Skip to main content

Blood Level Determinations of Commonly Prescribed Medical Drugs

  • Chapter
Handbook of Psychiatric Diagnostic Procedures Vol. I

Abstract

With the increasing number of pharmaceutical preparations becoming available each year, it is important for both the physician who prescribes the medication, and the patient who takes it, to be aware of the intended and adverse effects associated with the use and overuse of these compounds. Contrary to most popular opinion, the medications which are most likely to cause problems are not the newer exotic drugs but the older, more widely used “safe” medications. Before a physician can hope to deal with these side effects he must be certain what medication the patient is taking and how much he has consumed. Certainly a history from the patient is of greatest importance, but often the patient is unconscious, does not remember how much he has taken, or, in the case of attempted suicide, uncooperative. In such cases the toxicology laboratory is invaluable.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Kaiman SM, Clark DR: Drug Assay: The Strategy of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. New York, Masson Publishing, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Flower RJ, Moncada S, Vane JR: Analgesic-antipyretics and anti-inflammatory agents; drugs employed in the treatment of gout. In Gilman AG, Goodman LS, and Gilman A (eds): The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 6th ed. New York, Macmillan, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Kaye S: Handbook of Emergency Toxicology, 4th ed. Springfield, IL, Charles C Thomas, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Trinder P: Rapid determination of salicylate in biological fluids. Biochem J 57:301–303, 1954.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Sunshine I: Methodology for Analytical Toxicology. Cleveland, OH, CRC Press, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Grings CS, Saloom JM: Coloimetric methods for quantitation determination of acetaminophen in serum. Clin Toxicol 15:67–73, 1979.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Glynn JP, Kendal SE: Paracetamol measurement. Lancet 2:1147–1148, 1975.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Blair D, Rumack BH: Acetaminophen in serum and plasma estimated by highpressure liquid chromatography: A microscale method. Clin Chem 23:743–745, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Horvitz RA, Jatlow PI: Determination of acetaminophen concentrations in serum by high pressure liquid chromatography. Clin Chem 23:1596–1598, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Lo LY, Bye A: Rapid determination of paracetamol in plasma by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr 173:198–201, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Duffy JP, Byers J: Acetaminophen assay: The clinical consequences of a colorimetric vs. a high-pressure liquid chromatography determination in the assessment of two potentially poisoned patients. Clin Toxicol 15:427–435, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. West JC: Rapid HPLC analysis of paracetamol (acetaminophen) in blood and postmortem viscera. J Anal Toxicol 5:118–121, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Hoffman BF, Bigger JT Jr: Digitalis and allied cardiac glycosides. In Gilman AG, Goodman LS, Gilman A (eds): The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 6th ed. New York, Macmillan, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Lindenbaum J, Butler VP, Murphy JE, et al: Correlation of digoxin-tablet dissolution rate with biological availability. Lancet 1:1215–1217, 1973.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Lindenbaum J, Mellow MH, Blackstone MO, et al: Variability in biological availability of digoxin from four preparations. N Engl J Med 285:1344–1347, 1971.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Wagner JG, Christensen M, Sakmar E, et al: Equivalence lack in digoxin plasma levels. JAMA 224:199–204, 1973.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Beller GA, Smith TW, Abelman WH, et al: Digitalis intoxication. A prospective clinical study with serum level correlations. N Engl J Med 284:989–997, 1971.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Smith TW: Digitalis toxicity: Epidemiology and clinical use of serum concentration measurements. Am J Med 58:470–476, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Watson E, Kaiman SM: Assay of digoxin in plasma by gas chromatography. J Chromatogr 56:209–218, 1971.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Okarma TB, Tramell P, Kaiman SM: The surface interaction between digoxin and cultured heart cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 183:559–576, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Watson E, Tramell P, Kaiman SM: Identification of submicrogram amounts of digoxin, digitoxin, and their metabolic products. J Chromatogr 69:157–163, 1972.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Watson E, Clark DR, Kaiman SM: Identification by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy of dihydrodigoxin—a metabolite of digoxin in man. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 184:424–431, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Clark DR, Kaiman SM: Dihydrodigoxin: A common metabolite of digoxin in man. Drug Metab Dispos 2:148–150, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Lowenstein JM: A method of measuring plasma levels of digitalis glycosides. Circulation 31:228–233, 1965.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Oliver GC Jr, Parker BM, Brasfield DL, et al: The measurement of digitoxin in human serum by radioimmunoassay. J Clin Invest 47:1035–1042, 1968.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Smith TW, Butler VP Jr, Haber E: Determination of therapeutic and toxic serum digoxin concentrations by radioimmunoassay. N Engl J Med 281:1212–1216, 1969.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Horgan ED, Riley WJ: Radioimmunoassay of plasma digoxin, with use of iodinated tracer. Clin Chem 19:187–190, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Cerceo E, Elloso CA: Factors affecting the radioimmunoassay of digoxin. Clin Chem 18:539–543, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Ochs HR, Smith TW: Reversal of advanced digitoxin toxicity and modification of pharmacokinetics by specific antibodies and Fab fragments. J Clin Invest 60:1303–1313, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Bigger JT JR, Hoffman BF: Antiarrhythmic drugs. In Gilman AG, Goodman LS, Gilman A (eds): The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 6th ed. New York, Macmillan 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Data JL, Wilkinson GR, Nies AS: Interaction of quinidine with anticonvulsant drugs. N Engl J Med 294:699–702, 1976.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Leahey EB, Reiffel JA, Drusin RE, et al: Interaction between quinidine and digoxin. JAMA 240:533–534, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Koch-Weser J: Quinidine-induced hypothrombinemic hemorrhage in patients on chronic warfarin therapy. Ann Intern Med 68:511–517, 1968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Heissenbuttel RH, Bigger JT Jr: The effect of oral quinidine on intraventricular conduction in man. Correlation of plasma quinidine with changes in intraventricular conduction time. Am Heart J 80:453–462, 1970.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Brodie BB, Udenfriend S: The estimation of quinine in human plasma with a note on the estimation of quinidine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 78:154, 1943.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Brodie BB, Udenfriend S, Baer JE: The estimation of basic organic compounds in biological material. J Biol Chem 168:299, 1947.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Cramer G, Isaksson B: Quantitative determination of quinidine in plasma. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 15:553–556, 1963.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Edgar AL, Sokolow M: Experiences with the photofluorometric determination of quinidine in blood. J Lab Clin Med 36:478, 1950.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Weiner N: Drugs that inhibit adrenergic nerves and block adrenergic receptors. In Gilman AG, Goodman LS, Gilman A (eds): The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 6th ed. New York, Macmillan, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Nies AS, Evans GH, Shand DG: Regional hemodynamic effects of beta-adrenergic blockade with propranolol in the unanesthetized primate. Am Heart J 85:97–102, 1973.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Ganong WF: Biogenic amines, sympathetic nerves, and renin secretion. Fed Proc 32:1782–1784, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Esler M, Zweifler A, Randall O, et al: Pathophysiologic and pharmacokinetic determinants of the antihypertensive response to propranolol. Clin Pharmacol Ther 22:299–308, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Evans GH, Nies AS, Shand DG: The disposition of propranolol. III. Decreased half-life and volume of distribution as a result of plasma binding in man, monkey, dog, and rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 186:114–122, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Nicolaescu V. Manicatide M, Stroescu V: α-Adrenergic blockade with practolol in acetylcholine-sensitive asthma patients. Respiration 29:139–154, 1972.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Greenblatt DJ, Shader RI: On the psychopharmacology of beta adrenergic blockade. Curr Ther Res 14:615–625, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Shand DB, Nuckolls EM, Oates JA: Plasma propranolol levels in adults, with observations in four children. Clin Pharmacol Ther 11:112, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Vasiliades J, Turner T, Owens C: A modified sensitive spectrofluorometric method for the determination of propranolol in serum. Am J Clin Pathol 70:793–799, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Hadzija BW, Mattocks AM: Quantitative TLC determinations of propranolol in human plasma. J Pharm Sci 67:1307–1309, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Walle T: GLC determination of propranolol, other α-blocking drugs, and metabolites in biological fluids and tissues. J Pharm Sci 63:1885–1891, 1974.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Kawashima K, Levy A, Spector S: Stereospecific radioimmunoassay for propranolol isomers. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 196:517–523, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Jatlow P, Bush W, Hochster H: Improved liquid-chromatographic determination of propranolol in plasma with fluorescence detection. Clin Chem 25: 777–779, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Nygard G, Shelver WH, Wahba Khalil SK: Sensitive high-pressure liquid Chromatographie determination of propranolol in plasma. J Pharm Sci 68:379–381, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Rosseel MT, Bogaert MG: High-performance liquid Chromatographie determination of propranolol and 4-hydroxypropranolol in plasma: J Pharm Sci 70:688–689, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Rall TW: Central nervous system stimulants. In Gilman AG, Goodman LS, Gilman A (eds): The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 6th ed. New York, Macmillan, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Kuzemko JA, Paala J: Apnoeic attacks in the newborn treated with aminophylline. Arch Dis Child 48:404–406, 1973.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Shannon DC, Gotay F, Steim IM, et al: Prevention of apnea and bradycardia in low-birthweight infants. Pediatrics 55:589–594, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Rane A, Wilson JT: Clinical pharmacokinetics in infants and children. Clin Pharmacokinet 1:2–24, 1976.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Schack JA, Waxier SH: An ultraviolet spectrophotometric method for determination of theophylline and theobromine in blood and tissues. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 97:283–291, 1949.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Jatlow P: Ultraviolet spectrophotomerry of theophylline in plasma in the presence of barbiturates. Clin Chem 21:1518–1520, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Woodman TF, Canada AT, Seidman J: Interference of allopurinol and alloxanthine in ultraviolet theophylline assay. Am J Hosp Pharm 34:984–985, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Johnson GF, Dechtiaruk WA, Solomon HM: Gas-chromatographic determination of theophylline in human serum and saliva. Clin Chem 21:144–147, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Least CJ Jr, Johnson GF, Solomon HM: Gas-chromatographic micro-scale procedure for theophylline with use of a nitrogen-sensitive detector. Clin Chem 22:765–768, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Sheehan M, Hertel RH, Kelly CT: Gas-chromatography mass-spectrometric determination of theophylline in whole blood. Clin Chem 23:64–68, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Neese AL, Soyka LF: Development of a radioimmunoassay for theophylline. Application to studies in premature infants. Clin Pharmacol Ther 21:633–641, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Gushaw JB, Hu MW, Singh P, et al: Homogeneous enzyme immunoassay for theophylline in serum. Clin Chem 23:1144, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Nelson JW, Cordry AL, Aron CG, et al: Simplified micro-scale procedure for preparing samples for theophylline determination by liquid chromatography. Clin Chem 23:124–126, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Ovcutt JJ, Kozak PP Jr, Gillman SA, et al: Micro-scale method for theophylline in body fluids by reversed-phase, high-pressure liquid chromatography. din Chem 23:599–601, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Adams RF, Vandemark FL, Schmidt GJ: More sensitive high-pressure liquid Chromatographic determination of theophylline in serum. Clin Chem 22:1903–1906, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Sande MA, Mandell GL: Antimicrobial agents: The aminoglycosides. In Gilman AG, Goodman LS, Gilman A (eds): The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 6th ed. New York, Macmillan, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Barza M, Brown RB, Shen D, et al: Predictability of blood levels of gentamicin in man. J Infect Dis 132:165–174, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Barza M, Scheife RT: Antimicrobial spectrum, pharmacology, and therapeutic use of antibiotics. J Maine Med Assoc 68:194–210, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Mathog RH, Capps MJ: Ototoxic interactions of ethacrynic acid and streptomycin. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 86:158–163, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Gary NE, Buzzeo L, Solaki J, et al: Gentamicin-associated acute renal failure. Arch Intern Med 126:1101–1104, 1976.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Sabath LD, Casey JI, Rich PA, et al: Rapid microassay for circulating nephrotoxic antibiotics. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 83-90, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Lewis JE, Nelson JC, Elder HA: Radioimmunoassay of an antibiotic, gentamicin: Nature New Biol 239:214–216, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Smith DA, Van Otto B, Smith AL: Rapid chemical assay for gentamicin. New Engl J Med 286:583–596, 1972.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Alcid DV, Seligman SJ: Simplified assay for gentamicin in the presence of other antibiotics. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 3:559–561, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Peng GW, Gadalla MAF, Peng A et al: High-pressure liquid-Chromatographic method for determination of gentamicin in plasma. Clin Chem 23:1838–1844, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Douglas WW: Histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) and their antagonists. In Gilman AG, Goodman LS, and Gilman A (eds): The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 6th ed. New York, Macmillan, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Carruthers SG, Shoeman DW, Hignite CE, et al: Correlation between plasma diphenhydramine level and sedative and antihistamine effects. Clin Phrmacol Ther 23:375–382, 1978.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Glazko AJ, Dill WA, Fransway RL: Determination of diphenhydramine blood levels using a new fluorescent dye-salt procedure generally applicable to basic organic compounds. Fed Proc 21:269, 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Albert KS, Sakmar E, Movais JA, et al: Determination of diphenhydramine in plasma by gas chromatography. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 7: 95–103, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Bilzer W, Gundert-Remy V: Determination of nanogram quantities of diphenhydramine and orphenadrine in human plasma using gas-liquid chromatography. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 6:268–270, 1973.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1984 Spectrum Publications, Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Freeman, A.M., Shory, C.B. (1984). Blood Level Determinations of Commonly Prescribed Medical Drugs. In: Handbook of Psychiatric Diagnostic Procedures Vol. I. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-6725-3_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-6725-3_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-011-6727-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-011-6725-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics