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Allegations of Political Interference, Bias and Corruption at the ECCC

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The Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia

Part of the book series: International Criminal Justice Series ((ICJS,volume 6))

Abstract

This chapter analyses the allegations of political interference, judicial bias and corruption that have plagued the ECCC since its inception, manifesting in considerable pressure applied to the Court and its judges by the accused, international donors and monitors. This has resulted in instances of judicial resignation and also applications for judicial disqualification. The successful completion of trials at the ECCC is vital to ensuring the integrity and legacy of the Court. It is essential for victims of the Khmer Rouge regime that those who were most responsible for the crimes committed are brought to justice. It is equally paramount that those individuals are prosecuted by a judicial structure that has both the perceived and actual integrity to ensure that the accused are tried fairly by a court that is respected locally within Cambodia, as well as internationally for its independence.

The author is a Ph.D. Candidate (International Criminal Law) at the University of Sydney Law School and is admitted as a lawyer of the Supreme Court of New South Wales, Australia.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Leang and Smith 2010, at 145; ECCC, ‘Is the ECCC a Cambodian or International Court?’ available at http://www.eccc.gov.kh/en/faq/eccc-cambodian-or-international-court (visited 15 June 2015).

  2. 2.

    Agreement between the United Nations and the Royal Government of Cambodia Concerning the Prosecution under Cambodian Law of Crimes Committed During the Period of Democratic Kampuchea (hereafter ECCC Agreement), 6 June 2003; Leang and Smith 2010, at 145.

  3. 3.

    See SC Res. 955, 8 November 1994, on the establishment of the ICTR; SC Res. 827, 25 May 1993, on the establishment of the ICTY.

  4. 4.

    Order of Provisional Detention, Kaing Guek Eav (Duch) (001/18-07-2007/ECCC-C3), Office of the Co-Investigating Judges, 31 July 2007, § 20; Decision on Request for Release, Kaing Guek Eav (Duch) (001/18-07-2007/ECCC-E39/5), Trial Chamber, 15 June 2009, § 10 (hereafter Duch Decision on Request for Release).

  5. 5.

    Duch Decision on Request for Release, supra note 4, § 10.

  6. 6.

    Ibid.

  7. 7.

    Ehlert 2013, at 191; ECCC Agreement.

  8. 8.

    See Agreement between the United Nations and the Government of Sierra Leone on the Establishment of a Special Court for Sierra Leone, 16 January 2002.

  9. 9.

    Leang and Smith 2010, at 146–147.

  10. 10.

    Cerone 2009, at 175.

  11. 11.

    Leang and Smith 2010, at 146.

  12. 12.

    Open Society Justice Initiative, ‘Political Interference at the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia’, July 2010, available online at http://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/sites/default/files/political-interference-courts-cambodia-20100706.pdf  (visited 15 June 2015), at 2.

  13. 13.

    G. Wilkins, ‘KRT Judge Urges Action on Graft’, The Phnom Penh Post (2 September 2008), available at http://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/krt-judges-urge-action-graft (visited 15 June 2015); J. Hall, ‘In the Cambodian Judges’ Court: The Judiciary has the Power to Investigate Alleged Fraud at the War-Crimes Tribunal’, Wall Street Journal (28 May 2009), available online at http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB124344451220159175 (visited 15 June 2015); S. Mydans, ‘Corruption Allegations Affect Khmer Rouge Tribunal’, New York Times (9 April 2009), available at http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/10/world/asia/10cambo.html (visited 15 June 2015).

  14. 14.

    Barria and Roper 2010, at 7.

  15. 15.

    C. Campbell, ‘Cambodia’s Khmer Rouge Trials are a Shocking Failure,’ TIME Magazine (13 February 2014), available online at http://time.com/6997/cambodias-khmer-rouge-trials-are-a-shocking-failure/ (visited 15 June 2015); K. Sok, ‘Analysts: UN-Cambodia Trial Agreement Positive Step’, Voice of America News (3 February 2014), available at http://www.voanews.com/content/analysts-uncambodia-trial-agreement-positive-step/1843575.html (visited 15 June 2015); Open Society Justice Initiative, supra note 12.

  16. 16.

    Curley 2013, at 150; Peou 2013, at 146; Hall, supra note 13; Wilkins, supra note 13; Mydans, supra note 13.

  17. 17.

    Human Rights Watch, ‘Cambodia: Government Obstructs Khmer Rouge Court: Tribunal Staff Unpaid Since May; End Hun Sen Delaying Tactics’ (5 September 2013), available at http://www.hrw.org/news/2013/09/05/cambodia-government-obstructs-khmer-rouge-court (visited 15 June 2015).

  18. 18.

    Bassiouni 2013, at 768.

  19. 19.

    C. Sokha and J. O-Toole, ‘Hun Sen to Ban Ki-moon: Case 002 Last Trial at ECCC’, The Phnom Penh Post (27 October 2010), available at http://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/hun-sen-ban-ki-moon-case-002-last-trial-eccc (visited 15 June 2015); Open Society Justice Initiative, ‘The Future of Cases 003/004 at the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia’ (October 2012), available at http://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/sites/default/files/eccc-report-cases3and4-100112_0.pdf (visited 15 June 2015), at 2; Open Society Justice Initiative, ‘Cambodian Government Must Confirm New Judge Now’ (10 July 2012), available at http://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/press-releases/cambodian-government-must-confirm-new-judge-now (visited 15 June 2015).

  20. 20.

    Human Rights Watch, supra note 17.

  21. 21.

    Ibid.

  22. 22.

    Curley 2013, at 149.

  23. 23.

    Open Society Justice Initiative, October 2012, supra note 19, at 2.

  24. 24.

    Ibid.

  25. 25.

    Curley 2013, at 149.

  26. 26.

    Crowe 2014, at 366; Martin-Ortega and Herman 2012, at 83.

  27. 27.

    Ibid.

  28. 28.

    Sok Ry Sum, ‘Justice Evades Cambodia’s Khmer Rouge Trials’, Radio Free Asia (12 August 2014), available at http://www.rfa.org/english/commentaries/brutal-08122014172843.html (visited 15 June 2015).

  29. 29.

    See generally Open Society Justice Initiative, October 2012, supra note 19.

  30. 30.

    Mydans, supra note 13.

  31. 31.

    Ibid.

  32. 32.

    ECCC, ‘The Co-Investigating Judges’, available at http://www.eccc.gov.kh/en/ocij/about (15 June 2015).

  33. 33.

    Curley 2013, at 149; R. Carmichael, ‘Khmer Rouge Tribunal Judge Resigns Citing Political Interference’, Radio Netherlands Worldwide (11 October 2011), available at http://www.robertcarmichael.net/Robert_Carmichael/Articles/Entries/2011/10/11_Khmer_Rouge_tribunal_judge_resigns_citing_political_interference.html (visited 15 June 2015).

  34. 34.

    Judge Siegfried Blunk, ‘Statement by the International Co-Investigating Judge’, ECCC (10 October 2011), available at http://www.eccc.gov.kh/en/articles/statement-international-co-investigating-judge (visited 15 June 2015); S. Mydans, ‘Judge Quits Tribunal in Khmer Rouge Inquiry’, New York Times (10 October 2011), available online at http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/11/world/asia/judge-quits-cambodia-tribunal.html (visited 15 June 2015); Judge Kasper Ansermet, ‘Press Release from the International Reserve Co-Investigating Judge’, ECCC (19 March 2012), available at http://www.eccc.gov.kh/en/articles/press-release-international-reserve-co-investigating-judge (visited 15 June 2015); BBC, ‘Judge Quits Cambodian UN-Backed Khmer Rouge Trial’ (19 March 2012), available at http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-17432484 (visited 15 June 2015).

  35. 35.

    Judge Siegfried Blunk, supra note 34.

  36. 36.

    United Nations, 'UN Voices Concern as Second Judge Resigns from Cambodia Genocide Court’ (19 March 2012), available at http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=41578#.VFz2UFOUcck (visited 15 June 2015).

  37. 37.

    Judge Siegfried Blunk, supra note 34.

  38. 38.

    Ibid.

  39. 39.

    Ibid.

  40. 40.

    Human Rights Watch, ‘Cambodia: Judges Investigating Khmer Rouge Crimes Should Resign’ (3 October 2011), available at http://www.hrw.org/news/2011/10/03/cambodia-judges-investigating-khmer-rouge-crimes-should-resign (visited 15 June 2015).

  41. 41.

    United Nations, supra note 36.

  42. 42.

    Open Society Justice Initiative, October 2012, supra note 19, at 9.

  43. 43.

    Ibid.

  44. 44.

    Judge Kasper Ansermet, supra note 34; Judge Kasper Ansermet, ‘Press Release by the Reserve International Co-Investigating Judge,’ ECCC (4 May 2012), available online at http://www.eccc.gov.kh/en/articles/press-release-reserve-international-co-investigating-judge (visited 15 June 2015).

  45. 45.

    Judge Kasper Ansermet, supra note 44.

  46. 46.

    Ibid.

  47. 47.

    Ibid.

  48. 48.

    Note of the International Reserve Co-Investigating Judge to the Parties on the Egregious Dysfunction within the ECCC Impeding the Proper Conduct of Investigations in Cases 003 and 004, Cases 003 and 004 (003/07-09-2009/ECCC-D114) and (004/07-09-2009/ECCC-D114), Office of the Co-Investigating Judges, 21 March 2012 (hereafter Note of the International Reserve Co-Investigating Judge), § 1.

  49. 49.

    Note of the International Reserve Co-Investigating Judge, supra note 48, Section III.

  50. 50.

    Ibid. at § 12.

  51. 51.

    Ibid. at § 9.

  52. 52.

    Judge Siegfried Blunk, supra note 34; Mydans, supra note 34; Judge Kasper Ansermet, supra note 34; BBC, supra note 34.

  53. 53.

    ECCC, supra note 32.

  54. 54.

    Ibid.; Open Society Justice Initiative, October 2012, supra note 19, at 2; ECCC, ‘Deployment of New International Co-Investigating Judge’ (30 July 2012), available at http://www.eccc.gov.kh/en/articles/deployment-new-international-co-investigating-judge (visited 15 June 2015).

  55. 55.

    B. Di Certo, ‘Judge Wants to Restart Case 003’, The Phnom Penh Post (10 February 2012), available at http://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/judge-wants-restart-case-003 (visited 15 June 2015).

  56. 56.

    Articles 3(3) and 5(2) ECCC Agreement; Article 10(new) Law to Amend the 2001 Law on the Establishment of the Extraordinary Chambers, 5 October 2004 (hereafter ECCC Law).

  57. 57.

    Ibid.

  58. 58.

    Rule 21(a) ECCC Internal Rules; See also International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (16 December 1966), Article 14.

  59. 59.

    Articles 3(3) and 5(2) ECCC Agreement; Article 10(new) ECCC Law.

  60. 60.

    Ibid.

  61. 61.

    Articles 1–3 Code of Judicial Ethics, ECCC, 5 September 2008.

  62. 62.

    Article 7(2) Code of Judicial Ethics, ECCC, 5 September 2008.

  63. 63.

    Acquaviva et al. 2013, at 802.

  64. 64.

    Rule 34(5) ECCC Internal Rules.

  65. 65.

    Rules 21(1)(a) ECCC Internal Rules.

  66. 66.

    Rule 34 ECCC Internal Rules.

  67. 67.

    Rule 34 ECCC Internal Rules; Acquaviva et al. 2013, at 802.

  68. 68.

    Rule 34(2) ECCC Internal Rules.

  69. 69.

    Appeal Judgment, Furundžija, (IT-95-17/1), Appeals Chamber, 21 July 2000 (hereafter Furundžija Appeal Judgment), §§ 182, 189, 196; Acquaviva et al. 2013, at 782.

  70. 70.

    Furundžija Appeal Judgment, supra note 69, § 189.

  71. 71.

    Ibid.; Acquaviva et al. 2013, at 802.

  72. 72.

    Furundžija Appeal Judgment, supra note 69, § 190.

  73. 73.

    Decision on Ieng Thirith, Nuon Chea and Ieng Sary's Applications for Disqualification of Judges Nil Nonn, Silvia Cartwright, Ya Sokhan, Jean-Marc Lavergne and Thou Mony, Nuon Chea and others (002/19-09-2007/ECCC-E55/4), Trial Chamber, 23 March 2011, § 12 (hereafter Trial Chamber Bench Disqualification Decision).

  74. 74.

    Trial Chamber Bench Disqualification Decision, supra note 73, § 12; Furundžija Appeal Judgment, supra note 69, § 197.

  75. 75.

    Trial Chamber Bench Disqualification Decision, supra note 73, § 1; Ieng Thirith Defence Application for Disqualification of Judges Nil Nonn, Silvia Cartwright, Ya Sokhan, Jean-Marc Lavergne and Thou Mony, Nuon Chea and others (002/19-09-2007/ECCC-E28), Ieng Thirith Defence, 1 February 2011; Urgent Application for Disqualification of the Trial Chamber Judges, Nuon Chea and others (002/19-09-2007/ECCC-E54), Nuon Chea Defence, 24 February 2011; Ieng Sary’s Motion to Join Ieng Thirith and Nuon Chea’s Application for Disqualification of the Trial Chamber Judges & Ieng Sary’s Motion to Join Ieng Thirith’s Application for the Trial Chamber to be Replaced for the Trial Chamber to be Replaced—for the Purpose of Adjudicating the Applications—By Reserve Judges of the Trial Chamber of Additional Judges Chosen by the Judicial Administration Committee, Nuon Chea and others (002/19-09-2007/ECCC-E53), Ieng Sary Defence, 17 February 2011.

  76. 76.

    Trial Chamber Bench Disqualification Decision, supra note 73, § 1.

  77. 77.

    Ibid. at § 19.

  78. 78.

    Ibid. at § 24.

  79. 79.

    Mr. Khieu Samphan’s Request for Reconsideration of the Need to Await Final Judgment in Case 002/01 Before Commencing Case 002/02 and the Appointment of a New Panel of Trial Judges, Nuon Chea and others (002/19-09-2007/ECCC-E314/1), Khieu Samphan Defence, 25 August 2014.

  80. 80.

    Nuon Chea Application for Disqualification of Judges Nill Nonn, Ya Sokhan, Jean-Marc Lavergne, and You Ottara, Nuon Chea and others (002/19-09-2007/ECCC-E314/6), Nuon Chea Defence, 29 September 2014.

  81. 81.

    Renewed Application for Disqualification of the Current Judges of the Trial Chamber Who Are to Hear Case 002/02, Nuon Chea and others (002/19-09-2007/ECCC-E314/8), Khieu Samphan Defence, 10 October 2014.

  82. 82.

    Decision on Applications for the Disqualification of Trial Chamber Judges, Nuon Chea and others (002/19-09-2007/ECCC-E314/12), Trial Chamber, 14 November 2014 (hereafter Decision on Applications for the Disqualification of Trial Chamber Judges)—Note: Reasons for the decision were not yet available at the time of writing and the conclusion of this paper in early January 2015.

  83. 83.

    Ibid.

  84. 84.

    Ibid.

  85. 85.

    Ieng Sary’s Application to Disqualify Judge Marcel Lemonde and Request for a Public Hearing, Nuon Chea and others (002/9-10-2009-ECCC/PTC (01)-1), Ieng Sary Defence, 9 October 2009 (hereafter Ieng Sary’s Application to Disqualify Judge Marcel Lemonde & Related Request for a Public Hearing); Decision on Ieng Sary’s Application to Disqualify Co-Investigating Judge Marcel Lemonde, Nuon Chea and others (002/09-10-2009/ECCC/PTC (01)-7), Pre-Trial Chamber, 9 December 2009 (hereafter Lemonde Disqualification Decision), § 5; See also Decision on Khieu Samphan’s Application to Disqualify Co-Investigating Judge Marcel Lemonde, Nuon Chea and others (002/13-10-2009/ECCC/PTC (02)-7), Pre-Trial Chamber, 14 December 2009 (hereafter Decision on Khieu Samphan’s Application to Disqualify Co-Investigating Judge Marcel Lemonde).

  86. 86.

    Ieng Sary’s Application to Disqualify Judge Marcel Lemonde & Related Request for a Public Hearing, supra note 85; Lemonde Disqualification Decision, supra note 85, § 6.

  87. 87.

    Consolidated Response by Co-Investigating Judge Marcel Lemonde to Applications to Disqualify Filed on Behalf of Ieng Sary and Khieu Samphan, Nuon Chea and others, Office of the Co-Investigating Judges, 5 November 2009, § 8 (hereafter Consolidated Response by Co-Investigating Judge Marcel Lemonde); Lemonde Disqualification Decision, supra note 85, § 7.

  88. 88.

    Consolidated Response by Co-Investigating Judge Marcel Lemonde, supra note 87, § 9.

  89. 89.

    Lemonde Disqualification Decision, supra note 85, §§ 23 and 26.

  90. 90.

    Ibid. at § 20.

  91. 91.

    Ibid. at § 22.

  92. 92.

    Ibid. at, § 24.

  93. 93.

    Idem at, § 25.

  94. 94.

    Decision on Khieu Samphan’s Application to Disqualify Co-Investigating Judge Marcel Lemonde, supra note 85.

  95. 95.

    Decision on Ieng Sary’s and on Ieng Thirith Applications under Rule 34 to Disqualify Judge Marcel Lemonde, Nuon Chea and others (002/11-12-2009/ECCC/PTC (07)-6), Pre-Trial Chamber, 15 June 2010.

  96. 96.

    Ieng Sary’s Request for Investigation Concerning Ex Parte Communications Between the International Co-Prosecutor, Judge Cartwright and Others, Nuon Chea and others (002/19-09-2007/ECCC-E137/3), Ieng Sary Defence, 24 November 2011 (hereafter Ieng Sary’s Request for Investigation Concerning Ex Parte Communications Between the International Co-Prosecutor, Judge Cartwright and Others).

  97. 97.

    Decision on Motions for Disqualification of Judge Silvia Cartwright, Nuon Chea and others (002/19-09-2007/ECCC-E137/5), Trial Chamber, 2 December 2011, § 3 (hereafter Cartwright Disqualification Decision).

  98. 98.

    Nuon Chea Defence Team’s Urgent Application for Disqualification of Judge Cartwright, Nuon Chea and others (002/19-09-2007/ECCC-E137/2), Nuon Chea Defence, 21 November 2011 (hereafter Nuon Chea Defence Team’s Urgent Application for Disqualification of Judge Cartwright).

  99. 99.

    Nuon Chea Defence Team’s Urgent Application for Disqualification of Judge Cartwright, supra note 98, § 15.

  100. 100.

    Ieng Sary’s Request for Investigation Concerning Ex Parte Communications Between the International Co-Prosecutor, Judge Cartwright and Others, supra note 96, §§ 26, 31–32.

  101. 101.

    Nuon Chea Defence Team’s Urgent Application for Disqualification of Judge Cartwright, supra note 98, § 10; Ieng Sary’s Request for Investigation Concerning Ex Parte Communications Between the International Co-Prosecutor, Judge Cartwright and Others, supra note 96, §§ 13, 16, 20, 21 and 28; Cartwright Disqualification Decision, supra note 97, § 6.

  102. 102.

    Cartwright Disqualification Decision, supra note 97, § 7.

  103. 103.

    Nuon Chea Defence Team’s Urgent Application for Disqualification of Judge Cartwright, supra note 98, §§ 2, 15–19; Ieng Sary’s Request for Investigation Concerning Ex Parte Communications Between the International Co-Prosecutor, Judge Cartwright and Others, supra note 96, §§ 24–26, 30–32; Cartwright Disqualification Decision, supra note 97, § 7.

  104. 104.

    Cartwright Disqualification Decision, supra note 97.

  105. 105.

    Ibid.

  106. 106.

    Ibid.

  107. 107.

    Ibid. at § 22.

  108. 108.

    Ibid.

  109. 109.

    Decision on Ieng Sary’s Appeal against the Trial Chamber’s Decision on Motions for Disqualification of Judge Silvia Cartwright, Nuon Chea and others (002/19-09-2007/ECCC-E137/5/1/3), Supreme Court Chamber, 17 April 2012.

  110. 110.

    Ibid.

  111. 111.

    Ieng Sary’s Rule 34 Application for Disqualification of Judge Silvia Cartwright, or in the alternative, Request for Instruction and Order to Cease and Desist from Ex Parte Communications & Request for Disclosure of Ex Parte Communications, Nuon Chea and others (002/19-09-2007/ECCC-E191.1), Ieng Sary Defence, 27 April 2012, § 2 (hereafter Ieng Sary’s Rule 34 Application).

  112. 112.

    Ibid.

  113. 113.

    Ieng Sary’s Rule 34 Application, supra note 111, § 10.

  114. 114.

    Decision on Ieng Sary’s Application for Disqualification of Judge Cartwright, Nuon Chea and others (002/19-09-2007/ECCC-E191/2), Trial Chamber, 4 June 2012, § 15 (hereafter Decision on Ieng Sary’s Application for Disqualification of Judge Cartwright).

  115. 115.

    Ieng Sary’s Rule 34 Application, supra note 111, § 22; Decision on Ieng Sary’s Application for Disqualification of Judge Cartwright, supra note 114, § 21.

  116. 116.

    Third Application for Disqualification of Judge Cartwright, Nuon Chea and others (002/19-09-2007/ECCC-E171), Nuon Chea Defence, 14 February 2012 (hereafter Third Application for Disqualification of Judge Cartwright); Decision on Application for Disqualification of Judge Silvia Cartwright, Nuon Chea and others (002/19-09-2007/ECCC-E171/2), Trial Chamber, 9 March 2012, § 1 (hereafter Decision on Application for Disqualification of Judge Silvia Cartwright).

  117. 117.

    Third Application for Disqualification of Judge Cartwright, supra note 116, § 2; Decision on Application for Disqualification of Judge Cartwright, supra note 116, § 2.

  118. 118.

    Ibid.

  119. 119.

    Third Application for Disqualification of Judge Cartwright, supra note 116, § 18; Decision on Application for Disqualification of Judge Cartwright, supra note 116, § 4.

  120. 120.

    Ibid.

  121. 121.

    Transcript of Hearing on the Substance in Case 002, Nuon Chea and others (002/19-09-2007/ECCC-E1/35.1), Trial Chamber, 30 January 2012, pp. 75–76; Decision on Application for Disqualification of Judge Cartwright, supra note 116, § 3.

  122. 122.

    Third Application for Disqualification of Judge Cartwright, supra note 116, § 19; Decision on Application for Disqualification of Judge Cartwright, supra note 116, § 5.

  123. 123.

    Third Application for Disqualification of Judge Cartwright, supra note 116, § 20; Decision on Application for Disqualification of Judge Cartwright, supra note 116, § 6.

  124. 124.

    Ibid.

  125. 125.

    Third Application for Disqualification of Judge Cartwright, supra note 116, § 23; Decision on Application for Disqualification of Judge Cartwright, supra note 116, § 8.

  126. 126.

    Third Application for Disqualification of Judge Cartwright, supra note 116, § 22; Decision on Application for Disqualification of Judge Cartwright, supra note 116, § 7.

  127. 127.

    Third Application for Disqualification of Judge Cartwright, supra note 116, § 17; Decision on Application for Disqualification of Judge Cartwright, supra note 116, § 8.

  128. 128.

    Decision on Application for Disqualification of Judge Cartwright, supra note 116, § 20.

  129. 129.

    Ibid. at § 17.

  130. 130.

    Decision on Application for Disqualification of Judge Cartwright, supra note 116, § 18.

  131. 131.

    Decision on Ieng Thirith and Ieng Sary’s Applications for Disqualification of Judge You Ottara from the Special Bench and Requests for a Public Hearing, Nuon Chea and others (002/19-09-2007/ECCC-E63/5), Trial Chamber, 9 May 2011,§ 1 (hereafter Decision on Ieng Thirith and Ieng Sary’s Applications for Disqualification of Judge You Ottara); Ieng Thirith Application to Disqualify Judge You Ottara from the Special Bench for Lack of Independence, Nuon Chea and others (002/19-09-2007/ECCC-E63), Ieng Thirith Defence, 9 March 2011 (hereafter Ieng Thirith Application to Disqualify Judge You Ottara); Ieng Sary’s Motion to Support Ieng Thirith’s Application to Disqualify Judge You Ottara from the Special Bench for Lack of Independence & Request for a Public Hearing, Nuon Chea and others (002/19-09-2007/ECCC-E61/1), Ieng Sary Defence, 18 March 2011.

  132. 132.

    Decision on Ieng Thirith and Ieng Sary’s Applications for Disqualification of Judge You Ottara, supra note 131, § 4.

  133. 133.

    Decision on Ieng Thirith and Ieng Sary’s Applications for Disqualification of Judge You Ottara, supra note 131, § 5; Ieng Thirith Application to Disqualify Judge You Ottara, supra note 131, § 45.

  134. 134.

    Decision on Ieng Thirith and Ieng Sary’s Applications for Disqualification of Judge You Ottara, supra note 131, § 15-17.

  135. 135.

    Ieng Thirith Application to Disqualify Judge Som Sereyvuth from the Supreme Court Chamber for Lack of Independence, Nuon Chea and others, Ieng Thirith Defence, 14 March 2011 (hereafter Ieng Thirith Application to Disqualify Judge Som Sereyvuth from the Supreme Court Chamber), § 4.

  136. 136.

    Decision on Ieng Thirith’s Application to Disqualify Judge Som Sereyvuth for Lack of Independence, Nuon Chea and others (002/19-09-2007/ECCC-1/4), Supreme Court Chamber, 3 June 2011, § 2 (hereafter Decision on Ieng Thirith’s Application to Disqualify Judge Som Sereyvuth); Ieng Thirith Application to Disqualify Judge Som Sereyvuth from the Supreme Court Chamber, supra note 135, § 4.

  137. 137.

    Decision on Ieng Thirith’s Application to Disqualify Judge Som Sereyvuth, supra note 136, § 1; Ieng Sary’s Motion to Support Ieng Thirith’s Application to Disqualify Judge Som Sereyvuth from the Supreme Court Chamber for Lack of Independence & Request for a Public Hearing, Nuon Chea and others, Ieng Sary Defence, 18 March 2011.

  138. 138.

    Decision on Ieng Thirith’s Application to Disqualify Judge Som Sereyvuth, supra note 136, § 15–16.

  139. 139.

    Ibid. at § 16.

  140. 140.

    Ibid. at § 15.

  141. 141.

    Application for Disqualification of You Bunleng, Nuon Chea and others, Nuon Chea Defence, 17 June 2010 (hereafter Application for Disqualification of You Bunleng).

  142. 142.

    Defence for Ieng Thirith Adoption of Defence for Nuon Chea’s ‘Application for Disqualification of You Bunleng’ of 17 June 2010, Ieng Thirith Defence, 22 June 2010.

  143. 143.

    Decision on Application for Disqualification of Judge You Bunleng, Nuon Chea and others (002/17-06-2010/ECCC-PTC (09)-8), Pre-Trial Chamber, 10 September 2010, § 17 (hereafter Decision on Application for Disqualification of Judge You Bunleng); Application for Disqualification of You Bunleng, supra note 141.

  144. 144.

    Decision on Application for Disqualification of Judge You Bunleng, supra note 143, § 55.

  145. 145.

    Urgent Application for Disqualification of Judge Ney Thol, Nuon Chea and others, Nuon Chea Defence, 29 January 2008 (hereafter Urgent Application for Disqualification of Judge Ney Thol).

  146. 146.

    Urgent Application for Disqualification of Judge Ney Thol, supra note 145, §§ 12, 24.

  147. 147.

    Public Decision on the Co-Lawyer’s Urgent Application for Disqualification of Judge Ney Thol Pending the Appeal Against the Provisional Detention Order in the Case of Nuon Chea, Nuon Chea and others (002/19-09-2007/ECCC-C11/29), Pre-Trial Chamber, 4 February 2008, § 28 (hereafter Public Decision on the Co-Lawyer’s Urgent Application for Disqualification of Judge Ney Thol).

  148. 148.

    Ibid.

  149. 149.

    Public Decision on the Co-Lawyer’s Urgent Application for Disqualification of Judge Ney Thol, supra note 147, § 32.

  150. 150.

    Ibid.

  151. 151.

    Mydans, supra note 13.

  152. 152.

    Ieng Sary’s Application to Disqualify Judge Nil Nonn due to his Purported Admission that he has Accepted Bribes & Request for a Public Hearing or in the Alternative for Leave to Reply to any Submissions presented by Judge Nil Nonn in Response to this Application, Nuon Chea and others (002/19-09-2007/ECCC-E5), Ieng Sary Defence, 14 January 2011 (hereafter Ieng Sary’s Application to Disqualify Judge Nil Nonn).

  153. 153.

    Ieng Sary’s Application to Disqualify Judge Nil Nonn, supra note 152, § 7; A. Pike, ‘Cambodia: Pol Pot’s Shadow’, Frontline/Worldline (October 2002), available at http://internationalreportingproject.org/stories/view/cambodia-pol-pots-shadow (visited 15 June 2015).

  154. 154.

    Ieng Sary’s Application to Disqualify Judge Nil Nonn, supra note 152, § 8.

  155. 155.

    Ibid.

  156. 156.

    J. Welsh and Prak Chan Thul, ‘Filmmaker: KR Judge Says He Accepted Cash’, Cambodia Daily (10–11 June 2006).

  157. 157.

    Ibid.

  158. 158.

    Decision on Ieng Sary’s Application to Disqualify Judge Nil Nonn and Related Requests, Nuon Chea and others (002/19-09-2007/ECCC-E5/3), Trial Chamber, 28 January 2011, § 17 (hereafter Decision on Ieng Sary’s Application to Disqualify Judge Nil Nonn).

  159. 159.

    Decision on Ieng Sary’s Application to Disqualify Judge Nil Nonn, supra note 158, § 11.

  160. 160.

    Rule 35 ECCC Internal Rules.

  161. 161.

    Rule 35(1) ECCC Internal Rules.

  162. 162.

    Rule 35(2) ECCC Internal Rules.

  163. 163.

    See Application for Summary Action against Hun Sen Pursuant to Rule 35, Nuon Chea and others (002/19-09-2007/ECCC-E176), Nuon Chea Defence, 22 February 2011 (hereafter Application for Summary Action against Hun Sen Pursuant to Rule 35).

  164. 164.

    Application for Summary Action against Hun Sen Pursuant to Rule 35, supra note 163, § 2.

  165. 165.

    Decision on Rule 35 Applications for Summary Action, Nuon Chea and others (002/19-09-2007/ECCC-E176/2), Trial Chamber, 11 May 2012 (hereafter Decision on Rule 35 Applications for Summary Action); Application for Summary Action against Hun Sen Pursuant to Rule 35, supra note 163, § 1; Transcript of Hearing on the Substance in Case 002, Nuon Chea and others (002/19-09-2007/ECCC-E1/46.1), Trial Chamber, 12 March 2012, pp. 80–81.

  166. 166.

    Chum Sopha, ‘Vietnam Helps Revitalize Cambodia: Hun Sen’, TuoiTreNews (5 January 2012).

  167. 167.

    Transcript of Hearing on the Substance in Case 002, Nuon Chea and others (002/19-09-2007/ECCC-E1/24.1), Trial Chamber, 10 January 2012, p. 3: 11–14; Application for Summary Action against Hun Sen Pursuant to Rule 35, supra note 163, § 1.

  168. 168.

    Decision on Rule 35 Applications for Summary Action, supra note 165, § 31.

  169. 169.

    Ibid.

  170. 170.

    Decision on Nuon Chea’s Appeal Against the Trial Chamber’s Decision on Rule 35 Application for Summary Action, Nuon Chea and others (002/19-09-2007/ECCC-E176/2/1/4), Supreme Court Chamber, 14 September 2012, § 69.

  171. 171.

    Request for Investigation Pursuant to Rule 35, Nuon Chea and others (002/19-09-2007/ECCC-E82), Nuon Chea Defence, 28 April 2011 (hereafter Request for Investigation Pursuant to Rule 35).

  172. 172.

    Request for Investigation Pursuant to Rule 35, supra note 171; Immediate Appeal against the Trial Chamber Decision Regarding the Fairness of the Judicial Investigation, Nuon Chea and others (002/19-09-2007/ECCC-E116/1/1), Nuon Chea Defence, 10 October 2011.

  173. 173.

    Decision on Immediate Appeal by Nuon Chea Against the Trial Chamber’s Decision on Fairness of Judicial Investigation, Nuon Chea and others (002/19-09-2007/ECCC-E116/1/7), Supreme Court Chamber, 27 April 2012; Decision on Nuon Chea Motions Regarding Fairness of Judicial Investigation (E51/3, E82, E88 and E92), Nuon Chea and others (002/19-09-2007/ECCC-E116), Trial Chamber, 9 September 2011.

  174. 174.

    Decision on Application for Immediate Action Pursuant to Rule 35 (E189), Nuon Chea and others (002/19-09-2007/ECCC-E189/3), Trial Chamber, 22 November 2012 (hereafter Decision on Application for Immediate Action Pursuant to Rule 35); Application for Immediate Action Pursuant to Rule 35, Nuon Chea and others (002/19-09-2007/ECCC-E189), Nuon Chea Defence, 25 April 2012 (hereafter Application for Immediate Action Pursuant to Rule 35).

  175. 175.

    Decision on Application for Immediate Action Pursuant to Rule 35, supra note 174, § 4; Application for Immediate Action Pursuant to Rule 35, supra note 174, § 19.

  176. 176.

    Decision on Nuon Chea’s ‘Immediate Appeal Against the Trial Chamber Decision on Application for Immediate Action Pursuant to Rule 35’, Nuon Chea and others (002/19-09-2007/ECCC-E189/3/1/8), Supreme Court Chamber, 25 March 2013, § 25; Decision on Application for Immediate Action Pursuant to Rule 35, supra note 174.

  177. 177.

    Decision on Ieng Sary’s Rule 35 Application for Judge Marcel Lemonde’s Disqualification, Nuon Chea and others (002/07-12-2009/ECCC/PTC (06)-5), Pre-Trial Chamber, 29 March 2010 (hereafter Decision on Ieng Sary’s Rule 35 Application for Judge Marcel Lemonde’s Disqualification); Ieng Sary’s Rule 35 Application for Judge Marcel Lemonde’s Disqualification, Nuon Chea and others (002/07-12-2009/ECCC/PTC (06)-1), Ieng Sary Defence, 7 December 2009.

  178. 178.

    Decision on Ieng Sary’s Rule 35 Application for Judge Marcel Lemonde’s Disqualification, supra note 177, § 5.

  179. 179.

    Ibid. at § 13.

  180. 180.

    Ibid.

  181. 181.

    Decision on Ieng Sary’s Rule 35 Application for Judge Marcel Lemonde’s Disqualification, supra note 177, § 63.

  182. 182.

    Rule 35 Request Calling for Summary Action Against Minister for Foreign Affairs Hor Namhong, Nuon Chea and others (002/19-09-2007/ECCC-E219), Nuon Chea Defence, 13 August 2012 (hereafter Rule 35 Request Calling for Summary Action Against Minister for Foreign Affairs Hor Namhong).

  183. 183.

    Rule 35 Request Calling for Summary Action Against Minister for Foreign Affairs Hor Namhong, supra note 182, § 1.

  184. 184.

    Ibid. at §§ 2, 12.

  185. 185.

    Decision on Rule 35 Request Calling for Summary Action Against Minister of Foreign Affairs Hor Namhong (E219), Nuon Chea and others (002/19-09-2007/ECCC-E219/3), Trial Chamber, 22 November 2012, § 4 (hereafter Decision on Rule 35 Request Calling for Summary Action Against Minister of Foreign Affairs Hor Namhong).

  186. 186.

    Rule 35 Request Calling for Summary Action Against Minister for Foreign Affairs Hor Namhong, supra note 182, § 23.

  187. 187.

    Decision on Rule 35 Request Calling for Summary Action Against Minister of Foreign Affairs Hor Namhong, supra note 185, § 17.

  188. 188.

    Ibid.

  189. 189.

    Decision on Applications for the Disqualification of Trial Chamber Judges, supra note 82.

  190. 190.

    Initial Request to Place Before the Chamber Extracts from the Book Authored by Judge Marcel Lemonde, Nuon Chea and others (002/19-09-2007/ECCC-E280), Khieu Samphan Defence, 10 April 2013 (hereafter Request for Lemonde Book Extracts); Request to Consider Additional Evidence, Nuon Chea and others (002/19-09-2007/ECCC-E189/3/1/7), Nuon Chea Defence, 15 March 2013 (hereafter Request to Consider Additional Evidence).

  191. 191.

    Request for Lemonde Book Extracts, supra note 190; Further Request to put before the Chamber Extracts from Book Authored by Judge Marcel Lemonde, Nuon Chea and others (002/19-09-2007/ECCC-E280/2), Khieu Samphan Defence, 8 May 2013; Request to Consider Additional Evidence, supra note 190.

  192. 192.

    Request to Consider Additional Evidence, supra note 190, § 12.

  193. 193.

    Ibid. at § 5(a).

  194. 194.

    Ibid.

  195. 195.

    Ibid. at § 22.

  196. 196.

    S. Cartwright, ‘Trying Atrocity Crimes: The Khmer Rouge Trials, Transitional Justice and the Rule of Law’, The Aspen Institute (7 November 2013), available at http://www.aspeninstitute.org/video/trying-atrocity-crimes-khmer-rouge-trials-transitional-justice-rule-law (visited 15 June 2015).

  197. 197.

    Ibid.

  198. 198.

    Ibid.

  199. 199.

    Ibid.

  200. 200.

    Nuon Chea Application for Disqualification of Judges, supra note 80.

  201. 201.

    Nuon Chea Application for Disqualification, supra note 200, §§ 11, 12, 37.

  202. 202.

    Decision on Applications for the Disqualification of Trial Chamber Judges, supra note 82.

  203. 203.

    Article 7 Judicial Ethics.

  204. 204.

    See generally Tyner 2008.

  205. 205.

    Etcheson 2005, at 171.

  206. 206.

    Duch Decision on Request for Release, supra note 4, at § 10.

  207. 207.

    Chandler 2009, at 197.

  208. 208.

    Ibid.

  209. 209.

    Trial Chamber Bench Disqualification Decision, supra note 73, § 12.

  210. 210.

    See Alter 2014, at 4–5.

  211. 211.

    Acquaviva et al. 2011, at 523.

  212. 212.

    Ibid.

  213. 213.

    Terris et al. 2007, at 156.

  214. 214.

    Global Brief, ‘On International Criminal Justice: Interview with Andrew Cayley’ (9 September 2011), available at http://globalbrief.ca/blog/2011/09/09/on-international-criminal-justice/ (visited 15 June 2015).

  215. 215.

    Ibid.

  216. 216.

    Ibid.

  217. 217.

    Duch Decision on Request for Release, supra note 4, at § 10.

  218. 218.

    Ehlert 2013, at 191.

  219. 219.

    SCSL Agreement.

  220. 220.

    Martin-Ortega and Herman 2012, at 84.

  221. 221.

    See generally Open Society Justice Initiative, supra note 12.

  222. 222.

    Tortora 2013, at 109.

  223. 223.

    Wierda and Triolo 2012, at 131.

  224. 224.

    Open Society Justice Initiative, October 2012, supra note 19, at 4.

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    Shannon Maree Torrens

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Torrens, S.M. (2016). Allegations of Political Interference, Bias and Corruption at the ECCC. In: Meisenberg, S., Stegmiller, I. (eds) The Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia. International Criminal Justice Series, vol 6. T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-105-0_3

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