Skip to main content

Abstract

The underlying principles of limnology, the fruit of much scientific endeavour in the latter part of the nineteenth century and in the early decades of the twentieth, reach beyond the purely scientific or academic pursuits to the development of management strategies to maintain or improve water quality of acid surface waters and their dependent biological communities. The more recent advances in understanding acidified waters have been applied similarly to practical methods of alleviating their unwelcome effects. This book reviews a number of these techniques and their applications and, through the experience of the individual contributors to the Loch Fleet project, 1984 to 1989, considers the results gained there in the wider context of activities with similar objectives elsewhere.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Alenas, I., Andersson, I.B., Hultberg, H. and Romarin, A. (1990). Liming and reacidification reactions of a forest lake ecosystem, Lake Lysevatten, in SW Sweden, Water Air Soil Poll., 59: 55–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Appelberg, M., Degerman, E., Karlsson, K. and Johlander, A. (1989). Liming increases the catches of Atlantic salmon of the west coast of Sweden. Nordic J. Freshw. Res., No 65, 44–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atkins, W.R. (1922). Measurements of acidity and alkalinity of natural waters and their biological relationships. Salmon & Trout Mag. (as cited in Dahl, 1927).

    Google Scholar 

  • Baalsrud, K. (editor) (1985/87). Liming of Acid Water: Final Report. The Norwegian Liming Project. Dept of Environment, Trondheim, Norway. 177 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrett, C.F., Atkins, D.H.F., Cape, I.N., Crabtree, J., Davies, T.D., Derwent, R.G., Fisher, B.E.A., Fowler, D., Kallend, A.S., Martin, A., Scriven, R.A. and Irwin, J.G. (1987). Acid Deposition in the United Kingdom 1981–1985. Dept Environment UK, WSL, Stevenage, 124 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berry, J. (1932). The trapping of spawning trout: an account of some recent experiments in the Altnabreac district of Caithness. Salmon & Trout Mag. 67: 119–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brocksen, R.W. and Emler, P.W. Jr (1988). Living Lakes: an aquatic liming and fish restoration demonstration program. Water Air Soil Poll. 41: 85–94.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burns, J.C., Coy, J.S., Tervet, D.J., Harriman, R., Morrison, B.R.S. and Quine, C.P. (1984). The Loch Dee Project: a study of the ecological effects of acid precipitation and forest management on an upland catchment in southwest Scotland. Fish Manag. 15: 145–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook, J.M., Edmunds, W.M. and Robins, N.S. (1991). Groundwater contribution to an acid upland lake (1och Fleet, Scotland) and the possibilities for amelioration. J. Hydrol., 125: 111–128.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dahl, K. (1921). Investigations into the extinction of trout in the mountain lakes of south-west Norway. NJ & FF Tidsskrift 50: 249–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dahl, K. (1927). The effects of acid water on trout fry. Salmon & Trout Mag. 46: 35–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diamond, M., Hirst, D., Winder, L., Crawshaw, D.H. and Prigg, R.F. (1992). The effect of liming agricultural land on the chemistry and biology of the river Esk, NW England. Internat. Conference on Acidic Deposition-its Nature and Impacts, Glasgow, UK. Env. Poll., in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dickson, W. (editor) (1988). Liming of Lake GÃ¥rdsjön, An Acidified Lake in SW Sweden, Rep. No. 3426. Nat. Swedish Environmental Protection Board, 327 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dodge, D.P., Booth, G.M., Richman, L.A., Keller, W. and Tomassini, F.D. (1988). An overview of lake neutralization experiments in Ontario. Water Air Soil Poll. 41: 75–84.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Edman, G., Fleischer, S., Fritz, O. and Stibe, L. (1988). Hövadsan 1978–86, Förorad-Kalkad-Panyttfodd. Lansstyrelsen: Hallands län, Medd. 1988: 4, 90 pp. (1n Swedish, summary in English.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, R.W., Stoner, J.H. and Gee, A. (1990). Acid Waters in Wales. Kluwer, Dordrecht, Netherlands, 337 pp.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Gunn, J.M. and Keller, W. (1990). Biological recovery of an acid lake after reductions in industrial emissions of sulphur. Nature 345: 431–33.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henriksen, A., Lien, L., Traaen, T.S. and Sevaldrud, I. (1987). 1000 Lake Survey, 1986. Norwegian State Pollution Control Authority, and Norwegian Institute for Water Research, 33 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henriksen, A., Skogheim, O.K. and Rosseland, B.O. (1984). Episodic changes in pH and aluminium speciation kill fish in a Norwegian salmon river. Vatten 40: 225–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hindar, A. and Lien, L. (1988). Overvaking ar Vikedalseleva i forbindelse med kalking 1987. Kalkingsrapp. 1/88 NIVA 0-870-87, 33 pp. (1n Norwegian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hindar, A. and Rosseland, B.O. (1988). Liming acidic waters in Norway: national policy and research and development. Water Air Soil Poll. 41: 17–24.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Howells, G. (1986). The Loch Fleet Project: A Report of the Pre-intervention Phase (1) 1984–1986. CEGB, SSEB & NSHEB, British Coal, 74pp (+ annexes).

    Google Scholar 

  • Howells, G. and Dalziel, T.R.K. (1988). The Loch Fleet Project. A Report of the Intervention Phase (2) 1986–1987. CEGB, SSEB & NSHEB. British Coal, 102pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howells, G. and Dalziel. T.R.K. (1989). The Loch Fleet Project. A Report 10 the Sponsors, 1984–1989. CEGB. SSEB & NSHEB, British Coal, 64 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howells, G., Dalziel, T.R.K. and Turnpenny, A.W.H. (1992). Loch Fleet: liming to restore a brown trout fishery. Internat. Conference on Acid Deposition: Its Nature and Impacts, Glasgow, UK. Env. Poll., in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huitfeldt-Kaas, H. (1922). On the cause of mass death of salmon and trout in Frafjord, Helle and Dirdal rivers, Ry County (Norway), autumn, 1920. NJ & FF Tidsskrift 51: 37–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hultberg, H. (1985). Changes in fish populations and water chemistry in Lake Gardsjon and neighbouring lakes during the last century. Ecol. Bull. 37: 64–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hultberg, H. and Andersson, J.A. (1982). Liming acidified lakes: induced long term changes. Water Air Soil Poll. 18, 311–21.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hultberg, H. and Grahn, O. (1975). Effects of acid precipitation on macrophytes in oligotrophic Swedish lakes, pp. 208–17 in Proc. First Symp. on Chemistry uf Acid Waters. Great Lakes Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hutchinson, T.C. and Havas, M. (1986). Recovery of previously acidified lakes near Coniston, Canada. following reduction of atmospheric sulphur and metal emissions. Wat. Air Soil Poll. 28: 319–33.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johannessen, M. and Skogheim. O.K. (1987). Hydrological effects of lime treatment, pp. 57–78 in Liming of Acid Water: Final Report (ed. K. Baalsrud) (1985). Department Environment and Directorate for Nature Management. Trondheim, Norway, 147 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, J.E. (1939). The relation between the electrolytic solution pressures of the metals and their toxicity to the stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.). J. Exp. Biol. 16: 425–37.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lacroix. G. (1992). Mitigation of low pH by substrate manipulation in a stream and its effects on salmonids. International Conference on Acidic Deposition: Its Nature and Impacts, Glasgow, 1990. Env. Poll., in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leivestad, H., Hendrey, G., Muniz, J.P. and Snekvik, E. (1976). Effects of acid precipitation on freshwater organisms, pp. 87–111 in Impact of Acid Precipitation on Forest & Freshwater Ecosystems (ed. F. Brakke). SNSF Projcct IR 76/6, 111 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Motzau, D., Rosseland, B.O. and Skogheim, O.K. (1985). Effects of lime treatment on fish. In Liming of Acid Water, ed. K. Baaldsrud, Dept. of Env. (Norway), Dir. Nature Management (Norway), (English version, 1987) pp. 110–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nyberg, P. and Thornelof, E. (1988). Operational liming of surface waters in Sweden. Water Air Soil Poll. 41: 3–16.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olem, H. (1990) Liming Acidic Surface Waters. Lewis Publishers Inc., Chelsea Michigan, USA, 331 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Porcella, D.B. (1989). Mitigation of acidic conditions in lakes: an overview of an ecosystem perturbation experiment. Can. J. Fish Aquat. Sci. 46: 246–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosseland, B.O. and Hindar, A. (1988). Liming of lakes, rivers and catchments in Norway. Water Air Soil Poll. 41, 165–88.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosseland, B.O., Lien, L., Krogland, F., Sadler, K. and Dalziel. T.R.K. (1990). Strains of Brown Trout (S. trutta L.) Stocking and Test Fishing 1988 and 1989: Field and Laboratory Toxicity Experiments. NIVA Report No. 0-87178, 26 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schofield, C.L., Gloss, S.P. and Josephson, D. (1986). Extensive Evaluation of Lake Liming, Restocking Strategies, and Fish Population Response in Acidic Lakes Following Neutralization by Liming. EELUT, Interim Progress Report, NEC-86/18. USFWS, 117 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreiber, R.K. (1988). Cooperative Federal-State liming research on surface waters impacted by acid deposition. Water Air Soil Poll. 41: 53–74.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sorenson, S.L.P. (1909). Uber die Messung und die Bedeutung der Wasserstoff konzentration bei enzymatischen Prozessen. Biochem. Zeits. 21: 131–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sunde, S.E. (1926). Acid water kills off trout and trout fry. NJ & FF Tidsskrift 2: 1–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Underwood, J., Donald, A.P. and Stoner, J.H. (1987). Investigations into the use of limestone to combat acidification in two lakes. J. Environ. Manag. 24: 29–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson, J. (1899). English Lake Fisheries. Laurence and Bullen, London, 271 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watt, R.D. (1986). The case for liming some Nova Scotia salmon rivers. Wat. Air Soil Poll. 31: 775–89.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watt, W.D., Scott, C.D. and White, W.J. (1983). Evidence of acidification of some Nova Scotian rivers and its impact on Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. Can. J. Fish Aquat. Sci. 40: 462–73.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watt, W.D., Farmer, G.J. and White, W.J. (1984). Studies on the use of limestone to restore Atlantic salmon habitat in acidified rivers, pp. 374–79 in Lake and Reservoir Management, EPA 440/5 84-001. USEPA, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Welsh, W.T. and Burns, J.C (1987). The Loch Dee Project: runoff and surface water quality in an area subject to acid precipitation and afforestation in southwest Scotland. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin. Earth Sci. 78: 249–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Welsh Water Authority (1987). Llyn Brianne Acid Waters Project, First Technical Summary Report. Department Environment & Welsh Office UK, 94 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Welsh Water Authority (1988). Llyn Brianne: Acid Water Project, Second Technical Summary Report, Nov. 1988, 32 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, W.J., Watt, W.D. and Scott, C.D. (1984). An experiment on the feasibility of rehabilitating acidified Atlantic salmon habitat in Nova Scotia by the addition of lime. Fisheries 9: 25–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whitehead, P. (1989). Future trends in acidification. In Acidification in Scotland, Scotl. Devel. Dept., Edinburgh, pp. 114–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, R.F. (1984). Chemistry of Lake Hovvatn, Norway, following liming and reacidification. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 42: 1103–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, R.F., Lotse, E. and Semb, A. (1988). Reversibility of acidification shown by whole catchment experiments. Nature 334: 670–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zurbuch, P. (1984). Neutralization of acidified streams in West Virginia. Fisheries 9: 42–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1992 Elsevier Science Publishers Ltd

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Howells, G., Brown, D.J.A. (1992). Acidification and Liming in Context. In: Howells, G., Dalziel, T.R.K. (eds) Restoring Acid Waters: Loch Fleet 1984-1990. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2890-2_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2890-2_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-85166-663-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-011-2890-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics