Abstract
Alfred Schutz was born in Vienna in 1899 to Alfred and Johanna Schutz, and when Schutz’s father died before his birth, Johanna married Otto Schutz, his father’s brother. Schutz maintained very close relationships with both his parents throughout his life. He attended the Esterhazy Gymnasium in Vienna, and with the outbreak of World War I, served with the Austrian artillery divisions. Upon returning to a dispirited Vienna, he studied law and the social sciences at the University of Vienna and business at the Viennese Academy of International Trade, graduating with his law degree in 1921. He did postgraduate research in international law, sociology, economics, and philosophy under Hans Kelsen and Ludwig von Mises. In Mises’s seminar, Schutz formed lifetime friendships with Friedrich Hayek, Felix Kaufmann, Fritz Machlup, and Eric Voegelin.
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Primary Sources
Schutz, Alfred. “Barriers of equality of opportunity of bringing about the alternative chosen by the individual or at least of being heard by those who make the decision.” In Lester Embree, “The Ethical-Political Side of Schutz: His Contributions at the 1956 Institute on Ethics concerned with Barriers to Equality of Opportunity.” In Schutzian Social Science. Ed. Lester Embree, 269–71. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999.
Schutz, Alfred. “Choice and the Social Sciences.” In Lifeworld and Consciousness: Essays for Aron Gurwitsch. Ed. Lester Embree, 565–96. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1972.
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Schutz, Alfred. Life Forms and Meaning Structure. Ed. and trans. Helmut Wagner. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1982.
Schutz, Alfred. Originally published as Theorie der Lebensformen Ed. Ilja Srubar. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1981.
Schutz, Alfred. “Memorandum to Doctor Harold Laswell.” In Lester Embree, “The Ethical-Political Side of Schutz: His Contributions at the 1956 Institute on Ethics concerned with Barriers to Equality of Opportunity.” In Schutzian Social Science. Ed. Lester Embree, 291–95. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999.
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Schutz, Alfred. Originally published as Der sinnhafte Aufbau der sozialen Welt. Eine Einleitung in die verstehende Soziologie. Vienna: Julius Springer, 1932; rpt. Springer-Verlag, 1960.
Schutz, Alfred. Reflections on the Problem of Relevance. Ed. Richard Zaner. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1970.
Schutz, Alfred. “Report on the Discussions of Barriers to Equality of Opportunity for the Development of Powers of Social and Civil Judgment.” In Lester Embree, “The Ethical-Political Side of Schutz: His Contributions at the 1956 Institute on Ethics concerned with Barriers to Equality of Opportunity.” In Schutzian Social Science. Ed. Lester Embree, 297–311. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999.
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Schutz, Alfred, and Aron Gurwitsch. Originally published as Alfred Schütz, Aron Gurwitsch, Briefwechsel 1939–1959. Munich: Wilhelm Fink, 1986.
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Related Works
Apel, Karl-Otto. Diskurs und Verantwortung. Das Problem des Übergangs zur postkonventionellen Moral. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1988.
Embree, Lester. “The Ethical-Political Side of Schutz: His Contributions at the 1956 Institute on Ethics concerned with Barriers to Equality of Opportunity.” In Schutzian Social Science. Ed. Lester Embree, 235–318. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999.
Embree, Lester. “Schutz on Reducing Social Tensions.” In Phenomenology of the Political. Ed. Kevin Thompson and Lester Embree, 81–102. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000.
Habermas, Jürgen. “Discourse Ethics: Notes on a Program of Philosophical Justification.” In his Moral Consciousness and Communicative Action. Trans. Christian Lenhardt and Shierry Weber Nicholsen, 43–115. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1990.
Jehenson, Roger. “Critical Phenomenology of Domination.” In Worldly Phenomenology: The Continuing Influence of Alfred Schutz on North American Human Science. Ed. Lester Embree, 1–21. Washington, DC: Center for Advanced Research in Phenomenology/ University Press of America, 1988.
Kant, Immanuel. Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals. Trans. James W. Ellington. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing Company, 1981.
Kaufmann, Felix. Die Kriterien des Rechts. Eine Untersuchung über die Prinzipien der juristischen Methodenlehre. Aalen: Scientia, 1966.
Kaufmann, Felix. Logik und Rechtswissenschaft. Grundriss eines Systems der reinen Rechtlehre. Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr, 1922.
Kersten, Fred. “The Purely Possible Political Philosophy of Alfred Schutz.” In Schutzian Social Science. Ed. Lester Embree, 187–211. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999.
Levinas, Emmanuel. Totality and Infinity: An Essay on Exteriority. Trans. Alphonso Lingis. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1979.
Levinas, Emmanuel. Originally published as Totalité et infini: Essai sur l’extériorité. (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1961.
Scheler, Max. Formalism in Ethics and Non-formal Ethics of Value. Trans. Manfred S. Frings and Roger L. Funk. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1973.
Scheler, Max. Originally published as Der Formalismus in der Ethik und die materiale Wertethik. Neuer Versuch der Grundlegung eines ethischen Personalismus. Ed. Maria Scheler. Bern: Francke, 1966.
Srubar, Ilja. “Die (neo-)utilitarianistische Konstruktion der Wirklichkeit.” Soziologische Revue 17 (1994): 115–123.
Srubar, Ilja. “Grenzen der Rational Choice.” Zeitschriften für Soziologie 21 (1992): 157–165.
Vaitkus, Stephen. How is Society Possible? Inter subjectivity and the Fiduciary Attitude as Problems of the Social Group in Mead, Gurwitsch, and Schutz. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1991.
Wagner, Helmut. Alfred Schutz: An Intellectual Biography. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983.
References
Ilja Srubar, “Die (neo-)utilitaristische Konstruktion der Wirklichheit,” Soziologische Revue 17(1994): 118; “Grenzen der Rational Choice,” Zeitschrift für Soziologie 21 (1992): 164.
See Steven Vaitkus, How is Society Possible? Intersubjectivity and the Fiduciary Attitude as Problems of the Social Group in Mead, Gurwitsch, and Schutz (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1991), 93–113; Max Scheler, Formalism in Ethics and Non-formal Ethics of Value (originally Der Formalismus in der Ethik und die materiale Wertethik. Neuer Versuch der Grundlegung eines ethischen Personalismus), trans. Manfred S. Frings and Roger L. Funk (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1973), 328-44.
Roger H. Jehenson, “Critical Phenomenology of Domination,” in Worldly Phenomenology, The Continuing Influence of Alfred Schutz on North American Human Science, ed. Lester Embree (Washington, DC: Center for Advanced Research in Phenomenology/University Press of America, 1988), 6–7, 9-18, 21; Immanuel Kant, Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals (originally Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten) trans. James W. Ellington (Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing Company, 1981), 36, 42-43.
Alfred Schutz, “Choice and the Social Sciences,” in Lifeworld and Consciousness, Essays for Aron Gurwitsch, ed. Lester Embree (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1972), 568–69, 574-75, 578, 584.
“Report on the Discussions of Barriers to Equality of Opportunity for the Development of Powers of Social and Civil Judgment,” in Lester Embree, “The Ethical-Political Side of Schutz: His Contributions at the 1956 Institute on Ethics concerned with Barriers to Equality of Opportunity,” in Schutzian Social Science, ed. Lester Embree (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998), 299–300, 303, 306-9; “Memorandum to Doctor Harold Lasswell,” Schutzian Social Science, 294. Embree argues that Schutz was fully involved in the production of the report on the discussions of barriers, along with Lasswell, who is named as co-author, see 272-73.
“Report on the Discussions of Barriers to Equality of Opportunity for the Development of Powers of Social and Civil Judgment,” 301-2, 305, 306, 311; “Memorandum to Doctor Harold Laswell,” 293-94. It is tempting to speculate that Schutz took a reformist, gradualist approach to reducing social tensions, emphasizing law and education, as Lester Embree has observed, precisely because coerced social change has the tendency to deny agents participation in their own transformation. One falls into inconsistencies if one promotes participation of the excluded without at the same time striving as much as is possible to promote the participation of those who excluded them in the process of their own and society-wide transformation. See Lester Embree, “Schutz on Reducing Social Tensions,” in Phenomenology of the Political, ed. Kevin Thompson and Lester Embree (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000), 82, 101-2.
Felix Kaufmann, Logik und Rechtswissenschaft, Grundriss eines Systems der reinen Rechtlehre (Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr, 1922), 36, 46, 60-63, 68-80, 91; Die Kriterien des Recht, Eine Untersuchung über die Prinzipien der juristischen Methodenlehre (Aalen: Scientia, 1966), 111-12, 138-39, 147, 155-56, 162-64. To see the kind of phenomenological-eidetic approach, parallel to Kaufmann’s, that Schutz might have taken toward legal science and political science, and to appreciate the role of a constitution in establishing law, see Fred Kersten, “The Purely Possible Political Philosophy of Alfred Schutz,” in Schutzian Social Science, 187-211.
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Barber, M. (2002). Alfred Schutz: Reciprocity, Alterity, and Participative Citizenry. In: Phenomenological Approaches to Moral Philosophy. Contributions to Phenomenology, vol 47. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9924-5_21
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