Skip to main content

The Antikythera Mechanism

A Mechanical Cosmos and an Eternal Prototype for Modelling and Paradigm Study

  • Chapter
Adapting Historical Knowledge Production to the Classroom

Abstract

The Mechanism of Antikythera is the oldest, the only and in fact the very best known example of a complex astronomical device, a dedicated analogue astronomical computer, possibly a planetarium, a device made with gears. We know that this type of devices have been used as educational devices in schools. As we read in Cicero and other ancient texts, great scientists and philosophers developed and used such devices either for education, entertainment, or to impress one’s visitors and guests, including state persons during their state visits. Such mechanisms were also offered to them as gifts (as it happened during the Byzantine times, and not only, when visitors entering the palace in Constantinople were passing through a hall with roaring mechanical lions, and other technological executives).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 49.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Athanassakis, A. (1988). The orphic hymns (Text, Translation and Notes by Athanassakis). http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/hoo/ http://remacle.org/bloodwolf/poetes/falc/orphee/hymnes.htm

  • Berthelot, M. (1888). Collection des Anciens Alchimistes Grecs. Paris: Steinheil. http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/hoo/ http://remacle.org/bloodwolf/alchimie/table.htm

  • Betegh, G. (2004). The Derveni Papyrus: Cosmology, theology and interpretation. Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bromley, A. G. (1986). Notes on the Antikythera mechanism. Centaurus, 29, 5-27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bromley, A. G. (1990a). The Antikythera mechanism. Horological Journal, 132, 412-415.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bromley, A. G. (1990b, July). The Antikythera mechanism: A reconstruction. Horological Journal, 28-31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bromley, A. G. (1990c, Summer). Observations of the antikythera mechanism. Antiquarian Horology, 18 (6), 641-652.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chondros, T. G. 2009. The development of machine design as a science from classical times to modern era. In H.-S. Yan & M. Ceccarelli (Eds.), International symposium on history of machines and mechanisms. doi: doi: 10.1007/978-1-4020-9485-9_5. Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

    Google Scholar 

  • Devevey, F., Rousseau, A., Vernou, C., Cauderlier, P., & Magister, C. (2008). The Astral disc of Chevroches. Granada: Cosmology Across Cultures, SEAC. http://www.iac.es/congreso/cac2008/pages/ view_abstract.php?aid=7.

  • Devevey, F. (2009). The zodiacal curved disc of Chevroches. IAU-UNESCO Symposium 260, The Role of Astronomy in Society and Culture, 19-23 January 2009, UNESCO Headquarters, Paris, France. http://iaus260.obspm.fr.

  • Laks, A., & Most, G. W. (Eds.), (1997). Studies on the Derveni Papyrus. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Freeth, T., Bitsakis, Y., Moussas, X., Seiradakis, J. H., Tselikas, A., Mangou, H., et al. (2006). Decoding the ancient Greek astronomical calculator known as the Antikythera mechanism. Nature, 444, 587-591.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freeth, T., Jones, A., Steele, J. M., & Bitsakis, Y. (2008). Calendars with Olympiad display and eclipse prediction on the Antikythera mechanism, Nature, 454, 614-617.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freeth, T. (2009). Decoding an ancient computer. Scientific American, 301(6), 76-83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gibbon, E. (2009). The decline and fall of the Roman Empire. Cirencester, United Kingdom: CRW Publishing Limited.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henriksson, G. (2009). Ten solar eclipses show that the Antikythera mechanism was constructed for use on Sicily. The European society for astronomy in culture 17th annual meeting, SEAC 2009. Alexandria, Egypt: Alexandria Library.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gourtsoyannis, E. (2010). Hipparchus vs. Ptolemy and the Antikythera mechanism: Pin-Slot device models lunar motions. Advances in Space research. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2009.08.030 (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Marchant, J. (2008). Decoding the heavens: Solving the mystery of the World’s first computer. Arrow Books Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malzbender, T., Gelb, D., & Wolters., H. (2001). Polynomial texture maps. In SIGGRAPH 2001, Computer graphics proceedings, annual conference series (pp. 519-528). ACM Press/ACM SIGGRAPH.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moussas, X., Seiradakis, J., Freeth, T., Edmunds, M., Bitsakis, Y., Babasides, G., et al. (2007). Communicating astronomy to the public. IAU Commission 55 conference, 2007 (Athens). http://www.communicatingastronomy.org/cap2007/abstracts.html.

