Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Risk City Resilience Trajectory

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Risk City

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Energy ((LNEN,volume 29))

Abstract

The risk city is future-oriented. Planning and practices of the risk city are also future-oriented. In this chapter I want to shed the light on understanding the resilience of the risk city and its futures, what I will call here: the risk city resilience trajectory. In other words, this chapter seeks to propose a conceptual framework for understanding future resilient of contemporary risk cities. Therefore, the main question in this chapter is how much our cities are resilient and how we can anticipate their trajectories in the future based on planning practices in the present. I suggest that a city’s resilience is composed of four interlinked dimensions: social, economic, environmental, and security resilience. Urban resilience is the totality of them. Yet, in this book, I focus on city resilience that is related to environmental crisis and climate change impacts and threats. This chapter aims to develop a theoretical framework for understanding and analyzing future urban resilience trajectories of the risk city. I employ the term risk city trajectory in conjunction with the term resilience to yield the concept of ‘Risk City Resilience Trajectories,’ or RCRT. RCRT can be used to assess and explain the direction, patterns, and properties of a given city with regard to its current and future resilience setting. This chapter suggests that “resilience requires frequent testing and evaluation” based on our experience and emerging knowledge on vulnerability and adaptation measures.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adger, W. N. (2000). Social and ecological resilience: Are they related? Progress in Human Geography, 24(3), 347–364.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adger, W. N., Agrawala, S., Mirza, M. M. Q., Conde, C., O’Brien, K., Pulhin, J., et al. (2007). Assessment of adaptation practices, options, constraints and capacity. In Parry, M. L., Canziani, O. F., Palutikof, J. P., van der Linden, P. J., & Hanson, C.E. (Eds.), Climate change 2007: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of working group II to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change (pp. 717–743). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Albrechts, L. (2004). Strategic (spatial) planning reexamined. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 31, 743–758.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Allman, L., Fleming, P., & Wallace, A. (2004). The progress of english and Welsh local authorities in addressing climate change. Local Environment, 9, 271–283.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Andersson, E. (2006). Urban landscapes and sustainable cities. Ecology and Society, 11, 34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson, A. (2007). Cities after oil—2: Background to the collapse of ‘modern’ civilization. City, 11(3), 293–312.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson, A. (2008). Cities after oil—3 collapse and the fate of cities. City, 12(1), 79–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bai, X. (2007). Integrating global environmental concerns into urban management: The scale and readiness arguments. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 11, 15–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barnett, J. (2001). Adapting to climate change in pacific Island countries: The problem of uncertainty. World Development, 29(6), 977–993.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Batty, M. (2007). Complexity in city systems: Understanding, evolution, and design. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bettencourt, L., & West, G. (2010). A unified theory of urban living. Nature, 467(7318), 912–913.‏

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonta, M., & Protevi, J. (2004). Deleuze and geophilosophy: A guide and glossary. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyle, M., & Pogerson, R. J. (2001). Power, discourse and city trajectories. In R. Paddison (Ed.), Handbook of urban studies (pp. 402–425). London, UK: Sage Publications Ltd.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Bulkeley, H., Schroeder, H., Janda, K., Zhao, J., Armstrong, A., Chu, S. Y., & Ghosh, S. (2009). Cities and climate change: The role of institutions, governance and urban planning. Paper presented at the World Bank 5th Urban Symposium on Climate Change, June, Marseille.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burby, R. J., Deyle, R. E., Godschalk, D. R., & Olshansky, R. B. (2000). Creating hazard resilient community through land-use planning. Natural Hazards Review, 1(2), 99–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter, S. R., Walker, B., Anderies, J. M., & Abel, N. (2001). From metaphor to measurement: Resilience of what to what? Ecosystems, 4, 765–781.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Castello, M. G. (2011). Brazilian policies on climate change: The missing link to cities. Cities, 28(6), 498–504.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • CCC—Committee on Climate Change. (2010). Building a low-carbon economy—the UK’s innovation challenge. www.theccc.org.uk.

  • CCC—Committee on Climate Change Adaptation. (2010). How well prepared is the UK for climate change? www.theccc.org.uk.

  • Chapin, III, F. S., Kofinas, G. P., & Folke, C. (Eds.). (2009). Principles of ecosystem stewardship: Resilience-based natural resource management in a changing world. New York: Springer Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapin, III, F. S., Power, M. E., Pickett, S. T. A., Freitag, A., Reynolds, J. A., Jackson, R. B., et al. (2011) Earth Stewardship: Science for action to sustain the human-earth system. Ecosphere, 2(8), 89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coaffee, J. (2006). From counter-terrorism to resilience. European Legacy Journal of the International Society for the study of European Ideas, 11(4), 389–403.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coaffee, J. (2009). Terrorism, risk and the global city: Towards urban resilience. Famham: Ashgate Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coaffee, J., & Rogers, P. (2008). Reputational risk and resiliency: The branding of security in place-making. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 4, 205–217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Colten, C., Kates, R., & Laska, S. (2008). Three years after Katrina: Lessons for community resilience. Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, 50, 36–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooke, P., & Piccaluga, A. (Eds.). (2006). Regional development in the knowledge economy. NY: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corfee-Morlot, J., Kamal-Chaoui, L., Donovan, M. G., Cochran, I., Robert, A., & Teasdale, P. J. (2009). Cities, climate change and multilevel governance. OECD Environmental Working Papers 14: 2009, OECD publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cutter, S. L., Boruff, B. J., & Shirley, W. L. (2003). Social vulnerability to environmental hazards. Social Science Quarterly, 84(2), 242–261.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cutter, S., Barnes, L., Berry, M., Burton, C., Evans, E., Tate, E., & Webb, J. (2008). A place-based model for understanding community resilience to natural disasters. Global Environmental Change, 18, 598–606.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davic, R. D., & Welsh, H. H. (2004). On the ecological roles of salamanders. Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics, 35(1), 405–434.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Roo, G., & Juotsiniemi, A. (2010). Planning and complexity. In Book of Abstracts: 24th AESOP Annual conference. Finland, p. 90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deleuze, G., & Guattari, F. (1991). What Is philosophy?. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dessai, S., & van der Sluijs, J. P. (2007). Uncertainty and climate change adaptation—a scoping study. Utrecht: Copernicus Institute for Sustainable Development and Innovation, Utrecht University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dodman, D., Hardoy, J., & Satterthwaite, D. (2009). Urban development and intensive and extensive risk, background paper for the ISDR global assessment report on disaster risk reduction 2009. London: International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED).

    Google Scholar 

  • Eakin, H. C., & Wehbe, M. B. (2009). Linking local vulnerability to system sustainability in a resilience framework: Two cases from Latin America. Climatic Change, 93, 355–377.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Enfors, E. I., & Gordon, L. J. (2008). Dealing with drought: The challenge of using water system technologies to break dryland poverty traps. Global Environmental Change, 18, 607–616.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ernstson, H., Barthel, S., Andersson, E., & Borgström, S. T. (2010). Scale-crossing brokers and network governance of urban ecosystem services: The case of Stockholm. Ecology and Society, 15(4), 28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Folke, C. (2006). Resilience: The emergence of a perspective for social-ecological systems analyses. Global Environmental Change, 16, 253–267.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Folke, C., Carpenter, S. R., Walker, B. H., Scheffer, M., Chapin III, F. S., & Rockstro, J. (2010). Resilience thinking: Integrating resilience, adaptability and transformability. Ecology and Society, 15, 20. http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol15/iss4/art20/.

  • Folke, C., Jansson, Å., Rockström, J., Olsson, P., Carpenter, S. R., Chapin, F. S., et al. (2011). Reconnecting to the biosphere. AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment, 40(7), 719–738.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fothergill, A., & Peek, L. (2004). Poverty and disasters in the United States: A review of recent sociological findings. Natural Hazards, 32(1), 89–110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Godschalk, D. R. (2003). Urban hazards mitigation: Creating resilient cities. Natural Hazards Review, 4(3), 136–143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Godschalk, D. R., Beatly, T., Berke, P., Brower, D. J., & Kaiser, E. J. (1999). Natural hazard mitigation: Recasting disaster policy and planning. Washington, DC: Island Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunder, M., & Hillier, J. (2009). Planning in ten words or less: A Lacanian entanglement with spatial planning. Famham: Ashgate.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunderson, L., & Holling, C. S. (Eds.). (2001). Panarchy: Understanding transformations in human and natural systems. Washington, DC: Island Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harriet, B. (2010). Cities and the governing of climate change. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 35, 2.1–2.25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Healey, P. (2007). Urban complexity and spatial strategies: Towards a relational planning for our times. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Healey, P., & Upton, R. (Eds.). (2010). Crossing borders international exchange and planning practices. Oxon: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hillier, J. (2010). Strategic navigation in an ocean of theoretical and practice complexity. In Hillier, J., & Healey, P. (Eds.), The Ashgate research companion to planning theory: Conceptual challenges for spatial planning (pp. 447–480). Famham: Ashgate.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holgate, C. (2007). Factors and actors in climate change mitigation: A tale of two South African cities. Local Environment, 12, 471–484.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holling, C. (1973). Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 4, 1–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jabareen, Y. (2006). Sustainable urban forms: Their typologies, models, and concepts. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 26(1), 38–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jabareen, Y. (2009). Building conceptual framework: Philosophy, definitions and procedure. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 8(4), 49–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jameson, F. (1991). Postmodernism or, the cultural logic of late capitalism. Durham: Duke University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman, E. (1998). Introduction. In E. Kaufman & K. J. Heller (Eds.), Deleuze and Guattari: New mapping in politics, philosophy and culture (pp. 3–19). Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kern, K., & Alber, G. (2008). Governing climate change in cities: Modes of urban climate governance in multi-level systems. In Competitive Cities and Climate Change, OECD Conference Proceedings, Milan, Italy, 9–10 October 2008 (Chap. 8, pp. 171–196). Paris: OECD. http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/54/63/42545036.pdf.

  • Leichenko, R. (2011). Climate change and urban resilience. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 3(3), 164–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Little, R. (2004). Holistic strategy for urban security. Journal of Infrastructure Systems, 10(2), 52–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, R., & Sunley, P. (2007). Complexity thinking and evolutionary economic geography. Journal of Economic Geography, 7(4), 16–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maru, Y. (2010). Resilient regions: Clarity of concepts and challenges to systemic measurement systemic measurement. In Socio-economics and the environment discussion. CSIRO Working Paper Series. http://www.csiro.au/files/files/pw5h.pdf.

  • Massey, D. (2003). Some times of space. In S. May (Ed.), Olafur Eliasson: The weather project (pp. 107–118). London: Tate Publishing. Exhibition catalogue.

    Google Scholar 

  • McSweeney, K., & Coomes, O. (2011). Climate-related disaster opens ‘window of opportunity’ for rural poor in northeastern Honduras. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 108, 5203–5208.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morrow, B. H. (1999). Identifying and mapping community vulnerability. Disasters, 23(1), 1–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, A. C., & French, S. P. (2002). Plan quality and mitigating damage from natural disasters: A case study of the Northridge earthquake with planning policy considerations. Journal of the American Planning Association, 68(2), 194–207.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Newman, P., Beatley, T., & Boyer, H. (2009). Resilient cities: Responding to peak oil and climate change. Washington, DC: Island Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • NYS (2013). NYS 2100 commission: Recommendations to improve the strength and resilience of the empire state’s infrastructure.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ojerio, R., Moseley, C., Lynn, K., & Bania, N. (2010). Limited involvement of socially vulnerable populations in federal programs to mitigate wildfire risk in Arizona. Natural Hazards Review, 12(1), 28–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pais, J., & Elliot, J. (2008). Places as recovery machines: Vulnerability and neighborhood change after major hurricanes. Social Forces, 86, 1415–1453.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pelling, M. (2003). The vulnerability of cities: Natural disasters and social resilience. London: Earthscan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pendall, R., Foster, K., & Cowel, M. (2010). Resilience and regions: Building understanding of the metaphor. Cambridge Journal of Economic and Society, 3(1), 71–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pike, A., Dawley, S., & Tomaney, J. (2010). Resilience adaptation and adaptability. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 3, 59–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Priemus, H., & Rietveld, P. (2009). Climate change, flood risk and spatial planning. Built Environment, 35(4), 425–431.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Protevi, J. (2006). Deleuze, guattari, and emergence. Paragraph: A Journal of Modern Critical Theory, 29(2), 19–39. http://www.protevi.com/john/Emergence.pdf.

  • Richardson, K. (Ed.) (2005). Managing the complex vol. 1: Philosophy, theory and application. Greenwich: Information Age Publishing. Bottom of Form.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, K. A., & Cilliers, P. (2001). What is complexity science? A view from different directions, Emergence, 3(1), 5–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodin, J., & Rohaytn, F. G. (2013). NYS 2100 commission: Recommendations to improve the strength and resilience of the empire state’s infrastructure. http://www.governor.ny.gov/sites/governor.ny.gov/files/archive/assets/documents/NYS2100.pdf.

  • Romero Lankao, P. (2007). How do local governments in Mexico City manage global warming? Local Environment, 12, 519–535.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rose, A. (2004). Defining and measuring economic resilience to disaster. Disaster Prevention and Management, 13(4), 307–314.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roy, A. (2010). Informality and the politics of planning. In Hillier, J., & Healey, P. (Eds.), Planning theory: Conceptual challenges for spatial planning (pp. 87–107). Famham: Ashgate Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Satterthwaite, D. (2008). Climate change and urbanization: Effects and implications for urban governance. Presented at UN Expert Group Meeting on Population Distribution, Urbanisation, Internal Migration and Development. UN/POP/EGMURB/2008/16/.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, S. H., Semenov, S., Patwardhan, A., Burton, I., Magadza, C. H. D., Oppenheimer, M., et al. (2007). Assessing key vulnerabilities and the risk from climate change. Climate change 2007: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. In M. L. Parry, O. F. Canziani, J. P. Palutikof, P. J. van der Linden, & C. E. Hanson (Eds.), Contribution of working group II to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change (pp. 779–810). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simmie, J., & Martin, R. (2010). The economic resilience of regions: Towards an evolutionary approach. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 2010(3), 27–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, S. R. S., & Murray, M. S. (2001). Managing growth in a climate of urban diversity: South Florida’s eastward ho! Initiative. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 20, 308–328.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turok, I., & Mykhnenko, V. (2007). The trajectories of European cities, 1960–2005. Cities, 24(3), 165–182.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • UNISDR-Inter-Agency secretariat of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UN/ISDR) (2005). Building the resilience of nations and communities to disasters. In Proceedings of the Conference: World Conference on Disaster Reduction (WCDR), United Nations, Geneva.

    Google Scholar 

  • UNISDR-International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (2010). Making cities resilient: My city is getting ready. In 2010–2011 World Disaster Reduction Campaign.

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations Division for the Advancement of Women. (2001). Environmental management and the mitigation of natural disasters: A gender perspective. http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/csw/env_manage/documents/EGM-Turkey-final-report.pdf. July 7, 2009.

  • Urry, J. (2005). The complexity turn. Theory, Culture and Society, 22(5), 567–582.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vale, J. L., & Campanella, T. J. (2005). The resilient city: How modern cities recover from disaster. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vellinga, P., Marinova, N. A., & van Loon-Steensma, J. M. (2009). Adaptation to climate change: A framework for analysis with examples from the Netherlands. Built Environment, 35(4), 452–470.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walisser, B., Mueller, B., & McLean, C. (2005). The resilient city. Prepared for the world urban forum 2006. Canada: Vancouver Working Group, Ministry of Community, Aboriginal and Women’s Services, Government of British Columbia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, W. E., Harremoës, P., Rotmans, J., van der Sluijs, J. P., van Asselt, M. B. A., Janssen, P., & Krayer von Krauss, M. P. (2003). Defining uncertainty: A conceptual basis for uncertainty management in model-based decision support. Integrated Assessment, 4(1), 5–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, B. H., Anderies, J. M., Kinzig, A. P., & Ryan, P. (2006). Exploring resilience in social-ecological systems through comparative studies and theory development. Ecology and Society, 11, 12. http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol11/iss1/art12/.

  • Wardekker, J. A., de Jong, A., Knoop, J. M., & van der Sluijs, J. P. (2010). Operationalising a resilience approach to adapting an urban delta to uncertain climate changes. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 7(6), 987–998.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • WRI/WBCSD GHG Protocol. (2014). The global protocol for community-scale greenhouse gas emission inventories. http://ghgprotocol.org/files/ghgp/GHGP_GPC.pdf.

  • Zhang, Y. (2010). Residential housing choice in a multihazard environment: Implications for natural hazards mitigation and community environmental justice. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 30(2), 117–131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Architecture and Town Planning, Technion: Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa, Israel

    Yosef Jabareen

Authors
  1. Yosef Jabareen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yosef Jabareen .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Jabareen, Y. (2015). The Risk City Resilience Trajectory. In: The Risk City. Lecture Notes in Energy, vol 29. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9768-9_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9768-9_7

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-017-9767-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-017-9768-9

  • eBook Packages: EnergyEnergy (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation