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Hunter-Gatherers of the Old and New Worlds: Morphological and Functional Comparisons of Osseous Projectile Points

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Osseous Projectile Weaponry

Abstract

The osseous projectile points and tools of hunter-gatherers from the European Pleistocene compare surprisingly well with the equipment of hunters from other continents, including the New World. This is especially true for harpoon heads and barbed spear points. These fundamental hunting and fishing weapons are common to the prehistoric populations of the Old World and to hunter-gatherers of the northern and southern regions of the New World. In southernmost South America, osseous projectiles have survived the millennia since the first human occupations, about 6200 years ago, until modern times. Beyond certain typological, and likely functional, constants that are commonly found among cold region hunters, they also display specific features (size, morphology of the proximal ends, raw materials) that seem to reflect techniques and hunting strategies associated with particular species. In this chapter, our intention is to examine potentially meaningful similarities between this equipment from Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego, known through both archaeological and ethnological documents, and that of European Pleistocene hunters. We will emphasize certain morphological and technical features, such as proximal shapes for hafting mechanisms or line attachment systems, and the number and type of barbs, along with their functional causes and consequences. Our results indicate that in the current state of the debate, fishing, fowling and small mammal hunting is the most plausible hypothesis for the use of barbed elements in the terrestrial context of most Upper Magdalenian sites. Though we cannot exclude the possibility that Upper Magdalenian groups were among the very few hunter-gatherers to use detachable harpoons to hunt larger terrestrial species, such as ungulates when crossing rivers, specific evidence is currently missing.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Lovisato (1883).

  2. 2.

    The term “Fuegian” is not used to describe the terrestrial hunters of Tierra del Fuego; it is restricted to sea-nomads living on the southern coast and on the numerous islands in the southernmost part of the Strait of Magellan.

  3. 3.

    Which is a hand-held N.D.A.

  4. 4.

    sic ! In the XIX° and even in the XX° century, phocidae and otariidae were commonly confused. Here Hyades is talking about otaridae the only pinnipeds present in Patagonia.

  5. 5.

    Marine caves accessible with canoe.

  6. 6.

    One should understand projectile point.

  7. 7.

    Englefield, Bahia Colorada, Punta Santa Ana in the strait of Magellan/Otway sea; and Túnel I et Immiwaïa the Beagle Channel.

  8. 8.

    Assemblages: Musée du Quai Branley et Musée d’Archéologie National (France), National History Museum de Montevideo (Uruguay) et de Santiago du Chili, Musée de la Merced (Santiago du Chili).

  9. 9.

    If we consider certain Inuit harpoon or harpoons made of wood with a flint or a shell point, and a metallic bard in the northern Chile or at the Peruvian coast.

  10. 10.

    ce qui distingue catégoriquement le harpon, cest sa tête détachable, qui reste prise dans le corps de lanimal alors que la hampe de larme se libère. La tête est rattachée à une ligne de cuir ou de corde au moyen de laquelle on manoeuvre lanimal blessé” (Leroi-Gourhan 1946:54).

  11. 11.

    Barbless detachable harpoons exist as well as fixed harpoons with a line attachment system: “types B et C” in Pétillon (2009: Fig. 5).

  12. 12.

    The bow, which appeared toward the beginning of modern times, less than 2000 years ago, was not used with osseous projectile points.

  13. 13.

    The toggle harpoon is only a sophisticated sort of hook.

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Christensen, M., Legoupil, D., Pétillon, JM. (2016). Hunter-Gatherers of the Old and New Worlds: Morphological and Functional Comparisons of Osseous Projectile Points. In: Langley, M. (eds) Osseous Projectile Weaponry. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-0899-7_16

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