jr., D. G. Moulton and Amos Turk (eds.), Advances in Chemoreception, Volume 1, Communication by Chemical Signals, Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York, Educational Division, Meredith Corporation, pp. 205–240 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  3. Beeton, A. M.: ‘Changes in the Environment and Biota of the Great Lakes’, in Eutrophication: Causes, Consequences, Correctives, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., pp 150–187 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Bertine, K. K. and Goldberg, E. D.: ‘Fossil Fuel Combustion and the Major Sedimentary Cycle’, Science 173, 233–235 (1971).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Blumer, M.: ‘Oil Pollution of the Ocean’, in D. P. Hoult (ed.), Oil on the Sea, Plenum Press, New York, 5–13 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  6. Blumer, M.: Oil Contamination and the Living Resources of the Sea, FAO Technical Conference on Pollution and Its Effects on Living Resources and Fishing, Rome, Italy, December 9–18, 1970 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  7. Borgstrom, Georg: ‘New Methods of Appraising the Role of Fisheries in World Nutrition’, Fishing News Int. 1, 33–37 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  8. Donaldson, L. R. and Foster, R. F.: ‘Effects of Radiation on Aquatric Organisms’, in The Effects of Atomic Radiation on Oceanography and Fisheries, Publ. 551, National Academy of Sciences National Research Council, Washington, D.C., pp. 96–102 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  9. Edmondson, W. T.; ‘Eutrophication in North America’, in Eutrophication: Causes, Consequences, Correctives, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., pp. 124–149 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  10. Edmondson, W. T.: ‘Phosphorus, Nitrogen and Algae in Lake Washington after Diversion of Sewage’, Science 169, 690–691 (1970).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. FAO: Yearbook of Fishery Statistics, Vol. 26, Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Rome (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  12. FWPCA: Water Quality Criteria, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, U.S. Department of the Interior (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  13. Goldberg, E. D.: in D. Dyrssen and D. Jagner (eds.), ‘The Changing Chemistry of the Oceans’, Nobel Symposium 20, Almqvist & Wiksell, Stockholm, and John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, pp. 267–288 (1972); this volume, pp. 275–294.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Harvey, G. R., Bowen, V. T., Backus, R. H., and Grice, G. D.: in D. Dyrssen and D. Jagner (eds.), ‘The Changing Chemistry of the Oceans’, Nobel Symposium 20, Almqvist & Wiksell, Stockholm and John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, pp. 177–186 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  15. Hasler, A. D.: Underwater Guideposts, Homing of Salmon, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Milwaukee and London, (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  16. Hubschman, J. H.: ‘Lake Erie: Pollution Abatement, Then What?’, Science 171, 536–540 (1971).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Ketchum, B. H.: ‘Distribution of Coliform Bacteria and Other Pollutants in Tidal Estuaries’, Sewage Ind. Wastes 27, 1288–1296 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  18. Ketchum, B. H. and Corwin, Nathaniel: ‘The Cycle of Phosphorus in a Plankton Bloom in the Gulf of Maine’, Limnol. Oceanogr. 10, Supplement, pp. R148–R161 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  19. Ketchum, B. H.: ‘Man’s Resources in the Marine Environment’, in T. A. Olson and F. J. Burgess (eds.), Pollution and Marine Ecology, Interscience Publishers, pp. 1–11 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  20. Ketchum, B. H.: ‘Eutrophication of Estuaries’, Eutrophication: Causes, Consequences, Correctives, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D. C., pp. 197–209 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  21. Menzel, D. W., Anderson, J., and Randke, A.: ‘Marine Phytoplankton Vary in Their Response to Chlorinated Hydrocarbons’, Science 167, 1724–1726 (1968).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Menzel, D. W. and Ryther, J. H.: ‘Distribution and Cycling of Organic Matter in the Oceans’, in D. W. Hood (ed.), Symposium on Organic Matter in Natural Waters, Institute of Marine Science, Occ. Pap. #1, Univ. of Alaska, College, Alaska, pp. 31–54 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  23. NAS: Eutrophication: Causes, Consequences, Correctives, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  24. NAS: Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in the Marine Environment, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  25. NAS: Radioactivity in the Marine Environment, National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council, Washington, D.C., (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  26. NAS: Water Quality Criteria, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  27. North, W. J.: ‘Tampico: A Study of Destruction and Restoration’, Sea Frontiers 13 212–217 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  28. Odum, H. T.: Environment, Power and Society, Wiley-Interscience, New York, London, Sydney, Toronto, (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  29. Revelle, R., Wenk, E., Ketchum, B. H., and Corino, E. R.: ‘Ocean Pollution by Petroleum Hydrocarbons’, in W. H. Mathews, F. E. Smith and E. D. Goldberg (eds.), Man’s Impact on Terrestrial and Oceanic Ecosystems, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., pp. 297–318 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  30. Riley, G. A., Stommel, H., and Bumpus, D. F.: ‘Quantitative Ecology of the Plankton of the Western North Atlantic’, Bull. Bingham Oceanogr. Coll. 12, 1–169 (1949).

    Google Scholar 

  31. Ryther, J. H.: ‘IV: Geographic Variations in Productivity’, in M. N. Hill (ed.), The Sea, Vol. 2, Interscience Publishers, New York, London, pp. 347–380 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  32. Ryther, J. H.: ‘Photosynthesis and Fish Production in the Sea’, Science 166, pp. 72–76 (1969).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Sanders, H. L.: ‘Marine Benthic Diversity: A Comparative Study’, Amer. Natur. 102, 243–282 (1968).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Sanders, H. L.: ‘Benthic Marine Diversity and the Stability — Time Hypothesis’, in G. M. Woodwell and H. H. Smith (eds.), Diversity and Stability in Ecological Systems, Brookhaven Symposia in Biology, No. 22, pp. 71–81 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  35. SCEP Task Force: ‘Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in the Marine Environment’, in W. H. Mathews, F. E. Smith and E. D. Goldberg (eds.), Man’s Impact on Terrestrial and Oceanic Ecosystems, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., pp. 275–296 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  36. Schaefer, M. B. and Alverson, D. L.: ‘World Fish Potentials’, The Future of Fishing Industry of the United States, Univ. of Washington, Publications in Fisheries, New Series, Vol. 4, 81–85 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  37. Slobodkin, L. B. and Sanders, H. L.: ‘On the Contribution of Environmental Predictability to Species Diversity’, in G. M. Woodwell and H. H. Smith (eds.), Diversity and Stability in Ecological Systems, Brookhaven Symposia on Biology, No. 22, pp. 82–95 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  38. Sprague, J. B.: ‘Measurement of Pollutant Toxicity to Fish. III: Sub-Lethal Effects and “Safe” Concentrations’, Water Res. 5, 245–266 (1971).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Steemann Nielsen, E.: ‘The Use of Radioactive Carbon (14C) for Measuring Organic Production in the Sea’, J. Cons. Explor. Mer. 18, 117–140 (1952).

    Google Scholar 

  40. Waldichuk, M.: (personal communication), to be published in Water Quality Criteria, National Academy of Sciences (in press.)

    Google Scholar 

  41. Winslow, E. and Bigler, H. B.: ‘A new Perspective on Recreational Use of the Ocean’, Undersea Technol. 10, 51–55 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  42. Woodwell, G. M., Craig, P. C., and Johnson, H. A.: ‘DDT in the Biosphere: Where Does it Go ?’, this volume, pp. 295–310.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Wurster, C. F., Jr.: ‘DDT Reduces Photosynthesis by Marine Phytoplankton’, Science 159, 1474–1475 (1968).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. CEQ: Ocean Dumping — A National Policy, A Report to the President Prepared by the Council on Environmental Quality, October, 1970, x+45 pp., U.S. Govt. Printing Off., Washington, D.C. 20402 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  45. Horn, M. H., Teal, J. M., and Backus, R. H.: ‘Petroleum Lumps on the Surface of the Sea’, Science 168, 245–246 (1970).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. IMCO: International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil, Sales No. 1967.4 (English/French) 1967.3 (Spanish) 101–104, Piccadilly, London WIVOAE (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  47. Morris, B. F.: ‘Petroleum: Tar Quantities Floating in the Northwestern Atlantic Taken with a New Quantitative Neuston Net’, Science 173, 430–432 (1971).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Pearce, J. B.: The Effects of Waste Disposal in the New York Bight, Interim Report, Sandy Hook Marine Laboratory, U.S. Bur. Sport Fisheries and Wildlife (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  49. Schaefer, M. B.: ‘The Potential Harvest of the Sea’, Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 94, 123–128 (1965).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. CEQ: Environmental Quality — 1972, Third Annual Report of the Council on Environmental Quality, U.S. Govt. Printing Off., Washington D.C. 20402 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1975 D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht-Holland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ketchum, B.H. (1975). Biological Implications of Global Marine Pollution. In: Singer, S.F. (eds) The Changing Global Environment. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-1729-9_19

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-1729-9_19

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-90-277-0402-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-010-1729-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics