Skip to main content

How Powerful are Moral Motivations in Environmental Protection?

An Integrated Model Framework

  • Chapter
Handbook of Moral Motivation

Part of the book series: Moral Development and Citizenship Education ((MORA,volume 1))

Abstract

Environmental protection has become a major issue in many contemporary societies (Inglehart, 1995) and it has multiple facets, reaching from the protection of a local wetland or an endangered species, on the one hand, to fighting pollution and opposing genetically modified crops or mitigating global climate change, on the other hand.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 49.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abrams, D., Ando, K., & Hinkle, S. (1998). Psychological attachment to the group: Cross-cultural differences in organizational identification and subjective norms as predictors of workers’ turnover intentions. Personality and Social Psychological Bulletin, 24, 1027–1039.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179–211.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bamberg, S., Hunecke, M., & Blöbaum, A. (2007). Social context, personal norms and the use of public transportation: Two field studies. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 27(3), 190–203.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bamberg, S., & Moser, G. (2007). Twenty years after Hines, Hungerford, and Tomera: A new meta-analysis of psycho-social determinants of pro-environmental behaviour. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 27, 14–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (1965). Influence of models’ reinforcement contingencies on the acquisition of imitative responses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1, 589–595.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bardi, A., & Schwartz, S.H. (2003). Values and behaviour: strength and structure of relations. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 1207–1220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barr, S., & Gilg, A.W. (2007). A conceptual framework for understanding and analyzing attitudes towards environmental behaviour. GeografiskaAnnaler: Series B, Human Geography, 89(4), 361–379.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Black, J. S., Stern, P. C., & Elworth, J. T. (1985). Personal and contextual influences on household energy adaptations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 70, 3–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blasi, A. (1980). Bridging moral cognition and moral action: A critical review of the literature. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 1–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blasi, A. (1983). Moral cognition and moral action: A theoretical perspective. Developmental Review, 3, 178–210.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blasi, A. (1993). The development of identidy: It’s role in moral functioning. In W. M. Kurtines & J. L. Gewirtz (Eds.), Morality, moral behaviour, and moral development (pp. 129–139). New York, NY: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, D. W. (2000). Individual level examination of postmaterialism in the U.S.: Political tolerance, racial attitudes, environmentalism, and participatory norms. Political Research Quarterly, 53(3), 455–475.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, J.L., Green, J.D., & Reed, A. (2009). Interdependence with the environment: Commitment. interconnectedness, and environmental behavior. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 29, 173–180.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Groot, J.I.M., & Steg, L. (2007). Value orientations and environmental beliefs in five countries. Validity of an instrument to measure egoistic, altruistic and biospheric value orientations. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 38(3), 318–332.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Groot, J.I.M., & Steg, L. (2008). Value orientations to explain beliefs related to environmental significant behavior. Environment and Behavior, 40, 330–354.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Groot, J.I.M., & Steg, L. (2009). Morality and prosocialbehavior: The role of awareness, responsibility, and norms in the norm-activation model. Journal of Social Psychology, 149, 425–449.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dietz, T., Fitzgerald, A., & Shwom, R. (2005). Environmental values. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 30, 335–372.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dunlap, R.E., & van Liere, K.D. (1978). The “new environmental paradigm”: A proposed measuring instrument and preliminary results. Journal of Environmental Education, 9, 10–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunlap, R.E., van Liere, K.D., Mertig, A.G., & Jones, R.E. (2000). Measuring endorsement of the New Ecological Paradigm: A revised NEP scale. Journal of Social Issues, 56, 425–442.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dunlap, R.E., & York, R. (2008). The globalization of environmental concern and the limits of the postmaterialist values explanation: Evidence from four multinational surveys. The Sociological Quarterly, 49, 529–563.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fransson, N., & Garling, T. (1999). Environmental concern: Conceptual definitions, measurement methods, and research findings. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 19, 369–382.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freedman, J.L., & Fraser, S.C. (1966). Compliance without pressure: The foot-in-the-door technique. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4, 195–202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, B., & Abraham, C. (2010). Going green? Modeling the impact of environmental concerns and perceptions of transportation alternatives on decisions to drive. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 40, 831–849.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Geller, J.M., & Lasley, P. (1985). The new environmental paradigm scale: Are-examination. Journal of Environmental Education, 17, 9–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gibbs, J.C. (2003). Moral development and reality: Beyond the theories of Kohlberg and Hoffman. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, N.J., Cialdini, R. B., & Griskevicius, V. (2008). A room with a viewpoint: Using social norms to motivate environmental conservation in hotels. Journal of Consumer Research, 35, 472–482.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gooch, G.D. (1995). Environmental beliefs and attitudes in Sweden and the Baltic states. Environment and Behavior, 27, 513–539.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haustein, S., Klöckner, C.A., & Blöbaum, A. (2009). Car use of young adults: The role of travel socialization. Transportation Research Part F, 12, 168–178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heberlein, T.A. (1972). The land ethic realized: Some social psychological explanations for changing environmental attitudes. Journal of Social Issues, 28 (4), 79–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hopper, J.R., & Nielsen, J.M.C. (1991). Recycling as altruistic behavior, Normative and behavioral strategies to expand participation in a community recycling program. Environment and Behavior, 23, 195–220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hunecke, M., Blöbaum, A., Matthies, E., & Höger, R. (2001). Responsibility and Environment: Ecological norm orientation and external factors in the domain of travel mode choice. Environment and Behavior, 33, 830–852.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Inglehart, R. (1995). Public support for environmental protection: Objective problems and subjective values in 43 societies. PS: Political Science and Politics, 28(1), 57–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Inglehart, R., & Welzel, C. (2005). Modernization, cultural change and democracy. The human development sequence. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaeger, C., Dürrenberger, G., Kastenholz, H., & Truffer, B. (1993). Determinants of environmental action with regards to climatic change. Climatic Change, 23, 193–211.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaiser, F. (2006). A moral extension of the theory of planned behaviour: Norms and anticipated feelings of regret in conservationism. Personality and Individual Differences, 41, 71–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaiser, F., Hübner, G., & Bogner, F. (2005). Contrasting the theory of planned behaviour with the value-belief-norm model in explaining conservation behavior. Environment and Behavior, 35, 2150–2170.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karp, D.G. (1996). Values and their effect on pro-environmental behavior. Environment & Behavior, 28(1), 111–133.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klöckner, C.A., & Blöbaum, A. (2010). A comprehensive action determination model – towards a broader understanding of ecological behaviour using the example of travel mode choice. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 24, 319–327.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klöckner, C.A., & Friedrichsmeier, T. (2011). A multi-level approach to travel mode choice – how person characteristics and situation specific aspects determine car use in a student sample. Transportation Research Part F, 14,261–277.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klöckner, C. A., & Matthies, E. (2004). How habits interfere with norm directed behaviour – a normative decision-making model for travel mode choice. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 24, 319–327.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klöckner, C.A., & Matthies, E. (2009). Structural modeling of car use on the way to the university in different settings: Interplay of norms, habits, situational restraints, and perceived behavioural control. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 39, 1807–1834.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klöckner, C.A., & Matthies, E. (2012). Two pieces of the same puzzle? Script based car choice habits between the influence of socialization and past behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 42, 793–821.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klöckner, C. A., Matthies, E., & Hunecke, M. (2003). Problems of operationalizing habits and integrating habits in normative decision-making models. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 33, 396–417.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klöckner, C.A., & Ohms, S. (2009). The importance of personal norms for purchasing organic milk. British Food Journal, 111, 1173–1187.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klöckner, C.A., & Oppedal, I. O. (2011). General vs. domain specific recycling behaviour – applying a multilevel comprehensive action determination model to recycling in Norwegian student homes. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 55, 463–471.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klöckner, C.A., Sopha, B. M., Matthies, E., & Bjørnstad, E. (2012). Energy efficiency in Norwegian households – identifying motivators and barriers with a focus group approach. Manuscript submitted for publication.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matthies, E., Selge, S., & Klöckner, C.A. (in press). The role of parental behaviour for the development of behaviour specific environmental norms – The example of recycling and re-use behaviour. Journal of Environmental Psychology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Merchand, C. (1992). Radical ecology: The search for a liveable world. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Minton, A. P., & Rose, R. L. (1997). The effects of environmental concern on environmentally friendly consumer behavior: An exploratory study. Journal of Business Research, 40, 37–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nordlund, A., & Garvill, J. (2002). Value structures behind proenvironmentalbehavior. Environment & Behavior, 34, 740–756.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nordlund, A., & Garvill, J. (2003). Effects of values, problem awareness, and personal norm on willingness to reduce personal car use. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 23(4), 339–347.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Noe, F. P., & Snow, R. (1990). The new environmental paradigm and further scale analysis. Journal of Environmental Education, 21, 20–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ojea, E., & Laureiro, M.L. (2007). Altruistic, egoistic and biospheric values in willingness to pay (WTP) for wildlife. Ecological Economics, 63, 807–814.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schultz, P.W., Gouveia, V.V., Cameron, L.D., Tankha, G., Schmuck, P., & Franek, M. (2005). Values and their relationship to environmental concern and conservation behavior. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36(4), 457–475.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schultz, P.W., Nolan, J.M., Cialdini, R.B., Goldstein, N.J., & Griskevicius, V. (2007). The constructive, destructive and reconstructive power of social norms. Psychological Science, 18, 429–434.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, S.H. (1977). Normative influences on altruism. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 10, 221–279.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, S.H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical. tests in 20 countries. In M. P. Zanna (ed.) Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol 25, pp. 1–65). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, S.H., & Bardi, A. (2001). Value hierarchies across cultures: Taking a similarity approach. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32, 268–290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, S.H., & Bilsky, W. (1987). Toward a universial psychological structure of human values. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 550–562.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, S.H., & Bilsky, W. (1990). Toward a theory of the universial content and structure of values: extensions and cross-cultural replications. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 878–891.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, S.H., & Howard, J.A. (1981). A normative decision-making model of altruism. In J. P. Rushton & R.M. Sorrentino (Eds.), Altruism and helping behavior (pp.89–211). Hillsdale: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, S.H., Sagiv, L., & Boehnke, K. (2000). Worries and values. Journal of Personality, 68, 309–346.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schultz, P.W., & Zelezny, L.C. (1998). Values and pro-environmental behavior. A five-country survey. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 29,540–558.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, D., & Willits, F.K. (1994). Environmental attitudes and behavior. A Pennsylvania survey. Environment and Behavior, 26, 239–260.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sopha, B., & Klöckner, C.A. (2011). Psychological factors in the diffusion of sustainable technology: A study of Norwegian households’ adoption of wood pellet heating. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15, 2756–2765.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steg, L., Dreijerink, L, & Abrahamse, W. (2005). Factors influencing the acceptability of energy policies: A test of the VBN theory. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 25, 415–425.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steg, L., van den Berg, A. E., & de Groot, J. I. M. (2012). Environmental psychology: An introduction. Malden, MA, USA: Wiley-Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steg, L., & Vlek, C. (2009). Encouraging pro-environmental behaviour: An integrative review and research agenda. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 29, 309–317.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stern, P.C. (2000). New environmental theories: Toward a coherent theory of environmentally significant behavior. Journal of Social Issues, 56, 407–424.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stern, P.C., & Dietz, T. (1994). The value basis of environmental concern. Journal of Social Issues, 50, 65–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stern, P.C., Dietz, T., Abel, T., Guagnano, G. A., & Kalof, L. (1999). A value-belief-norm theory of support for social movements: The case of environmentalism. Human Ecology Review, 6(2), 81–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Struch, N., Schwartz, S. H., & van der Kloot, W. A. (2002). Meanings of basic values for women and men: A cross-cultural analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(1), 16–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tarrant, M.A., & Cordell, H.K. (1997). The effect of respondent characteristics on general environmental attitude-behavior correspondence. Environment and Behavior, 29, 618–637.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thøgersen, J. (2006). Norms for environmental responsible behaviour: An extended taxonomy. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 26, 247–261.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thøgersen, J., & Grunert-Beckmann, S.C. (1997). Values and attitude formation towards emerging attitude objects: From recycling to general, waste minimizing behavior. Advances in Consumer Research, 24, 182–189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turiel, E. (1983). The Development of Social KnowledgeMorality & Convention. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verplanken, B., Aarts, H., van Knippenberg, A., & van Knippenberg, C. (1994). Attitudes vs. general habit: Antecedents of travel mode choice. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 24, 285–300.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verplanken, B., & Wood, W. (2006). Interventions to break and create consumer habits. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 25(1), 90–103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vining, J., & Ebreo, A. (1992). Predicting recycling behaviour from global and specific environmental attitudes and changes in recycling opportunities. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 22, 1580–1607.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wall, R., Devine-Wright, P., & Mill, G.A. (2007). Comparing and combining theories to explain proenvironmental intentions: The case of commuting-mode choice. Environment and Behavior, 39, 731–753.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wiidegren, Ö (1998). The new environmental paradigm and personal norms. Environment and Behavior, 30, 75–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Sense Publishers

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Klöckner, C.A. (2013). How Powerful are Moral Motivations in Environmental Protection?. In: Handbook of Moral Motivation. Moral Development and Citizenship Education, vol 1. SensePublishers, Rotterdam. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6209-275-4_25

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Societies and partnerships