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Hypernatremia and hyponatremia

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Critical Care Nephrology

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Abstract

Hyper- and hyponatremia are common clinical problems. Abnormalities in sodium concentration may be discovered at hospital admission, but (more) frequently develop during hospital stay [1–4]. They significantly contribute to hospital morbidity and mortality [1, 4–6]. The daily incidence and prevalence of hyponatremia (plasma [Na+] < 130 mmol/1) among hospital inpatients have been reported as 1% and 2.5% respectively, with approximately two thirds of cases developing during hospitalization [1]. The incidence and prevalence of hypernatremia (plasma [Na+] ≥ 150 mmol/l) in hospitalized patients have been reported as 1.0% and 0.8% respectively, whereas 0.2% of patients were hypernatremic on admission [2]. In one study, patients with hypernatremia on admission were older than the general hospital population, whereas the mean age of those patients who developed hypernatremia in the course of hospitalization was not different from the mean age of the general hospital population [2]. The exact incidence and prevalence of disorders of sodium concentration in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) have not been well defined and may vary with the type of unit and its case-mix, but there is no reason to suspect that they are less than reported for the hospital population. On the contrary, conditions promoting these disorders are often present in the ICU and clinical consequences of severe hypo- and hypernatremia may be the reason for ICU admission.

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Thijs, L.G. (1998). Hypernatremia and hyponatremia. In: Critical Care Nephrology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5482-6_17

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