  • Neugebauer, O. (1975). A history of ancient mathematical astronomy. Berlin: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Papathanasiou, M. K. (1978). Cosmolocical and Cosmogonical notions in Greece during the 2nd millennium BC. PhD Thesis, University of Athens.

    Google Scholar 

  • Papathanassiou, M. K. (2010). Reflections on the antikythera mechanism inscriptions. Advances in Space Research. doi: 10.1016/j.asr.2009.10.021

    Google Scholar 

  • Price, D., & De Solla, J. (1955). Clockwork before the clock. Horological Journal, pp. 811-813, December 1995, pp. 31-34 and January 1956, pp. 31-34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Price, D., & de Solla, J. (1974). Gears from the Greeks. The Antikythera mechanism - A calendar computer from ca. 80 BC (Vol. 64, Part 7). Philadelphia, NS: Transactions of the American Philosophical Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rados, C. (1905). Comptes Rendues. International Archaeological Congress in Athens, pp. 256-258.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rados, C. (1910). On the Antikythera treasure, astrolabe, anaphoric clock, hodometers. Athens (Book). Rediadis, P. (1903). Der Astrolabos von Antikythera. Das Athener Nationalmuseum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rehm, A. (1907). Philologische Wochenschrijt, cols. 467-470.

    Google Scholar 

  • Svoronos, J. N. (1903). Die Funde, von Antikythera. Das Athener Nationalmuseum. Svoronos, J. N. (1907). Das Athener Nationalmuseum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stamatis, E. (1974). Archimedes works (in Greek). Athens: TEE publishing house.

    Google Scholar 

  • Theofanidis, J. (1934). Sur l’instrument en cuivre, dont des fragments se trouvent au Musee Archeologique d’Athenes et qui fut retire du fond de la mer d’Anticythere en 1902 (pp. 140-149). Praktika tes Akademias Athenon 9 (Proceedings of Athens’ Akademy).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, M. T. (2002). A planetarium display for the antikythera mechanism. Horological Journal, 144 (5 and 6), 169-173, 193.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, M. T. (2003). Epicyclic gearing and the antikythera mechanism. Part. I. Antiquarian Horology, 27(3), 270-279.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, M. T. (2005a). The Antikythera mechanism: A new gearing scheme. Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society, 85, 2-7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, M. T. (2005b). Epicyclic gearing and the Antikythera mechanism. Part II. Antiquarian Horology, 29(1), 51-63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, M. T. (2005c). Counting months and years: The upper back dial of the Antikythera mechanism. Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society, 87, 8-13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, M. T. (2006a). The Antikythera mechanism and the early history of the moon-phase display. Antiquarian Horology, 29(3), 319-329.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, M. T. (2006b). Understanding the Antikythera mechanism. In The proceedings of the second international conference on Ancient Greek technology (pp. 49-60). Athens: Technical Chamber of Greece

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, M. T., Bromley, A. G., & Magkou, E. (1995). Simple X-Ray tomography and the Antikythera mechanism, PACT 45 (1995). In The proceedings of the conference Archaeometry in South-Eastern Europe (pp. 531-543). April 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zafeiropoulou, M., & Mitropoulos, P.(2009). The Antikythera shipwreck, the treasure and the fragments of the mechanism. XXIII International Congress of History of Science and Technology, Ideas and Instruments in Social Context, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary.

    Google Scholar 

  • Xenophon Moussas

    Google Scholar 

  • Astrophysics Laboratory, Faculty of Physics

    Google Scholar 

  • National and Kapodistrian University of Athens

    Google Scholar 

  • Panepistimiopolis, GR 15783 Zographos, Athens, Greece mobile +30 6978792891

    Google Scholar 

  • e-mail: xmoussas@phys.uoa.gr

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Xenophon Moussas .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Sense Publishers

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Moussas, X. (2011). The Antikythera Mechanism. In: Kokkotas, P.V., Malamitsa, K.S., Rizaki, A.A. (eds) Adapting Historical Knowledge Production to the Classroom. SensePublishers. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6091-349-5_8

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Societies and partnerships