Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Systematization of the Annelida: different approaches

  • Chapter
Reproductive Strategies and Developmental Patterns in Annelids

Part of the book series: Developments in Hydrobiology ((DIHY,volume 142))

Abstract

Different approaches and different data sets are used to address questions about the phylogenetic relationships of the polychaete family taxa, the position of the Clitellata, the monophyletic nature of the Polychaeta and the Annelida, as well as the position of the Pogonophora and Echiura. In part, the authors of this contribution come to different conclusions regarding these questions: (1) The analysis of G. W. Rouse minimizes assumptions about any process concerning evolution in annelids and makes a detailed series of homology assessments, based on morphology, across the entire range of taxa concerned. A monophyletic taxon Polychaeta is found but there is no evidence of a sister group for the Clitellata among the polychaetes. The Pogonophora are positioned as members of the Polychaeta. A new classification of the polychaete families is provided. Problems with coding morphology for cladistic analysis are outlined and discussed. (2) D. McHugh uses the sequence of a nuclear gene, elongation factor-la, for phylogenetic analysis by the parsimony and neighbour joining methods. The main message from phylogenetic analyses of molecular data is that there is no evidence for a monophyletic Polychaeta; instead, placement of the clitellates, pogonophorans and echiurans within the polychaete clade is supported, rendering the Polychaeta paraphyletic. (3) The phylogenetic system of W. Westheide and G. Purschke is based on Hennigian reasoning, and their character weighting is based on diverse, mainly functional considerations. Their annelid tree shows the Clitellata as a highly evolved monophylum and the polychaetes as paraphyletic. Special emphasis is placed on the demonstration that the Clitellata are of terrestrial origin. Advantages and disadvantages of the different approaches and open questions are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Aguinaldo, A. M. A., J. M. Turbeville, L. S. Linford, M. C. Rivera, J. R. Garey, R. A. Raff, L. A. Lake, 1997. Evidence for a clade of nematodes, arthropods and other moulting animals. Nature 387: 489–493.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baltzer, F., 1925. Untersuchungen über die Entwicklung und Geschlechtsbestimmung der Bonellia. Pubbl. Staz. zool. Napoli 6: 223–286.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartolomaeus, T., 1995. Structure and formation of the uncini in Pectinaria kareni, Pectinaria auricorna (Terebellida) and Spirorhis spirorhis (Sabellida): implications for annelid phylogeny and the position of the Pogonophora. Zoomorphology 115: 161–177.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bartolomaeus, T., 1997/98. Chaetogenesis in polychaetous Annelida–significance for annelid systematics and the position of the Pogonophora. Zoology 100: 348–364.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartolomaeus, T., 1999. Structure, function and development of segmental organs in Annelida. Hydrobiologia 402 ( Dev. Hydrobiol. 142 ): 21–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benham, W. B., 1896. Archiannelida, Polychaeta, Myzostomaria. In Harmer, S. F., A. E. Shipley (eds), The Cambridge Natural History, Macmillan, London: 241–334.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brinkhurst, R. 0., 1992. Evolutionary relationships within the Clitellata. Soil Biol. Biochem. 24: 1201–1205.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brinkhurst, R. 0., 1994. Evolutionary relationships within the Clitellata: an update. Megadrilogica 5: 109–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bullock, T. H., 1965. Annelida. In Bullock, T. H., G. A. Hor-ridge (eds), Structure and Function in the Nervous System of Invertebrates. Vol. 1, Freeman, Co, San Francisco: 661–789.

    Google Scholar 

  • Callsen-Cencic, R., H. J. Flügel, 1995. Larval development and the formation of the gut of Siboglinum poseidoni Flügel and Langhof (Pogonophora Perviata). Evidence of protostome affinity. Sarsia 80: 73–89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caullery, M., 1914. Sur les Siboglinidae, type nouveau d’ invertébrés receuillis par l’expédition du Siboga. Bull. Soc. zool. Fr. 39: 350–353.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, R. B., 1964. Dynamics in Metazoan Evolution. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, R. B., 1969. Systematics and phylogeny: Annelida, Echiura, Sipuncula. In Florkin, M., B. T. Scheer (eds). Chemical Zoology, vol 4. Academic Press, New York: 1–68.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, R. B., 1977. Phylogenetic reconstruction. Verh. dt. zool. Ges. 175–183.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conway Morris, S., J. S. Peel, 1995. Articulated halkieriids from the Lower Cambrian of North Greenland and their role in early protostome evolution. Phil. Trans. r. Soc.. Lond. B 347: 305–358.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dales, R. P., 1962. The polychaete stomodeum and the interrelationship of the families of Polychaeta. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 139: 389–428.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dales, R. P., 1977. The polychaete stomodeum and phylogeny. In Reish, D. J., K. Fauchald (eds), Essays on the Polychactous Annelids in Memory of Dr Olga Hartman. The Alan Hancock Foundation. University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 525–546.

    Google Scholar 

  • Day, J. H., 1967: A monograph on the Polychaeta of Southern Africa. Vol. British Musuem (Natural History) Publication 656. British Museum (Natural History). London 878 ppp (Part 1. Errantia, Part II. Sedentaria ).

    Google Scholar 

  • de Pinna, M. C. C., 1991. Concepts and tests of homology in the cladistic paradigm. Cladistics 7:. 367–394.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Queiroz A., M. J. Donoghue, J. Kim, 1995. Separate versus combined analysis of phylogenetic evidence. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 26: 657–681.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dohle, W., 1999. The ancestral cleavage pattern of the clitellates and its phylogenetic deviations. Hydrobiologia 402 ( Dev. Hydrobiol. 142 ): 269–285.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eernisse, D. J., J. S. Alberts, F. E. Anderson, 1992. Annelida and Arthropoda are not sister taxa: a phylogenetic analysis of spiralian metazoan phylogeny. Syst. Biol. 41: 305–330.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eibye-Jacobsen, D., C. Nielsen, 1997. The rearticulation of annelids. Zool. Scr. 25: 275–282.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erséus, C., 1987. Phylogenetic analysis of the aquatic Oligochaeta under the principle of parsimony. Hydrobiologia 155: 75–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Faith, D. P., 1991. Cladistic permutation tests for monophyly and nonmonophyly. Syst. Zool. 40: 366–375.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fauchald, K., 1974. Polychaete phylogeny: a problem in protostome evolution.Syst. Zool. 23: 493–506.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fauchald, K., 1977. The polychaete worms: definitions and keys to the orders, families and genera. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Science Series 28: 1–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fauchald, K., G. W. Rouse, 1997: Polychaete systematics: Past and present. Zool. Scr. 26: 71–138.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fauvel, P., 1923: Polychétes errantes. Vol. 5 ( Faune de France). Librairie de la Faculte des Sciences, Paris. 488 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fauvel, P., 1927: Polychétes sédentaires. Addenda aux errantes, Arachiannélides, Myzostomaires. Vol. 16 ( Faune de France). Paul Lechevalier, Paris, 494 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fauvel, P., 1959: Classe des Annélides Polychétes. Annelida Polychaeta (Grube, 1851). In Grassé, P.-P. (ed.), Traité de Zoologie. Anatomie, Systématique, Biologie. Vol. 5. Masson et Cie, Paris. 13 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Field, K. G., G. J. Olsen, D. J. Lane, S. J. Giovannoni, M. T. Ghiselin, E. C. Raff, N. R. Pace, R. A. Raff, 1988. Molecular phylogeny of the animal kingdom. Science 239: 248–753.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fransen, M. E., 1988. Coelomic and vascular systems. In Westheide, W., C. O. Hermans (eds), The Ultrastructure of Polychaeta. Microfauna Marina 4: 199–213.

    Google Scholar 

  • Franzén, Â., M. Ferraguti, 1992. Ultrastructure of spermatozoa and spermatids in Boneilia viridis and Hatningia arctica ( Echiura) with some phylogenetic considerations. Acta Zool. 73: 25–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gardiner, S. L., M. L. Jones, 1994. On the significance of larval and juvenile morphology for suggesting phylogenetic relationships of the Vestimentifera. Am. Zool. 34: 513–522.

    Google Scholar 

  • George. J. D., G. Hartmann-Schröder, 1985. Polychaetes: British Amphinomida, Sphintherida, Eunicida. In Kermack, D. M., R. S. K. Barnes (eds), Synopses of the British Fauna. Brill Backhuys, Leiden.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giangrande, A., M. C. Gambi, 1998. Morpho-functional aspects and evolution of metamerism in polychaetes. Ital. J. Zool. 65: 39–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giere, O. W., C. Erséus, 1998. A systematic account of the Questidae ( Annelida, Polychaeta), with description of new taxa. Zool. Scr. 27: 345–360.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giere, O. W., N. W. Riser, 1981. Questidae - Polychaetes with oligochaetoid morphology and development. Zool. Scr. 10: 95103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gutmann, W. F.. 1981. Relationships between invertebrate phyla based on functional-mechanical analysis of the hydrostatic skeleton. Am. Zool. 21: 63–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartman, O., 1968. Atlas of the errantiate polychaetous annelids from California. Allan Hancock Foundation, University of Southern California, Los Angeles. 828 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hatschek, B., 1880. Über Die Entwicklungsgeschichte von Echiurus und die systematische Stellung der Echiuridae (Gephvrei chaetiferi). Arb. Zool. Inst. Wien 3: 45–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hatschek, B., 1893. System der Anneliden, ein vorläufiger Bericht. Lotos 13: 123–126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hennig, W., 1966. Phylogenetic systematics. University of Illinois Press, Urbana, Chicago, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hessling, R., W. Westheide, 1999. CLSM analysis of development and structure of the central nervous system of Enchvtraeus crypticus ( Oligochaeta: Enchytraeidae). Zoomorphology I 19: 37–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hessling, R., M. C. Müller, W. Westheide, 1999. CLSM analysis of serotonin-immunoreactive neurons in the central nervous system of Nais variabilis, Slavinia appendiculata and Stylaria lacustres (Oligochaeta: Naididae). Hydrobiologia 406 (Developments in Hydrobiology series), in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joncs, M. L., 1985. On the Vestimentifera, new phylum: Six new species, and other taxa, from hydrothermal vents and elsewhere. Bull. biol. Soc. Wash. 6: 117–158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jouin, C., 1971. Status of the knowledge of the systematics and ecology of Archiannelida. In Hulings, N. C. (ed.), Proceedings of the First International Conference on Meiofauna. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. 76: 47–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaestner, A., 1969. Lehrbuch der Speziellen Zoologie. Band I, Teil 1. 3. Auflage, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, C. B., S. Y. Moon, S. R. Gelder, W. Kim, 1996. Phylogenetic relationships of annelids, molluscs, and arthropods evidenced from molecules and morphology. J. Mol. Evol. 43: 207–215.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kluge, A. G., 1997. Testability and the refutation and corroboration of cladistic hypotheses. Cladistics 13: 81–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kojima, S., T. Hasimoto, M. Hasegawa, M. N. Murata, S. Ohta, H. Seki, N. Okada, 1993. Close phylogenetic relationship between Vestimentifera (tube worms) and Annelida revealed by the amino acid sequence of elongation factor la. J. Mol. Evol. 37: 66–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kojima, S., 1998. Paraphyletic status of Polychaeta suggested by phylogenetic analysis based on the amino acid sequences of elongation factor-la. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 9: 255–261.

    Google Scholar 

  • McHugh, D., 1997. Molecular evidence that echiurans and pogonophorans are derived annelids. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94: 8006–8009.

    Google Scholar 

  • Minelli, A., S. Bortoletto, 1988. Myriapod metamerism and arthropod segmentation. Biol. J. linn. Soc. 33: 323–343.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moon, S. Y., C. B. Kim, S. R. Gelder, W. Kim, 1996. Phylogenetic positions of the aberrant branchiobdellidans and aphanoneurans within the Annelida as derived from 18S ribosomal RNA gene sequences. Hydrobiologia 324: 229–236.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Needham, A. E., 1990. Annelida–Clitellata. In Adiyodi, K. G., R. G. Adiyodi (eds), Reproductive biology of Invertebrates, Vol. 4b. Wiley Press, Chichester: 1–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newby, W. W., 1940. Embryology of the echiuroid worm Urechis caupo.Mem. Am. phil. Soc. 16: 1–219.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen, C., 1995. Animal Evolution. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nixon K. C., J. M. Carpenter, 1993. On outgroups. Cladistics 9: 413–426.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Omodeo, P., 1997. History of Clitellata. Ital. J. Zool. 65: 51–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearse, V., J. Pearse, M. Buchsbaum, R. Buchsbaum, 1987. Living Invertebrates. Boxwood Press, Pacific Grove.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pilger, J. F., 1993. Echiura. In Harrison, F. W., M. E. Rice (eds), Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates, vol 12. Wiley-Liss Press, New York: 185–236.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pleijel, F., 1995. On character coding for phylogeny reconstruction. Cladistics 11: 309–315.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Purschke, G., 1993. Structure of the prostomial appendages and the central nervous system in the Protodrilida ( Polychaeta ). Zoomorphology 113: 1–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Purschke G., 1997. Ultrastructure of the nuchal organs in polychaetes (Annelida)–New results and review. Acta zool. (Stockh.) 78: 123–143.

    Google Scholar 

  • Purschke, G., 1999. Terrestrial polychaetes - models for the evolution of the Clitellata (Annelida)? Hydrobiologia 406 (Developments in Hydrobiology series), in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Purschke, G., C. Jouin, 1988. Anatomy and ultrastructure of the ventral pharyngeal organs of Saccocirru• (Saccocirridae) and Protodriloides (Protodriloidae, fam. n.) with remarks on their phylogenetic relationships within the Protodrilida ( Annelida, Polychaeta). J. Zool. 215: 405–432.

    Google Scholar 

  • Purschke, G., W. Westheide, D. Rohde, R. O. Brinkhurst, 1993. Morphological reinvestigation and phylogenetic relationship of Acanthobdella peledina ( Annelida, Clitellata). Zoomorphology 113: 91–101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Purschke, G., A. Tzetlin, 1996. Dorsolateral ciliary folds in the polychaete foregut: structure, prevalence and phylogenetic significance. Acta Zool. ( Stockh. ) 77: 33–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quatrefages, A. de, 1866. On the classification of the annelides. Ann. Mag nat. Hist. 3 /17: 1–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rota, E., 1998. Morphology and adaptation of Parergodrilus Reisinger and Hrabeiella Piz], Chalupsky, two enigmatic soil-dwelling annelids. Ital. J. Zool. 65: 75–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rota, E., P. Lupetti, 1996. An ultrastructural investigation of Hrabeiella Piz!, Chalupsky, 1984 (Annelida). I. Chaetae and body wall organization. Hydrobiologia 334: 229–239.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rouse, G. W., 1997. Rearticulating with extra assumptions: A response to Eibye-Jacobsen and Nielsen. Zool. Scr. 26: 61–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rouse, G. W., K. Fauchald, 1995. The articulation of annelids.Zool. Scr. 24: 269–301.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rouse, G. W., K. Fauchald, 1997. Cladistics and polychaetes. Zool. Scr. 26: 139–204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt-Rhaesa, A., T. Bartolomaeus, C. Lemburg, U. Ehlers, J.R. Garey, 1998. The position of the Arthropoda in the phylogenetic system. J. Morph. 238: 263–285.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Siddall M. E., A. G. Kluge, 1997. Probabilism and phylogenetic inference. Cladistics 13: 313–336.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Siewing, R., 1953. Morphologische Untersuchungen am `Kopf’ der Pisionidae (Pisione puzae nov. spec. Annelida, Polchaeta). Zool. Anz. 150: 298–313.

    Google Scholar 

  • Southward, E. C., 1988. Development of the gut and segmentation of newly settled stages of Ridgeia (Vestimentifera): implications for relationship between Vestimentifera and Pogonophora. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 68: 465–487.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suzuki, T., T. Takagi, K. Okuda, T. Furukohri, S. Ohta, 1989. The deep-sea tube worm hemoglobin: subunit structure and phylogenetic relationship with annelid hemoglobin. Zool. Scr. 6: 915–926.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swofford, D. L., 1993. PAUP: Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony, Version 3.1. 1. Champaign, Illinois, Illinois Natural History Survey.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swofford, D. L., G. J. Olsen, P. J. Waddell, D. M. Hillis, 1996. Phylogenetic inference. In Hillis, D. M., C. Moritz, B. K. Mable (eds), Molecular Systematics. Sinauer Associates, Inc. Sunderland: 407–514.

    Google Scholar 

  • Templeton, A. R., 1983. Phylogenetic inference from restriction endonuclease cleavage site maps with particular reference to the evolution of humans and apes. Evolution 37: 221–244.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Terwilliger, R. C., N. B. Terwilliger, C. Bonaventura, J. Bonaventura, E. Schabtach, 1985. Structural and functional properties of hemoglobin from the vestimentiferan pogonophoran, Lamellibrachia. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 829: 27–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Timm, T., 1981. On the origin and evolution of aquatic Oligochaeta. Esti NSV Tead. Akad. Toim. et Biol. 30: 174–181.

    Google Scholar 

  • Torrey, J. C., 1903. The early embryology of Thalassema mellita (Conn). Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 14: 165–246.

    Google Scholar 

  • Uschakov, P. V., 1933. Eine neue Form aus der Familie Sabellidae (Polychaeta). Zool. Anz. 104: 205–208.

    Google Scholar 

  • van der Land, J., A. Nürrevang, 1977. Structure and relationships Lamellibrachia ( Annelida, Vestimentifera). Biol. Skr. Dan. Vid. Selsk. 21: 1–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wägele, J.-W., 1996. First principles of phylogenetic systematics, a basis for numerical methods used for morphological and molecular characters. Vie Milieu 46: 125–138.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webb, M., 1969. Lamellibrachia barhami, gen. nov., sp. nov. (Pogonophora), from the northeast Pacific. Bull. mar. Sci. 19: 19–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westheide, W., 1984. The concept of reproduction in polychaetes with small body size: adaptations in interstitial species. In Fischer, A., H. D. Pfannenstiel (eds.), Polychaete Reproduction. Fortschr. Zool. 29: 265–287.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westheide, W., 1985. The systematic position of the Dinophilidae and the archiannelid problem. In Morris, C. S., D. George, R. Gibson, H. M. Platt (eds), The Origins and Relationships of Lower Invertebrates. University Press, Oxford: 310–326.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westheide, W., 1987. Progenesis as a principle in meiofauna evolution. J. nat. Hist. 21: 843–854.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westheide, W., 1997. The direction of evolution within the Polychaeta. J. nat. Hist. 31: 1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westheide, W., M. C. Müller, 1995. Organisation and Fortpflanzung von Enchytraeen (Oligochaeta). Publ. Wiss. Film Sekt. Biol. 22: 153–170.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westheide, W., M. C. Müller, 1996. Cinematographic documentation of enchytraeid morphology and reproductive biology. Hydrobiologia 334: 263–267.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Westheide, W., R. M. Rieger, 1996. Spezielle Zoologie. I. Einzeller und Wirbellose Tiere. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, 909 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westheide, W., C. Watson-Russell, 1992. Ultrastructure of chrysopetalid paleal chaetae ( Annelida, Polychaeta). Acta zool. (Stockh. ) 73: 197–202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whittle, A. C. Sr, Z. R. Zahid,1974. Fine structure of nuchal organs in some errant polychaetous annelids. J. Morph. 144: 167–183.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winnepenninckx, B., T. Backeljau, R. De Wachter, 1995. Phylogeny of protostome worms derived from 18S rRNA sequences. Mol. Biol. Evol. 12: 641–649.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, C. M., E. Vasquez, A. Metaxas, P. A. Tyler, 1996. Embryology of vestimentiferan tube worms from deep-sea methane/sulphide seeps. Nature 381: 514–516.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. FB 5, Spezielle Zoologie, Universität Osnabrück, D-49069, Osnabrück, Germany

    Wilfried Westheide & Günter Purschke

  2. Department of Biology, Colgate University, Hamilton, NY, 13346, USA

    Damhnait McHugh

  3. School of Biological Sciences, Zoology, A08 University of Sydney, University of Sydney, Sydney, N.S.W., 2006, Australia

    Greg Rouse

Authors
  1. Wilfried Westheide
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Damhnait McHugh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Günter Purschke
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Greg Rouse
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institut für Zoologie, FB 21, Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität, D-55099, Mainz, Germany

    Adriaan W. C. Dorresteijn

  2. Spezielle Zoologie, FB 5, Universität Osnabrück, D-49069, Osnabrück, Germany

    Wilfried Westheide

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1999 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Westheide, W., McHugh, D., Purschke, G., Rouse, G. (1999). Systematization of the Annelida: different approaches. In: Dorresteijn, A.W.C., Westheide, W. (eds) Reproductive Strategies and Developmental Patterns in Annelids. Developments in Hydrobiology, vol 142. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2887-4_18

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2887-4_18

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-90-481-5340-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-017-2887-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation