Year in Review 2017

Lin, Beier; Wilmet, Marie; Renckens, Charlotte

doi:10.1007/978-94-6265-264-4_8

Beier Lin¹¹,
Marie Wilmet¹² &
Charlotte Renckens¹³

Part of the book series: Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law ((YIHL,volume 20))

523 Accesses
1 Citations

Abstract

The year 2017 was marked by several noteworthy events with particular relevance to international humanitarian law. In the Middle East, especially noticeable were the continuation of the conflict in Syria with significant impact on civilians, the liberation from the Islamic State of many parts of Iraq accompanied by human rights abuses, and the use of a naval blockade in Yemen leading to a cholera epidemic and a near-famine situation. In addition, the disarmament in Colombia, the escalation of Myanmar’s clearance operation in the northern state of Rakhine, the prolonged civil war and famine in South Sudan, and the continuation of terrorist attacks that resulted in large civilian death tolls, especially in Somalia and Egypt, characterised the past year. Several key decisions were rendered by international, hybrid, and national courts relating to the investigation and adjudication of war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide. This includes judgement in the Mladić case at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), whereupon the Tribunal closed, the opening of investigation into the situation in Burundi at the International Criminal Court (ICC), and the request for authorisation to open an investigation into the situation in Afghanistan at the ICC. This chapter addresses a number of these issues amongst other events of note, with, for example, the publication of Tallinn Manual 2.0 on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Operations and the adoption of the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. The Year in Review is not intended to be a comprehensive summary of all events that occurred in 2017, but rather a sampling of events of note with particular relevance to international humanitarian law.

Beier Lin is the editorial assistant for the Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law 2017 (Vol. 20) and a Juris Doctor candidate at Harvard Law School. Marie Wilmet is a former research assistant at the T.M.C. Asser Instituut and a Ph.D. candidate at Department of Law, European University Institute. Charlotte Renckens is a former research assistant at the T.M.C. Asser Instituut.

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Notes

1.
Ahmad J (2017) Senior Taliban commander killed in northern Afghanistan air strike. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-taliban/senior-taliban-commander-killed-in-northern-afghanistan-air-strike-idUSKBN1660X8. Accessed 11 January 2018.
2.
Engel Rasmussen S (2017) “It felt like the heavens were falling”: Afghans reel from Moab impact. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/apr/14/it-felt-like-the-heavens-were-falling-afghans-reel-from-moabs-impact?CMP=share_btn_tw. Accessed 11 January 2018.
3.
Engel Rasmussen S (2017) US “mother of all bombs” killed 92 Isis militants, say Afghan officials. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/apr/15/us-mother-of-all-bombs-moab-afghanistan-donald-trump-death-toll. Accessed 11 January 2018.
4.
UNAMA 2017, p 1.
5.
Human Rights Watch 2018, p 17.
6.
ICC (2017) Preliminary examination: Afghanistan. https://www.icc-cpi.int/afghanistan. Accessed 11 January 2018; see Sect. 8.2.1.3 below.
7.
Council on Foreign Relations (2018) Political Crisis in Burundi. https://www.cfr.org/interactives/global-conflict-tracker#!/conflict/political-crisis-in-burundi. Accessed 16 January 2018.
8.
Human Rights Watch (2017) Burundi: Attacks by Ruling Party Youth League Members. https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/01/19/burundi-attacks-ruling-party-youth-league-members. Accessed 16 January 2018.
9.
Voice of America (2017) Burundi: Army Major Killed as Violence Persists. https://www.voanews.com/a/burundi-army-major-karashira-killed/3693064.html. Accessed 16 January 2018.
10.
UN News Centre (2017) Grotesque rape chants expose “campaign of terror” in Burundi - UN rights chief. http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=56574. Accessed 16 January 2018.
11.
Council on Foreign Relations, above n 7.
12.
Ross A (2017) Burundi authorities purging army on ethnic lines: rights group. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-burundi-politics/burundi-authorities-purging-army-on-ethnic-lines-rights-group-idUSKBN19P1MA. Accessed 16 January 2018.
13.
Council on Foreign Relations, above n 7.
14.
UNHCR (2017) Burundi situation. http://www.unhcr.org/burundi-situation.html. Accessed 16 January 2018.
15.
UN General Assembly (2017) Human Rights Council: Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Burundi, UN Doc. A/HRC/36/54.
16.
Ibid.
17.
Ibid.
18.
The Guardian (2017) Burundi becomes first nation to leave international criminal court. https://www.theguardian.com/law/2017/oct/28/burundi-becomes-first-nation-to-leave-international-criminal-court. Accessed 16 January 2018; see Sect. 8.2.1.3 below.
19.
UN News Centre (2017) Situation in Central African Republic warrants continued international attention, UN Security Council told. http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=56180. Accessed 8 January 2018.
20.
Ibid.
21.
UN News Centre (2017) Fresh violence in Central African Republic western town displaces thousands, UN office says. http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=56109. Accessed 8 January 2018; UN News Centre (2017) Fresh violence empties city in Central African Republic, senior UN official urges more aid. http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=56845. Accessed 8 January 2018.
22.
Al Jazeera (2017) CAR government signs peace deal with rebel groups. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/06/car-government-signs-peace-deal-rebel-groups-170619175516668.html. Accessed 8 January 2018.
23.
Guilbert K (2017) Spiralling violence in Central African Republic isolates neediest. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-centralafrica-violence-aid/spiraling-violence-in-central-african-republic-isolates-neediest-idUSKBN19D27C. Accessed 8 January 2018; Al Jazeera (2017) “Around 100 killed” in CAR’s Bria despite truce deal. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/06/100-killed-car-bria-truce-deal-170621135739791.html. Accessed 8 January 2018.
24.
UN News Centre (2017) “Dramatic” rise in Central African Republic violence happening out of media eyes, warns UNICEF. http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=57359. Accessed 8 January 2018.
25.
UN News Centre (2017) Situation in Central African Republic warrants continued international attention, UN Security Council told. http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=56180. Accessed 8 January 2018.
26.
Human Rights Watch (2017) Central African Republic: Sexual Violence as Weapon of War. https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/10/05/central-african-republic-sexual-violence-weapon-war. Accessed 9 January 2018.
27.
Odhiambo R (2017) Central African Republic government urged to hold rebel commanders accountable for war crimes. http://www.dw.com/en/central-african-republic-government-urged-to-hold-rebel-commanders-accountable-for-war-crimes/a-40183509. Accessed 9 January 2018.
28.
UN News Centre (2017) Fresh violence in Central African Republic leads to more displaced – UN agency. http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=57531. Accessed 8 January 2018.
29.
UNHCR (2017) CAR Situation. http://www.unhcr.org/car-emergency.html. Accessed 8 January 2018.
30.
Médecins Sans Frontières (2017) Central African Republic: MSF suspends humanitarian relief activities following attack in Bangassou. http://www.msf.org/en/article/central-african-republic-msf-suspends-humanitarian-relief-activities-following-attack. Accessed 8 January 2018; UN News Centre (2017) Central African Republic: Senior UN official condemns armed, forceful entry into hospital. http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=56141. Accessed 8 January 2018.
31.
Médecins Sans Frontières (2017) Central African Republic: Baby brutally killed at a hospital. http://www.msf.org/en/article/central-african-republic-brutal-end-short-life-killing-baby-hospital-cars-east. Accessed 8 January 2018; Médecins Sans Frontières (2017) Central African Republic: Unacceptable violence in Bangassou Hospital. http://www.msf.org/en/article/central-african-republic-unacceptable-violence-bangassou-hospital. Accessed 8 January 2018.
32.
Daily Mail (2017) Aid worker killed in C.Africa amid violence. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/afp/article-5156839/At-10-killed-C-Africa-clashes.html. Accessed 8 January 2018; Guilbert K (2017) Attacks on aid staff in Central African Republic halts work of four agencies. https://www.reuters.com/article/centralafrica-violence-aid/attacks-on-aid-staff-in-central-african-republic-halts-work-of-four-agencies-idUSL8N1I72NG. Accessed 8 January 2018; Reuters (2017) Red Cross says six volunteers killed in Central African Republic. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-centralafrica-violence/red-cross-says-six-volunteers-killed-in-central-african-republic-idUSKBN1AP195. Accessed 8 January 2018; UN News Centre (2017) UN agency condemns attack on staff in Central African Republic town. http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=57113. Accessed 8 January 2018.
33.
Médecins Sans Frontières, above n 30; UN News Centre (2017) Many aid groups unable to manage war zone risks, says UN-backed report. http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=57038. Accessed 8 January 2018; UN News Centre (2017) Central African Republic: UN cites “dire” situation for children; amid threats, some aid work suspended. http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=56690. Accessed 8 January 2018.
34.
Miles T (2017) Central African Republic children starve as aid workers flee fighting. https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-centralafrica-un/central-african-republic-children-starve-as-aid-workers-flee-fighting-idUKKBN1CM2K0. Accessed 8 January 2018.
35.
UN News Centre (2017) Central African Republic: UN chief condemns killing of “blue helmet” in country’s east. http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=58221. Accessed 9 January 2018.
36.
UN News Centre (2017) New allegation of sexual abuse surfaces at UN mission in Central African Republic. http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=57865. Accessed 9 January 2018.
37.
Guilbert K (2017) UN investigating leaked sex abuse complaints in Central African Republic. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-centralafrica-un-peacekeepers/un-investigating-leaked-sex-abuse-complaints-in-central-african-republic-idUSKCN1BP2QC. Accessed 9 January 2018.
38.
UN News Centre (2017) Central African Republic: UN mission mandate extended, additional “blue helmets” authorized. http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=58098. Accessed 9 January 2018.
39.
Al Jazeera (2017) Colombia declares FARC war over as last guns taken away. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/08/colombia-declares-farc-war-guns-170816005750622.html. Accessed 5 February 2018.
40.
Ibid.
41.
ICTJ (2017) Colombian Senate Approves Special Jurisdiction for Peace. https://www.ictj.org/news/colombian-senate-approves-special-jurisdiction-peace. Accessed 6 February 2018.
42.
Human Rights Watch (2017) Colombia: Fix Flaws in Transitional Justice Law. https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/10/09/colombia-fix-flaws-transitional-justice-law. Accessed 6 February 2018.
43.
BBC (2017) Colombia: President Santos grants Farc members amnesty. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-40564577. Accessed 6 February 2018.
44.
UNHCR (2017) Forced displacement growing in Colombia despite peace agreement. http://www.unhcr.org/en-us/news/briefing/2017/3/58c26e114/forced-displacement-growing-%3Cspan%20class=‘label%20label-info’%3Ecolombia%3C/span%3E-despite-peace-agreement.html. Accessed 7 February 2018.
45.
Human Rights Watch 2018, p 153.
46.
Al Jazeera (2017) Colombia, ELN rebels agree to ceasefire. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/09/colombia-eln-rebels-agree-ceasefire-170904143448662.html. Accessed 7 February 2018.
47.
Al Jazeera (2017) Anti-government protests in DRC turn deadly. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/12/drc-protests-killed-anti-government-rallies-171231133317361.html. Accessed 9 January 2018.
48.
Loffman 2017.
49.
UN News Centre (2017) Reported killings in DR Congo town could amount to serious rights violations - UN rights arm. http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=56165. Accessed 9 January 2018.
50.
UN News Centre (2017) DR Congo: UN report indicates Government participation in ethnic massacres in Kasai. http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=57309. Accessed 9 January 2018.
51.
Ibid.
52.
UN News Centre (2017) DR Congo: Security Council condemns attack against UN peacekeeping mission. http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=57643. Accessed 9 January 2018; UN News Centre (2017) DR Congo: Two UN “blue helmets” killed in attack in North Kivu. http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=57839. Accessed 8 January 2018.
53.
MONUSCO (2017) North Kivu—Attack on MONUSCO Troops at Semuliki, at least 14 Peacekeepers and 5 FARDC Soldiers Killed. https://monusco.unmissions.org/en/north-kivu-%E2%80%93-attack-monusco-troops-semuliki-least-14-peacekeepers-and-5-fardc-soldiers-killed. Accessed 9 January 2018.
54.
MONUSCO (2017) MONUSCO Strongly Condemns the Persistent Violence in the Kasai Provinces. https://monusco.unmissions.org/en/monusco-strongly-condemns-persistent-violence-kasai-provinces. Accessed 9 January 2018.
55.
Ross A (2017) Mass graves in central Congo bear witness to growing violence. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-congo-violence/mass-graves-in-central-congo-bear-witness-to-growing-violence-idUSKBN16R0D4. Accessed 9 January 2018.
56.
The Guardian (2017) Congolese militia decapitates more than 40 policemen as violence grows. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/mar/26/congolese-militia-decapitates-more-than-40-policemen-as-violence-grows. Accessed 9 January 2018.
57.
UN News Centre, above n 50.
58.
Reuters (2017) Three mass graves discovered in central Congo: U.N. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-congo-violence/three-mass-graves-discovered-in-central-congo-u-n-idUSKBN16F1L1. Accessed 9 January 2018; Ross A (2017) Mass graves in central Congo bear witness to growing violence. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-congo-violence/mass-graves-in-central-congo-bear-witness-to-growing-violence-idUSKBN16R0D4. Accessed 9 January 2017; BBC (2017) UN finds 13 more mass graves in DR Congo’s Kasai region. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-39491507. Accessed 9 January 2018; Voice of America (2017) Congo Finds 10 More Mass Graves in Insurgency-hit Kasai Region. https://www.voanews.com/a/congo-ten-more-mass-graves-insurgency-hit-kasai-region/3917217.html. Accessed 9 January 2018; UN News Centre, above n 50.
59.
UN News Centre (2017) UN opens international probe into alleged abuses in DR Congo’s Kasai provinces. http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=57046. Accessed 9 January 2018.
60.
UN News Centre (2017) DR Congo: UN rights chief names international investigators on Kasai abuses. http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=57253. Accessed 9 January 2018.
61.
BBC (2017) Kasai unrest: UN experts found dead in DR Congo. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-39418277. Accessed 9 January 2018.
62.
UN News Centre (2017) DR Congo: Security Council underscores need to bring killers of UN experts to justice. http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=58048. Accessed 9 January 2018.
63.
Sterling J (2017) Car bombs in Egypt’s Sinai target soldiers, military says. http://edition.cnn.com/2017/07/07/africa/egypt-sinai-attacks/index.html. Accessed 11 January 2018.
64.
BBC (2017) IS attack on Sinai convoy “kills 18 Egyptian police”. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-41230821. Accessed 11 January 2018.
65.
Raghavan S (2017) Egypt’s long bloody fight against the Islamic State in Sinai is going nowhere. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/egypts-long-bloody-fight-against-the-islamic-state-in-sinai-is-going-nowhere/2017/09/15/768082a0-97fb-11e7-af6a-6555caaeb8dc_story.html?utm_term=.c9f48b2e99fc. Accessed 11 January 2018.
66.
Lee I, Smith-Park L, Alkhshali H (2017) Egypt hunts for killers after mosque attack leaves at least 235 dead. http://edition.cnn.com/2017/11/24/africa/egypt-sinai-mosque-attack/index.html. Accessed 11 January 2018.
67.
Burke J (2017) Sinai attack needs to be a turning point in Egypt’s war on terror. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/25/sinai-attack-needs-to-be-a-turning-point-in-egypts-war-on-terror. Accessed 11 January 2018.
68.
Samaan M, Dewan A, Sirgany S (2017) 9 dead after gunmen open fire at Coptic church near Cairo. http://edition.cnn.com/2017/12/29/africa/egypt-church-attack/index.html. Accessed 11 January 2018.
69.
Human Rights Watch (2017) Egypt: Torture Epidemic May Be Crime Against Humanity. https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/09/06/egypt-torture-epidemic-may-be-crime-against-humanity. Accessed 11 January 2018.
70.
Ibid.
71.
Arango T, Gordon MR (2017) Iraqi Prime Minister Arrives in Mosul to Declare Victory Over ISIS. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/09/world/middleeast/mosul-isis-liberated.html. Accessed 12 January 2018.
72.
Alkhshali H, Smith-Park L, Tawfeeq M (2017) Iraqi prime minister: Tal Afar “liberated” from ISIS. http://edition.cnn.com/2017/08/31/middleeast/iraq-tal-afar-isis/index.html. Accessed 12 January 2018.
73.
BBC (2017) Iraq declares war with Islamic State is over. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-42291985. Accessed 12 January 2018.
74.
Human Rights Watch (2017) Iraq: New Abuse, Execution Reports of Men Fleeing Mosul. https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/06/30/iraq-new-abuse-execution-reports-men-fleeing-mosul. Accessed 12 January 2018.
75.
Abdul-Ahad G (2017) After the liberation of Mosul, an orgy of killing. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/21/after-the-liberation-of-mosul-an-orgy-of-killing. Accessed 12 January 2018.
76.
Amnesty International (2017) At any cost: The civilian catastrophe in West Mosul, Iraq. https://www.amnestyusa.org/reports/at-any-cost-the-civilian-catastrophe-in-west-mosul-iraq/. Accessed 12 January 2018.
77.
Iraq Body Count (2018) Documented civilian deaths from violence. https://www.iraqbodycount.org/database/. Accessed 12 January 2018.
78.
Khan A, Gopal A (2017) The Uncounted. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/11/16/magazine/uncounted-civilian-casualties-iraq-airstrikes.html. Accessed 12 January 2018.
79.
Shaheen K (2017) US-led coalition says its strikes have killed 800 Iraqi and Syrian civilians. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/30/us-coalition-airstrikes-iraqi-syrian-civilians. Accessed 12 January 2018.
80.
Qiblawi T (2017) Kurds vote overwhelmingly in favor of independence from Iraq. http://edition.cnn.com/2017/09/27/middleeast/kurdish-referendum-results/index.html. Accessed 12 January 2018.
81.
Al Jazeera (2017) Baghdad: Iraqi forces in full control of Kirkuk. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/10/baghdad-iraqi-forces-full-control-kirkuk-171016133409720.html. Accessed 12 January 2018.
82.
Reuters (2017) Iraqi forces take control of Kurdish-held areas in Mosul’s Niveveh province. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-iraq-kurds-nineveh/iraqi-forces-take-control-of-kurdish-held-areas-in-mosuls-nivevehs-province-idUSKBN1CN0HZ?il=0. Accessed 12 January 2018.
83.
Beaumont P (2017) Two Israeli police and three gunmen killed in shootout at holy site. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/14/shooting-attack-jerusalem-temple-mount-friday-prayers. Accessed 12 January 2018.
84.
Kershner I (2017) Deadly Violence Erupts in Standoff Over Mosque in Jerusalem. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/21/world/middleeast/jerusalem-israel-protests-al-aqsa-mosque.html. Accessed 12 January 2018.
85.
Reuters (2017) Israel removes flashpoint metal detectors at Jerusalem holy site. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-40712797. Accessed 12 January 2018.
86.
Human Rights Watch 2018, p 292.
87.
Ibid.
88.
Borger J, Beaumont P (2017) Defiant Donald Trump confirms US will recognise Jerusalem as capital of Israel. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/dec/06/donald-trump-us-jerusalem-israel-capital. Accessed 12 January 2018.
89.
OCHA (2018) Overview: December 2017. https://www.ochaopt.org/content/overview-december-2017. Accessed 18 January 2018.
90.
Elumami A (2017) Tripoli armed factions take over rival’s compound in heavy fighting. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-tripoli/tripoli-armed-factions-take-over-rivals-compound-in-heavy-fighting-idUSKBN16M1NY. Accessed 18 January 2018.
91.
Human Rights Watch 2018, p 343.
92.
Amnesty International 2017b.
93.
Allegra C (2017) Revealed: male rape used systematically in Libya as instrument of war. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/03/revealed-male-used-systematically-in-libya-as-instrument-of-war. Accessed 18 January 2018.
94.
Elbagir N, Razek R, Platt A, Jones B (2017) People for sale: Where lives are auctioned for $400. http://edition.cnn.com/2017/11/14/africa/libya-migrant-auctions/index.html. Accessed 18 January 2018.
95.
Youssef N, Walsh D (2017) A Libyan Commander Says His Forces Have Taken Benghazi. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/06/world/middleeast/libya-benghazi-khalifa-hifter.html. Accessed 18 January 2018.
96.
Martinez L, Gordon Meek J (2017) B-2 Bombers Strike ISIS Camps in Libya. http://abcnews.go.com/International/bombers-strike-isis-camps-libya/story?id=44882627. Accessed 18 January 2018.
97.
Browne R (2017) US strikes Libya for first time under Trump. http://edition.cnn.com/2017/09/24/politics/us-strikes-libya-trump/index.html. Accessed 18 January 2018.
98.
Aboulenein A (2017) Egypt to press ahead with air strikes after Christians attacked. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security/egypt-to-press-ahead-with-air-strikes-after-christians-attacked-idUSKBN18P0GP. Accessed 18 January 2018.
99.
Neale E, Estelle E (2017) Fighting Forces in Libya: December 2017. https://www.criticalthreats.org/analysis/fighting-forces-in-libya-december-2017. Accessed 18 January 2018.
100.
The Libyan National Army forces are allied with the Interim Government (Human Rights Watch 2018, p 344).
101.
Al Jazeera (2017) ICC warrant for Khalifa Haftar ally Mahmoud al-Werfalli. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/08/icc-warrant-khalifa-haftar-ally-mahmoud-al-werfalli-170815163741360.html. Accessed 18 January 2018.
102.
Irving 2017.
103.
The Guardian (2017) Mali suicide bomber kills at least 50 people in Gao military camp. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jan/18/suicide-bomber-gao-mali-joint-operational-mechanism. Accessed 18 January 2018.
104.
Human Rights Watch 2018, p 359.
105.
Ibid., p 360.
106.
Ibid.
107.
UN Security Council (2017) Resolution 2364 (2017), UN Doc. S/RES/2364.
108.
UN Security Council (2017) Resolution 2374 (2017), UN Doc. S/RES/2374.
109.
UN News Centre (2017) UN report details “devastating cruelty” against Rohingya population in Myanmar’s Rakhine province. http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=56103. Accessed 18 January 2018.
110.
OHCHR (2017) Devastating cruelty against Rohingya children, women and men detailed in UN human rights report. https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=21142. Accessed 18 January 2018.
111.
The Guardian (2017) More than 1,000 Rohingya feared killed in Myanmar crackdown, say UN officials. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/feb/09/more-than-1000-rohingya-feared-killed-in-myanmar-crackdown-say-un-officials. Accessed 18 January 2018.
112.
The Guardian (2017) Myanmar military crackdown against Rohingyas “has ceased”. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/feb/16/myanmar-military-crackdown-against-rohingyas-has-ceased. Accessed 18 January 2018.
113.
CNN (2017) Police killed in new violence in Myanmar’s Rakhine State. http://edition.cnn.com/2017/08/25/asia/rakhine-violence-myanmar/. Accessed 22 January 2018; ABC News (2017) Rohingya militant group warns of “war” against Myanmar Government; thousands flee clashes. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-08-28/rohingya-militant-group-warns-of-war-against-myanmar/8850406. Accessed 22 January 2018.
114.
The Guardian (2017) Almost 100 dead and thousands evacuated as violence flares in Myanmar. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/aug/27/thousands-evacuated-as-violence-flares-in-myanmar-rohingya-bangladesh. Accessed 22 January 2018.
115.
UN News Centre (2017) UN human rights chief points to “textbook example of ethnic cleansing” in Myanmar. http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=57490. Accessed 22 January 2018; Amnesty International (2017) Myanmar: Scorched-earth campaign fuels ethnic cleansing of Rohingya from Rakhine State. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2017/09/myanmar-scorched-earth-campaign-fuels-ethnic-cleansing-of-rohingya-from-rakhine-state/. Accessed 22 January 2018.
116.
UNHCR (2017) 100 days of horror and hope: A timeline of the Rohingya crisis. http://www.unhcr.org/news/stories/2017/12/5a1c313a4/100-days-horror-hope-timeline-rohingya-crisis.html. Accessed 7 February 2018.
117.
Human Rights Watch 2018, p 100; Amnesty International, above n 115; Amnesty International (2017) Myanmar: Video and satellite evidence shows new fires still torching Rohingya villages. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2017/09/myanmar-video-and-satellite-evidence-shows-new-fires-still-torching-rohingya-villages/. Accessed 7 February 2018.
118.
Human Rights Watch 2018, p 100.
119.
Médecins Sans Frontières (2017) Myanmar/Bangladesh: MSF surveys estimate that at least 6,700 Rohingya were killed during the attacks in Myanmar. http://www.msf.org/en/article/myanmarbangladesh-msf-surveys-estimate-least-6700-rohingya-were-killed-during-attacks. Accessed 7 February 2018.
120.
UN News Centre (2017) Horrific accounts of sexual violence against Rohingya “just tip of the iceberg” – UN agency. http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=57764. Accessed 7 February 2018.
121.
UN General Assembly (2017) Human Rights Council: Resolution adopted by the Human Rights Council on 24 March 2017, UN Doc. A/HRC/RES/34/22, para 11.
122.
OHCHR (2017) President of Human Rights Council appoints Members of Fact-finding Mission on Myanmar. http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=21671&LangID=E. Accessed 18 January 2018.
123.
OHCHR (2017) Independent International Fact Finding Mission on Myanmar concludes visit to Malaysia. http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=22522&LangID=E. Accessed 7 February 2018; OHCHR (2017) Experts of the Independent International Fact Finding Mission on Myanmar conclude visit to Bangladesh. http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=22320&LangID=E. Accessed 7 February 2018.
124.
UN News Centre (2017) Myanmar: UN rights expert launches new official visit to assess recent developments in the country. http://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=21069&LangID=E. Accessed 7 February 2018.
125.
Radio Free Asia (2017) Myanmar Investigation Commission Says It Cannot Verify UN Report on Rakhine Violence. http://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/myanmar-investigation-commission-says-it-cannot-verify-un-report-on-rakhine-violence-02142017144854.html. Accessed 18 January 2018.
126.
Myanmar Office of the Commander-in-Chief of Defence Services (2017) Information released by the Tatmadaw True News Information Team on the findings of the Investigation Team in connection with the performances of the security troops during the terrorist attacks in Maungtaw region, Rakhine State. https://www.facebook.com/Cincds/posts/1511217488999111. Accessed 19 June 2018.
127.
Amnesty International (2017) Myanmar: Military attempts to whitewash crimes against humanity targeting Rohingya. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2017/11/myanmar-military-attempts-to-whitewash-crimes-against-humanity-targeting-rohingya/. Accessed 7 February 2018.
128.
The Guardian (2017) Myanmar refuses visas to UN team investigating abuse of Rohingya Muslims. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jun/30/myanmar-refuses-visas-un-abuse-rohingya-muslims. Accessed 22 January 2018; OHCHR (2017) Myanmar refuses access to UN Special Rapporteur. http://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=22553&LangID=E. Accessed 7 February 2018.
129.
Freeman J (2017) Aung San Suu Kyi Opens Second Round of Myanmar Peace Talks. https://www.voanews.com/a/aung-san-suu-kyi-opens-second-round-myanmar-peace-talks/3868567.html. Accessed 7 February 2018.
130.
Horsey 2017.
131.
Kipgen 2017.
132.
Ibid.
133.
Horsey 2017.
134.
Zorthian J (2015) President Buhari Says Nigeria Has “Technically” Beaten Boko Haram. http://time.com/4161175/buhari-nigeria-technically-won-war-boko-haram/. Accessed 10 January 2018; BBC (2017) Buratai: Boko Haram defeated but “not eliminated”. http://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-40494959/buratai-boko-haram-defeated-but-not-eliminated. Accessed 10 January 2018.
135.
Al Jazeera (2017) Boko Haram stages deadly attacks in Maiduguri. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/06/boko-haram-stages-deadly-attacks-maiduguri-170608124920187.html. Accessed 10 January 2018; BBC (2017) “More than 40” killed in battle with Boko Haram in Nigeria. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-40740323. Accessed 10 January 2018; Al Jazeera (2017) Suspected Boko Haram bombers kill dozens in Nigeria. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/08/suspected-boko-haram-bombers-kill-dozens-nigeria-170815211110526.html. Accessed 10 January 2018; Maclean R (2017) Nigeria mosque attack: suicide bomber kills dozens. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/21/nigeria-mosque-attack-teenage-suicide-bomber-kills-at-least-50. Accessed 10 January 2018.
136.
Deutsche Welle (2017) Boko Haram militants attack food aid convoy in Nigeria. http://www.dw.com/en/boko-haram-militants-attack-food-aid-convoy-in-nigeria/a-41836425. Accessed 10 January 2018.
137.
The Telegraph (2017) Boko Haram attack on Nigeria oil team “killed more than 50”. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/07/28/boko-haram-attack-nigeria-oil-team-killed-50/. Accessed 10 January 2018.
138.
Lazareva I (2017) Menaced by Boko Haram, displaced Nigerians “too scared” to go home. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-africa-boko-haram-aid/menaced-by-boko-haram-displaced-nigerians-too-scared-to-go-home-idUSKBN1CU202. Accessed 10 January 2018.
139.
UN News Centre (2017) Nigeria: UN report details “grave violations” against children by Boko Haram. http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=56683. Accessed 10 January 2018.
140.
UN News Centre (2017) UNICEF warns use of children as “human bombs” is on the rise in north-east Nigeria. http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=57394. Accessed 10 January 2018.
141.
UN News Centre (2017) “Alarming” rise in use of children in “suicide” attacks by Boko Haram in Lake Chad region – UNICEF. http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=56547. Accessed 10 January 2018.
142.
See UN Security Council (2017) Resolution 2349 (2017), UN Doc. S/RES/2349.
143.
Al Jazeera (2017) Nigeria: 82 abducted Chibok girls freed by Boko Haram. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/05/62-chibok-schoolgirls-kidnapped-boko-haram-freed-170506192733108.html. Accessed 10 January 2018.
144.
News 24 (2017) Top Boko Haram leader surrenders to Nigerian military. https://www.news24.com/Africa/News/top-boko-boko-haram-leader-surrenders-to-nigerian-military-20170719. Accessed 10 January 2018.
145.
Burke J (2017) Secret trials of thousands of Boko Haram suspects to start in Nigeria. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/09/nigeria-begin-secret-trials-thousands-boko-haram-suspects. Accessed 10 January 2018.
146.
Council on Foreign Relations (2018) Civil War in South Sudan. https://www.cfr.org/interactives/global-conflict-tracker#!/conflict/civil-war-in-south-sudan. Accessed 7 February 2018.
147.
Shimanyula J (2017) Fresh fighting flares up in South Sudan. http://www.dw.com/en/fresh-fighting-flares-up-in-south-sudan/a-37370061. Accessed 7 February 2018.
148.
Human Rights Watch 2018, p 503.
149.
Ibid.
150.
Amnesty International (2017) South Sudan: Sexual violence ‘on a massive scale’ leaves thousands in mental distress amid raging conflict. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2017/07/south-sudan-sexual-violence-on-a-massive-scale-leaves-thousands-in-mental-distress-amid-raging-conflict/. Accessed 7 February 2018.
151.
Guterres A (2017) Speech: One of the World’s Most Dangerous Places for Aid Workers. https://reliefweb.int/report/central-african-republic/one-world-s-most-dangerous-places-aid-workers. Accessed 7 February 2018.
152.
OCHA (2017) Press Release: South Sudan: Humanitarian Coordinator Condemns Attack against Civilians, Aid Workers in Duk County. https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/SS_171129_PressRelease_HC_condemns_attack_in_Duk_County.pdf. Accessed 7 February 2018.
153.
UNICEF (2017) Joint press release: Famine hits parts of South Sudan. https://www.unicef.org/media/media_94890.html. Accessed 7 February 2018.
154.
BBC (2017) South Sudan no longer in famine. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-40352926. Accessed 7 February 2018.
155.
UNHCR 2017.
156.
Ibid.
157.
Al Jazeera (2017) Abdullahi Mohamed Farmajo declared Somalia president. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/02/somalia-elects-premier-president-170208164804232.html. Accessed 8 February 2018.
158.
Al Jazeera (2017) Somalia leader declares country a “war zone”. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/04/somalia-leader-declares-country-war-zone-170406131513405.html. Accessed 8 February 2018.
159.
BBC (2017) Al-Shabab fighters attack Kenya military base in Somalia. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-38768453. Accessed 8 February 2018.
160.
BBC (2017) Al-Shabab fighters storm military base in Somalia. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-40198822. Accessed 8 February 2018.
161.
Burke J (2017) Mogadishu truck bomb: 500 casualties in Somalia’s worst terrorist attack. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/15/truck-bomb-mogadishu-kills-people-somalia. Accessed 8 February 2018.
162.
Maruf H (2017) AMISOM Says 1,000 Troops to Leave Somalia. https://www.voanews.com/a/african-union-force-begins-withdrawal-from-somalia/4104674.html. Accessed 8 February 2018.
163.
Babb C (2017) VOA Exclusive: Dozens More US Troops Deployed to Somalia. https://www.voanews.com/a/dozens-more-us-troops-deployed-somalia-voa-exclusive/3809351.html. Accessed 8 February 2018.
164.
The New York Times (2017) Somalia Raid Kills Shabab Leader and 3 Associates. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/07/world/africa/somalia-al-shabab.html?rref=collection%2Fsectioncollection%2Fafrica. Accessed 8 February 2018.
165.
Voice of America (2017) Somali Extremist Group Confirms Killing of Senior Commander. https://www.voanews.com/a/somalia-al-shabab-confirms-killing-senior-commander/3995316.html. Accessed 8 February 2018; Babb C (2017) US Military: Drone Strike Kills More Than 100 Al-Shabab in Somalia. https://www.voanews.com/a/us-says-100-al-shabab-militants-killed-in-airstrike/4128607.html. Accessed 8 February 2018.
166.
The New York Times (2017) Pentagon Foresees at Least Two More Years of Combat in Somalia. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/10/world/africa/pentagon-somalia-combat-islamic-militants.html?mtrref=www.cfr.org. Accessed 8 February 2018.
167.
ReliefWeb (2018) Somalia: Drought—2015–2018. https://reliefweb.int/disaster/dr-2015-000134-som. Accessed 8 February 2018.
168.
Ibid.
169.
OCHA 2018.
170.
Al Jazeera (2016) Russia, Turkey broker “nationwide” ceasefire deal. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/12/russia-turkey-broker-nationwide-ceasefire-deal-161229154943609.html. Accessed 19 January 2017.
171.
Loveluck L (2017) Cease-fire frays in Syria’s south as rebels launch new offensive. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/cease-fire-frays-in-syrias-south-as-rebels-launch-new-offensive/2017/02/15/5bc2ea3c-f375-11e6-8d72-263470bf0401_story.html?utm_term=.0bcffe38939f. Accessed 19 January 2018.
172.
BBC (2017) Syria peace talks: Sides fail to meet on first day in Geneva. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-39037609. Accessed 19 January 2018.
173.
Solvang O (2017) Mounting Evidence Syrian Forces Were Behind Khan Sheikhoun Attack. https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/09/06/mounting-evidence-syrian-forces-were-behind-khan-sheikhoun-attack. Accessed 19 January 2018.
174.
BBC (2017) Syria war: Sarin used in Khan Sheikhoun attack, OPCW says. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-39648503. Accessed 19 January 2018.
175.
BBC (2017) Syria war: Why was Shayrat airbase bombed? http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-39531045. Accessed 19 January 2018.
176.
Barnard A, Saad H (2017) Raqqa, ISIS “Capital”, IS Captured, U.S.-Backed Forces Say. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/17/world/middleeast/isis-syria-raqqa.html?_r=0. Accessed 19 January 2018.
177.
Amnesty International 2017c.
178.
Ibid.
179.
Ibid.
180.
Human Rights Watch 2017a.
181.
Human Rights Watch (2017) Russia/Syria: Deadly Airstrikes on Trapped Civilians. https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/10/31/russia/syria-deadly-airstrikes-trapped-civilians. Accessed 19 January 2018.
182.
Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (2017) About 500000 persons were killed in Syria during 81 months after the Syrian Revolution Started. http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=80436. Accessed 19 January 2018.
183.
OCHA (date unknown) About the Crisis. http://www.unocha.org/syrian-arab-republic/syria-country-profile/about-crisis. Accessed 19 January 2018.
184.
BBC (2018) Islamic State and the crisis in Iraq and Syria in maps. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-27838034. Accessed 19 January 2018.
185.
Human Rights Watch 2018, p 580.
186.
UN News Centre (2017) Ukraine: UN “gravely concerned” by deteriorating situation as violence flares in Donetsk. https://news.un.org/en/story/2017/01/550582-ukraine-un-gravely-concerned-deteriorating-situation-violence-flares-donetsk. Accessed 13 February 2018.
187.
UN News Centre (2017) Heavy fighting in eastern Ukraine extracting heavy civilian toll, UN Security Council hears. https://news.un.org/en/story/2017/02/550762-heavy-fighting-eastern-ukraine-extracting-heavy-civilian-toll-un-security. Accessed 13 February 2018.
188.
UN News Centre (2017) UN chief Guterres welcomes announcement of adherence to ceasefire in eastern Ukraine. https://news.un.org/en/story/2017/03/554552-un-chief-guterres-welcomes-announcement-adherence-ceasefire-eastern-ukraine. Accessed 13 February 2018.
189.
UN News Centre (2017) Conflict in Ukraine enters fourth year “with no end in sight” – UN report. https://news.un.org/en/story/2017/06/559322-conflict-ukraine-enters-fourth-year-no-end-sight-un-report. Accessed 13 February 2018.
190.
UN News Centre (2017) Hundreds of thousands in eastern Ukraine at grave risk after water supplies disrupted – UN aid chief. https://news.un.org/en/story/2017/06/559522-hundreds-thousands-eastern-ukraine-grave-risk-after-water-supplies-disrupted-un. Accessed 13 February 2018; UN News Centre (2017) Clashes near vital infrastructure in eastern Ukraine may have “grave” impact on population, UN warns. https://news.un.org/en/story/2017/11/570202-clashes-near-vital-infrastructure-eastern-ukraine-may-have-grave-impact. Accessed 13 February 2018.
191.
Human Rights Watch 2018, p 580.
192.
UN News Centre (2017) New UN report details grave human rights violations in Crimea. https://news.un.org/en/story/2017/09/566932-new-un-report-details-grave-human-rights-violations-crimea. Accessed 13 February 2018.
193.
Human Rights Watch 2018, p 580.
194.
BBC (2018) Yemen crisis: Who is fighting whom? http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-29319423. Accessed 30 January 2018.
195.
Ibid.
196.
Human Rights Watch 2018, pp 631–632.
197.
Al Jazeera (2017) US will do “anything we can” to limit civilian deaths. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/12/military-chief-defends-american-involvement-yemen-171230091727343.html. Accessed 19 January 2018.
198.
Beckerle K (2017) Yemen International Inquiry Offers Glimmer of Hope. https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/10/03/yemen-international-inquiry-offers-glimmer-hope. Accessed 19 January 2018.
199.
World Health Organization (2017) Statement from UNICEF Executive Director Anthony Lake and WHO Director-General Margaret Chan on the cholera outbreak in Yemen as suspected cases exceed 200 000. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2017/Cholera-Yemen/en/. Accessed 19 January 2018.
200.
World Health Organization 2017.
201.
Al Jazeera (2017) More than 8 million “a step away” from famine in Yemen. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/12/8-million-step-famine-yemen-171211185321446.html. Accessed 19 January 2018.
202.
Human Rights Watch (2017) Yemen: Coalition Blockade Imperils Civilians. https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/12/07/yemen-coalition-blockade-imperils-civilians. Accessed 19 January 2018.
203.
ReliefWeb (2017) UN leaders appeal for immediate lifting humanitarian blockade in Yemen – lives of millions are at risk. https://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/un-leaders-appeal-immediate-lifting-humanitarian-blockade-yemen-lives-millions-are-risk. Accessed 19 January 2018.
204.
UN Security Council (2016) Letter dated 17 November 2016 from the President of the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, addressed to the President of the Security Council, UN Doc. S/2016/976, para 7.
205.
ICTY (2017) ICTY President Agius delivers final address to United Nations General Assembly. http://www.icty.org/en/press/icty-president-agius-delivers-final-address-to-united-nations-general-assembly. Accessed 1 April 2018.
206.
UN, ICTY (2017) Address by UN Secretary-General António Guterres ICTY Closing Ceremony. http://www.icty.org/x/file/Press/Events/2017/171221-closing-ceremony-unsg-address.pdf. Accessed 1 April 2018.
207.
ICTY (2017) ICTY marks official closure with moving Ceremony in The Hague. http://www.icty.org/en/press/icty-marks-official-closure-with-moving-ceremony-in-the-hague. Accessed 1 April 2018.
208.
UN Security Council (2017) Letter dated 29 November 2017 from the President of the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, addressed to the President of the Security Council, UN Doc. S/2017/1001, para 4.
209.
Ibid., para 12.
210.
Ibid.
211.
ICTY (2017) Trial Chamber I issues Revised Order in Lieu of Indictment in Jojić et al. contempt case. http://www.icty.org/en/press/trial-chamber-i-issues-revised-order-in-lieu-of-indictment-in-joji%C4%87-et-al-contempt-case. Accessed 1 April 2018.
212.
UN Security Council, above n 208, para 13.
213.
ICTY (2017) ICTY convicts Ratko Mladić for genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity. http://www.icty.org/en/press/icty-convicts-ratko-mladi%C4%87-for-genocide-war-crimes-and-crimes-against-humanity. Accessed 1 April 2018.
214.
ICTY, The Prosecutor v Ratko Mladić, Judgement, 22 November 2017, Case No. IT-09-92-T (Mladić).
215.
ICTY, above n 213.
216.
Mladić, above n 214, para 16.
217.
Ibid., para 2.
218.
ICTY, The Prosecutor v Ratko Mladić, Prosecution Submission of the Fourth Amended Indictment and Schedules of Incidents, 16 December 2011, Case No. IT-09-92-PT.
219.
Ibid.
220.
Mladić, above n 214, para 3020.
221.
Ibid., para 3065.
222.
Ibid., para 16.
223.
Ibid., para 3183.
224.
Ibid., para 3431.
225.
Ibid., para 3442.
226.
Ibid., para 3526.
227.
Ibid., para 3536.
228.
Ibid., paras 3206, 3065 and 3212.
229.
Ibid., paras 3555, 3431, 3116, 3065 and 3183.
230.
Ibid., para 3555.
231.
Ibid., para 3226.
232.
Ibid., paras 4232–4233.
233.
Ibid., para 4688.
234.
Ibid., para 4893.
235.
Ibid., para 4921.
236.
Ibid., para 5098.
237.
Ibid., paras 5130–5131.
238.
Ibid., para 5163.
239.
MICT, The Prosecutor v Ratko Mladić, Notice of Appeal of Ratko Mladić, 22 March 2018, Case No. MICT-13-56-A.
240.
ICTY (2017) The ICTY renders its final judgement in the Prlić et al. appeal case. http://www.icty.org/en/press/the-icty-renders-its-final-judgement-in-the-prli%C4%87-et-al-appeal-case. Accessed 1 April 2018.
241.
ICTY (date unknown) Case Information Sheet (IT-04-74) Prlić et al. http://www.icty.org/x/cases/prlic/cis/en/cis_prlic_al_en.pdf. Accessed 1 April 2018.
242.
Ibid.
243.
Ibid.
244.
ICTY, The Prosecutor v Jadranko Prlić et al., Judgement, 29 May 2013, Case No. IT-04-74-Tm (Prlić et al. 2013), Volume 4, paras 24 and 26.
245.
Ibid., Volume 4, pp 430 and 431.
246.
Ibid.
247.
ICTY, The Prosecutor v Jadranko Prlić et al., Jadranko Prlić’s Notice of Re-filing of Pubic Redacted Version of Jadranko Prlić’s Appeal Brief, 29 July 2015, Case No. IT-04-74-A.
248.
ICTY, The Prosecutor v Jadranko Prlić et al., Notice of Filing the Corrigendum to the Public Redacted Version of Bruno Stojić’s Appelant’s Brief, 28 July 2015, Case No. IT-04-74-A.
249.
ICTY, The Prosecutor v Jadranko Prlić et al., Notice of Filing of Revised Pubic Redacted Version of Slobodan Praljak’s Appeal Brief with Annexes, 29 July 2015, Case No. IT-04-74-A.
250.
ICTY, The Prosecutor v Jadranko Prlić et al., Corrigendum to Appellant’s Brief of Valentin Ćorić, 22 March 2016, Case No. IT-04-74-A.
251.
ICTY, The Prosecutor v Jadranko Prlić et al., Notice of Re-filing of Redacted Versions of Milivoj Petković’s Appeal Brief and Book of Authorities, 29 July 2015, Case No. IT-04-74-A.
252.
ICTY, The Prosecutor v Jadranko Prlić et al., Notice of Re-filing of Redacted Appeal Brief of Berislav Pušić, 28 July 2015, Case No. IT-04-74-A.
253.
ICTY, The Prosecutor v Jadranko Prlić et al., Notice of Filing of Prosecution Revised Public Redacted Appeal Brief, 29 July 2015, Case No. IT-04-74-A.
254.
ICTY, The Prosecutor v Jadranko Prlić et al., Judgement, 29 November 2017, Case No. IT-04-74-A (Prlić et al. 2017), para 3366.
255.
Ibid.
256.
Ibid., paras 345, 411, 2853 and 3366.
257.
Ibid., para 3366.
258.
Ibid.
259.
UN General Assembly, UN Security Council (2017) Letter dated 1 August 2017 from the President of the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals addressed to the President of the General Assembly and the President of the Security Council, UN Doc. A/72/261-S/2017/661, para 4.
260.
Agreement between the United Nations and The Government of the Republic of Benin on the Enforcement of Sentences Pronounced by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda or the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals, signed on 12 May 2017. http://www.unmict.org/sites/default/files/documents/170512-agreement-benin-en.pdf. Accessed 1 April 2018.
261.
UN Security Council (2017) Letter dated 17 November 2017 from the President of the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals addressed to the President of the Security Council, UN Doc. S/2017/971, para 36.
262.
MICT (date unknown) Case Information Sheet MICT-15-96 Jovica Stanišić and Franco Simatović. http://www.unmict.org/sites/default/files/cases/public-information/cis-stanisic-simatovic-en.pdf. Accessed 1 April 2018.
263.
ICTY, Prosecutor v Jovica Stanišić and Franco Simatović, Judgement, 30 May 2013, Case No. IT-03-69-T.
264.
ICTY, Prosecutor v Jovica Stanišić and Franco Simatović, Judgement, 9 December 2015, Case No. IT-03-69-A.
265.
MICT (2015) Initial Appearance of Stanišić and Simatović before the Mechanism. http://www.unmict.org/en/news/initial-appearance-stani%C5%A1i%C4%87-and-simatovi%C4%87-mechanism. Accessed 1 April 2018.
266.
UN Security Council, above n 261, para 36.
267.
ICTY, Prosecutor v Radovan Karadžić, Public Redacted Version of Judgement Issued on 24 March 2016, 24 March 2016, Case No. IT-95-5/18-T.
268.
UN Security Council, above n 261, para 37.
269.
MICT (date unknown) Case Information Sheet MICT-13-55 Radovan Karadžić. http://www.unmict.org/sites/default/files/cases/public-information/cis-karadzic-en_4.pdf. Accessed 1 April 2018.
270.
Dzidic D (2018) Radovan Karadzic Genocide Appeal Hearings Set for April. http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/radovan-karadzic-genocide-appeal-hearings-set-for-april-02-28-2018. Accessed 1 April 2018.
271.
MICT, The Prosecutor v Ratko Mladić, Defence Motion for Extension of Time to File Notice of Appeal, 18 December 2017, Case No. MICT-13-56.
272.
MICT, The Prosecutor v Ratko Mladić, Decision on Motion for Extension of Time to File Notice of Appeal, 21 December 2017, Case No. MICT-13-56-A, p 1.
273.
ICTY, The Prosecutor v Vojislav Šešelj, Judgement, 31 March 2016, Case No. IT-03-67-T; see also MICT (date unknown) Case Information Sheet MICT-16-99 Vojislav Šešelj. http://www.unmict.org/sites/default/files/cases/public-information/cis-seselj-en.pdf. Accessed 1 April 2018.
274.
MICT, The Prosecutor v Vojislav Šešelj, Prosecution’s Notice of Appeal, 2 May 2016, Case No. MICT-16-99-A.
275.
UN Security Council, above n 261, para 38.
276.
MICT, Prosecutor v Vojislav Šešelj, Decision on Assignment of Standby Counsel for the Appeal Hearing, 11 October 2017, Case No. MICT-16-99-A.
277.
MICT, above n 273.
278.
MICT (2017) The Appeals Chamber of the Mechanism for International Criminal Tribunals Hears Oral Arguments in the Šešelj case. http://www.unmict.org/en/news/appeals-chamber-mechanism-international-criminal-tribunals-hears-oral-arguments-%C5%A1e%C5%A1elj-case. Accessed 1 April 2018.
279.
MICT (2018) Vojislav Šešelj Appeal Judgment scheduled for 11 April 2018. http://www.unmict.org/en/news/vojislav-%C5%A1e%C5%A1elj-appeal-judgement-scheduled-11-april-2018-%E2%80%93-accreditation-procedure-now-open. Accessed 1 April 2018.
280.
MICT (2017) Appeals Chamber grants Request for Review in Ngirabatware case, resuming Proceedings following release of Judge Akay. http://www.unmict.org/en/news/appeals-chamber-grants-request-review-ngirabatware-case-resuming-proceedings-following-release. Accessed 1 April 2018.
281.
MICT, Augustin Ngirabatware v The Prosecutor, Judgement, 18 December 2014, Case No. MICT-12-29-A, para 278.
282.
MICT, The Prosecutor v Augustin Ngirabatware, Decision on Ngirabatware’s Motion for Review, 19 June 2017, Case No. MICT-12-29-R.
283.
MICT, above n 280.
284.
UN Security Council, above n 261.
285.
Maasho A (2017) African leaders cautiously back strategy to quit global court. https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKBN15G49S. Accessed 1 April 2018; see also African Union (2017) Decision on the International Criminal Court. AU Doc. Assembly/AU/Dec.672(XXX).
286.
Saine P, Jahateh L (2017) Gambia announces plans to stay in International Criminal Court. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-gambia-justice-icc/gambia-announces-plans-to-stay-in-international-criminal-court-idUSKBN15S2HF. Accessed 1 April 2017.
287.
Mavhinga D (2017) South Africa High Court Rejects ICC Withdrawal. https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/02/22/south-african-high-court-rejects-icc-withdrawal. Accessed 1 April 2017; Onishi N (2017) South Africa Reverses Withdrawal from International Criminal Court. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/08/world/africa/south-africa-icc-withdrawal.html. Accessed 1 April 2018.
288.
Al Jazeera (2017) Burundi first to leave International Criminal Court. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/10/burundi-leave-international-criminal-court-171027080533712.html. Accessed 1 April 2018.
289.
ICC (2017) ICC Judges amend the Regulation of the Court. https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/item.aspx?name=pr1326. Accessed 1 April 2018.
290.
ICC (2017) Exchange of Letters between the International Criminal Court and the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment. ICC-PRES/24-06-17.
291.
ICC (2017) Assembly activates Court’s jurisdiction over crime of aggression. https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/item.aspx?name=pr1350. Accessed 1 April 2018.
292.
ICC ASP (2017) Activation of the jurisdiction of the Court over the crime of aggression. ICC-ASP/16/Res.5; ICC ASP (2017) Resolution on amendments to Article 8 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. ICC-ASP/16/Res.4.
293.
ICC (2017) Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute elects a new President and six judges. https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/item.aspx?name=pr1348. Accessed 1 April 2018.
294.
ICC OTP (2017) Report on Preliminary Examination Activities 2017. https://www.icc-cpi.int/itemsDocuments/2017-PE-rep/2017-otp-rep-PE_ENG.pdf. Accessed 6 April 2018, p 6.
295.
Ibid.
296.
ICC (2017) Statement of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, Fatou Bensouda, following judicial authorisation to commence an investigation into the Situation in Burundi. https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/item.aspx?name=171109_otp_statement. Accessed 1 April 2018.
297.
ICC, Situation in the Republic of Burundi, Decision Pursuant to Article 15 of the Rome Statute on the Authorization of an Investigation into the Situation in the Republic of Burundi, 25 October 2017, Case No. ICC-01/17-X, paras 191 and 195.
298.
Ibid., paras 24–26.
299.
ICC, Situation in the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, Request for authorisation of an investigation pursuant to Article 15, 20 November 2017, Case No. ICC-02/17-7-Conf-Exp.
300.
ICC, Situation on Registered Vessels of the Union of the Comoros, the Hellenic Republic and the Kingdom of Cambodia, Article 53(1) Report, 6 November 2014. https://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/otp/OTP-COM-Article_53(1)-Report-06Nov2014Eng.pdf. Accessed 1 April 2018.
301.
ICC, Situation on Registered Vessels of the Union of the Comoros, the Hellenic Republic and the Kingdom of Cambodia, Notice of Prosecutor’s Final Decision under Rule 108(3), 29 November 2017, Case No. ICC-01/13.
302.
ICC, The Prosecutor v Al-Tuhamy Mohamed Khaled, Decision on Reclassification of the Warrant of Arrest, 24 April 2017, Case No. ICC-01/11-01/13.
303.
ICC, The Prosecutor v Mahmoud Mustafa Busayf Al-Werfalli, Warrant of Arrest, 15 August 2017, Case No. ICC-01/11-01/17.
304.
ICC, The Prosecutor v Omar Hassan Ahmad Al-Bashir, Decision under Article 87(7) of the Rome Statute on the non-compliance by South Africa with the request by the Court for the arrest and surrender of Omar Al-Bashir, 6 July 2017, Case No. ICC-02/05-01/09, para 123.
305.
Ibid., paras 139 and 140.
306.
ICC (2017) Al-Bashir case: ICC Pre-Trial Chamber II decides to refer Jordan’s non-cooperation to the ASP and UNSC. https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/item.aspx?name=pr1349. Accessed 1 April 2018.
307.
ICC, The Prosecutor v Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir, Decision under Article 87(7) of the Rome Statute on the non-compliance by Jordan with the request by the Court for the arrest and surrender of Omar Al-Bashir, 11 December 2017, Case No. ICC-02/05-01/09, paras 44 and 45.
308.
Ibid., paras 54 and 55.
309.
ICC, The Prosecutor v Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Aimé Kilolo Musamba, Jean-Jacques Mangenda Kabongo, Fidèle Babala Wandu and Narcisse Arido, Judgment pursuant to Article 74 of the Statute, 19 October 2016, Case No. ICC-01/05-01/13 (Bemba et al. 2016), pp 45–457.
310.
ICC, The Prosecutor v Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Aimé Kilolo Musamba, Jean-Jacques Mangenda Kabongo, Fidèle Babala Wandu and Narcisse Arido, Decision on Sentence pursuant to Article 76 of the Statute, 22 March 2017, Case No. ICC-01/05-01/13 (Bemba et al. 2017), pp 98–99.
311.
Bemba et al. 2016, above n 309.
312.
Ibid.
313.
Ibid.
314.
Bemba et al. 2017, above n 310.
315.
Ibid., paras 199 and 262.
316.
ICC, The Prosecutor v Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Public redacted version of Appellant’s Reply to Prosecution’s Response to Appellant’s Document in Support of Appeal, 23 January 2017, Case No. ICC-01/05-01/08 A.
317.
ICC (2018) Case Information Sheet Situation in the Central African Republic: The Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo ICC-01/05-01/08. https://www.icc-cpi.int/car/bemba/Documents/bembaEng.pdf. Accessed 1 April 2018.
318.
ICC ASP (2017) Report on the Activities of the International Criminal Court, ICC Doc. ICC-ASP/16/9, para 12.
319.
ICC (2016) Case Information Sheet Situation in the Côte d’Ivoire: The Prosecutor v. Laurent Gbagbo and Charles Blé Goudé ICC-02/11-01/15. https://www.icc-cpi.int/cdi/gbagbo-goude/Documents/gbagbo-goudeEng.pdf. Accessed 1 April 2018.
320.
ICC ASP, above n 318, para 25.
321.
ICC, The Prosecutor v Laurent Gbagbo and Charles Blé Goudé, Judgment on the appeal of Mr. Laurent Gbagbo against the decision of Trial Chamber I of 10 March 2017 entitled “Decision on Mr. Gbagbo’s Detention”, 19 July 2017, Case No. ICC-02/11-01/15 OA10 (Gbagbo).
322.
ICC, The Prosecutor v Laurent Gbagbo and Charles Blé Goudé, Decision on Mr. Gbagbo’s Detention, 10 March 2017, Case No. ICC-02/11-01/15, para 9.
323.
Ibid., para 20.
324.
ICC, The Prosecutor v Laurent Gbagbo and Charles Blé Goudé, Public redacted version of “Document in support of the appeal against the ‘Decision on Mr. Gbagbo’s Detention’ (ICC-02/11-01/15-846) of 10 March 2017” filed on 20 March 2017 (ICC-02/11-01/15-857-Conf), 20 March 2017, Case No. ICC-02/11-01/15.
325.
Gbagbo, above n 321, p 3.
326.
Ibid., paras 54 and 69.
327.
Ibid., p 3.
328.
ICC ASP, above n 318, para 54.
329.
ICC, The Prosecutor v Bosco Ntaganda, Decision Pursuant to Article 61(7)(a) and (b) of the Rome Statute on the Charges of the Prosecutor Against Bosco Ntaganda, 9 June 2014, Case No. ICC-01/04-02/06, p 63.
330.
ICC ASP, above n 318, para 55.
331.
ICC, The Prosecutor v Bosco Ntaganda, Decision reviewing the restrictions placed on Mr. Ntaganda’s contacts’, 7 September 2016, Case No. ICC-01/04-02/06.
332.
ICC, The Prosecutor v Bosco Ntaganda, Judgment on Mr. Bosco Ntaganda’s appeal against the decision reviewing restrictions on contacts of 7 September 2016, 8 March 2017, Case No. ICC-01/04-02/06 OA 4, paras 1 and 46.
333.
ICC (2017) Ntaganda case: ICC Trial Chamber VI rejects challenge to jurisdiction over two war crimes counts. https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/item.aspx?name=PR1267. Accessed 1 April 2017.
334.
ICC, The Prosecutor v Bosco Ntaganda, Second decision on the Defence’s challenge to the jurisdiction of the Court in respect of Counts 6 and 9, 4 January 2017, Case No. ICC-01/04-02/06 (Ntaganda), para 27.
335.
ICC, The Prosecutor v Bosco Ntaganda, Judgment on the appeal of Mr. Bosco Ntaganda against the “Decision on the Defence’s challenge to the jurisdiction of the Court in respect of Counts 6 and 9”, 22 March 2016, Case No. ICC-01/04-02/06-1225, para 40.
336.
Ntaganda, above n 334, paras 44 and 48.
337.
ICC, The Prosecutor v Bosco Ntaganda, Judgment on the appeal of Mr. Ntaganda against the “Second decision on the Defence’s challenge to the jurisdiction of the Court in respect of Counts 6 and 9”, 15 June 2017, Case No. ICC-01/04-02/06 OA5, para 26.
338.
Ibid., paras 1, 2 and 70.
339.
ICC (2017) Katanga case: ICC Trial Chamber II awards victims individual and collective reparations. https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/item.aspx?name=pr1288. Accessed 1 April 2018.
340.
ICC (2014) Germain Katanga found guilty of four counts of war crimes and one count of crime against humanity committed in Ituri, DRC. https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/item.aspx?name=pr986. Accessed 1 April 2018.
341.
ICC, The Prosecutor v Germain Katanga, Decision on the review concerning reduction of sentence of Mr. Germain Katanga, 13 November 2015, Case No. ICC-01/04-01/07-3615; ICC (2014) Germain Katanga sentenced to 12 years’ imprisonment. https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/item.aspx?name=pr1008. Accessed 1 April 2018.
342.
ICC (2018) Case Information Sheet Situation in the Democratic Republic of Congo: The Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga, ICC-01/04-01/07. https://www.icc-cpi.int/drc/katanga/Documents/KatangaEng.pdf. Accessed 1 April 2018.
343.
ICC, The Prosecutor v Germain Katanga, Order for Reparations pursuant to Article 75 of the Statute, 24 March 2017, Case No. ICC-01/04-01/07 (Katanga), para 64.
344.
Ibid., para 168.
345.
ICC, The Prosecutor v Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Judgment on the appeals against the “Decision establishing the principles and procedures to be applied to reparations” of 7 August 2012 with AMENDED order for reparations (Annex A) and public annexes 1 and 2, 3 March 2015, Case No. ICC-01/04-01/06 A A 2 A 3, paras 99 and 151; see also ICC, The Prosecutor v Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Order for Reparations, 3 March 2015, Case No. ICC-01/04-01/06-3129-AnxA, paras 1–52.
346.
Katanga, above n 343, para 239.
347.
Ibid., para 264.
348.
Ibid., para 300.
349.
Ibid., para 304.
350.
Ibid., paras 327 and 342.
351.
ICC, The Prosecutor v Germain Katanga, Defence Document in Support of Appeal against the Reparations Order, 29 June 2017, Case No. ICC-01/04-01/07; ICC, The Prosecutor v Germain Katanga, Notice of Appeal against the Reparations Order and its Annex II issued in accordance with Article 75 of the Statute on 24 March 2017, 26 April 2017, Case No. ICC-01/04-01/07; ICC, The Prosecutor v Germain Katanga, Notice of Appeal against the “Ordonnance de réparation en vertu de l’article 75 du Statut” and its Annex II, 25 April 2017, Case No. ICC-01/04-01/07.
352.
ICC ASP, above n 318, para 50.
353.
ICC (2017) Lubanga case: Trial Chamber II issues additional decision on reparations. https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/item.aspx?name=pr1351. Accessed 1 April 2018.
354.
See above n 351.
355.
ICC, The Prosecutor v Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Décision fixant le montant des réparations auxquelles Thomas Lubanga Dyilo est tenu, 15 December 2017, Case No. ICC-01/04-01/06, para 190.
356.
Ibid., para 281.
357.
Ibid., para 289.
358.
ICC (2017) Al Mahdi case: ICC Trial Chamber VIII issues reparations order. https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/item.aspx?name=pr1329. Accessed 1 April 2018.
359.
ICC (2016) Case Information Sheet Situation in the Republic of Mali: The Prosecutor v. Ahmad Al Faqi Al Mahdi, ICC-01/12-01/15. https://www.icc-cpi.int/mali/al-mahdi/Documents/Al-MahdiEng.pdf. Accessed 1 April 2017.
360.
ICC, The Prosecutor v Ahmad Al Faqi Al Mahdi, Judgment and Sentence, 27 September 2016, Case No. ICC-01/12-01/15.
361.
ICC, The Prosecutor v Ahmad Al Faqi Al Mahdi, Reparations Order, 17 August 2017, Case No. ICC-01/12-01/15, para 134.
362.
Ibid., para 104.
363.
Ibid., paras 67, 81 and 89.
364.
Ibid., para 138.
365.
ICC, The Prosecutor v Ahmad Al Faqi Al Mahdi, NOTICE OF APPEAL “In part and limited” Against the Reparations Order of 17 August 2017 (ICC-01/12-01/15-236) issued in accordance with Article 75 of the Statute; limited to paras 81, 83 and 146 setting one of the criteria for screening victims eligible for reparations, 21 September 2017, Case No. ICC-01/12-01/15.
366.
ICC, The Prosecutor v Dominic Ongwen, Decision on the confirmation of charges against Dominic Ongwen, 23 March 2016, Case No. ICC-02/04-01/15, pp 73–104.
367.
Burke J (2017) Trial of ex-child soldier Dominic Ongwen to hear prosecution case. https://www.theguardian.com/law/2017/jan/16/trial-ex-child-soldier-dominic-ongwen-to-hear-prosecution-case-icc-uganda. Accessed 1 April 2018.
368.
ICC ASP, above n 318, para 95.
369.
EULEX (2017) Indictment filed for a war crimes case. http://www.eulex-kosovo.eu/?page=2,10,608. Accessed 24 January 2018.
370.
Balkan Insight (2017) Kosovo’s Top Court Acquits Limaj of War Crimes. http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/kosovo-acquits-former-kla-commander-after-marathonic-trial-05-25-2017-1. Accessed 24 January 2018.
371.
ICTJ (2017) Kosovo’s Top Court Acquits Limaj of War Crimes. https://www.ictj.org/news/kosovos-top-court-acquits-limaj-war-crimes. Accessed 24 January 2018.
372.
Kosovo Specialist Chambers & Specialist Prosecutor’s Office (2017) Appointment of Kosovo Specialist Chambers Judges. https://www.scp-ks.org/en/appointment-kosovo-specialist-chambers-judges. Accessed 24 January 2018.
373.
Ibid.
374.
Kosovo Specialist Chambers & Specialist Prosecutor’s Office (2017) Administrative Decision on Location of Current Proceedings. https://www.scp-ks.org/en/administrative-decision-location-current-proceedings. Accessed 24 January 2018.
375.
Kosovo Specialist Chambers & Specialist Prosecutor’s Office (2017) Judges Adopt Rules of Procedure and Evidence. https://www.scp-ks.org/en/judges-adopt-rules-procedure-and-evidence. Accessed 24 January 2018.
376.
Kosovo Specialist Chambers & Specialist Prosecutor’s Office (2017) Judgment on the Referral of the Rules of Procedure and Evidence. https://www.scp-ks.org/en/judgment-referral-rules-procedure-and-evidence. Accessed 24 January 2018.
377.
Ibid.
378.
Kosovo Specialist Chambers & Specialist Prosecutor’s Office (2017) Specialist Chamber of the Constitutional Court Judgment: Revised Rules Comply with the Kosovo Constitution. https://www.scp-ks.org/en/specialist-chamber-constitutional-court-judgment-revised-rules-comply-kosovo-constitution. Accessed 24 January 2018.
379.
Kosovo Specialist Chambers & Specialist Prosecutor’s Office (2017) Specialist Chambers Fully Judicially Operational. https://www.scp-ks.org/en/specialist-chambers-fully-judicially-operational. Accessed 24 January 2018.
380.
Ibid.
381.
EAC, Le Procureur Général v Hissein Habré, Appeals Chamber Judgement, 27 April 2017 (Habré), p 131. The full decision (in French) can be accessed at: http://www.chambresafricaines.org/pdf/Arr%C3%AAt_int%C3%A9gral.pdf. Accessed 29 January 2018.
382.
EAC, Ministère Public v Hissein Habré, Judgement, 30 May 2016, p 527. The full decision (in French) can be accessed at: http://www.chambresafricaines.org/pdf/Jugement_complet.pdf. Accessed 29 January 2018.
383.
Habré, above n 381, p 124.
384.
Human Rights Watch (2017) Senegal/Chad: Court Upholds Habré Conviction. https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/04/27/senegal/chad-court-upholds-habre-conviction. Accessed 29 January 2018.
385.
ECCC (2017) Trial Chamber concludes evidentiary hearings in Case 002/02, schedules closing briefs and closing arguments. https://www.eccc.gov.kh/en/articles/trial-chamber-concludes-evidentiary-hearings-case-00202-schedules-closing-briefs-and-closin. Accessed 24 January 2018.
386.
ECCC (2017) Press Release: Trial Chamber Reduces Scope of Case 002. https://www.eccc.gov.kh/sites/default/files/media/27%20Feb%20-%20Press%20Release%20Trial%20Chamber%20Reduces%20Scope%20of%20Case%20002%20English.pdf. Accessed 24 January 2018.
387.
ECCC (2017) Closing Statements in Case 002/02 Conclude. https://www.eccc.gov.kh/en/articles/closing-statements-case-00202-conclude. Accessed 24 January 2018.
388.
ECCC (2017) Judicial investigation against Meas Muth concluded. https://www.eccc.gov.kh/en/node/39445. Accessed 24 January 2018.
389.
ECCC (2017) Statement by the International Co-Prosecutor on Case 003. https://www.eccc.gov.kh/sites/default/files/media/Press%20Release%20International%20Co-Prosecutor%20on%20Case%20003%20ENG.pdf. Accessed 24 January 2018.
390.
Ibid.
391.
Ibid.
392.
ECCC (2017) Press Release by the Office of the Co-Investigating Judges: Judicial investigation against Yim Tith concluded. https://www.eccc.gov.kh/sites/default/files/media/Press%20Release%20Conclusion%20of%20Judicial%20Investigation%20against%20Yim%20Tith%20EN.pdf. Accessed 24 January 2018.
393.
ECCC (2017) Press Release by the Office of the Co-Investigating Judges: Co-Investigating Judges Dismiss Case against Im Chaem. https://www.eccc.gov.kh/sites/default/files/media/22%20Feb%20-%20Press%20Release%20by%20the%20Office%20of%20the%20Co-Investigating%20Judges%2022%20Februay%202017%20English.pdf. Accessed 24 January 2018.
394.
ECCC (2017) Press Release: Pre-Trial Chamber Concludes Two Days Hearing in Case 004/01. https://www.eccc.gov.kh/sites/default/files/media/Press%20Release%20Pre%20Trial-Chamber%20ENG.pdf. Accessed 24 January 2018.
395.
Ibid.
396.
American Society of International Law 2018.
397.
Ibid.
398.
RFI Afrique (2017) RCA: les premiers juges de la Cour pénale spéciale prêtent serment ce vendredi [CAR: first judges of the special criminal court were sworn in this Friday]. http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20170630-rca-premiers-juges-cour-penale-speciale-pretent-serment-vendredi. Accessed 29 January 2018.
399.
Ibid.
400.
American Society of International Law 2018.
401.
STL (2017) STL Bulletin – June 2017. https://www.stl-tsl.org/en/media/stl-bulletin/5869-stl-bulletin-june-2017. Accessed 25 January 2018, p 1.
402.
STL (2017) Victims’ case in the Ayyash et al. trial begins. https://www.stl-tsl.org/en/media/press-releases/5922-victims-case-in-the-ayyash-et-al-trial-begins. Accessed 25 January 2018.
403.
STL (2017) STL Bulletin – Victims’ case in the Ayyash et al. trial. https://www.stl-tsl.org/en/media/stl-bulletin/6060-stl-bulletin-victims-case. Accessed 25 January 2018.
404.
STL, above n 402.
405.
STL (2017) STL Bulletin – November 2017. https://www.stl-tsl.org/en/media/stl-bulletin/6130-stl-bulletin-november-2017. Accessed 25 January 2018, p 1.
406.
STL, STL-17-07/1, Public Redacted Version of the “Order on Preliminary Questions Addressed to the Appeals Chamber Pursuant to Rule 68 (G) of the Rules of Procedure and Evidence” of 11 August 2017, 11 September 2017, Case No. STL-17-07/I/AC/R176bis, para 1.
407.
Ibid.
408.
STL, STL-17-07/1, Interlocutory Decision on the Applicable Law: Criminal Association and Review of the Indictment, 18 October 2017, Case No. STL-17-07/I/AC/R176bis, p 1.
409.
Ibid.
410.
The New York Times (2017) 29 Argentines Sentenced to Life in Prison in “Death Flights” Trial. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/29/world/americas/argentina-death-flights-trial-dictatorship.html?mtrref=undefined. Accessed 29 January 2018.
411.
Goñi U (2017) Argentina “death flight” pilots sentenced for deaths including pope’s friend. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/29/argentina-death-flight-pilots-sentenced-for-deaths-including-popes-friend. Accessed 29 January 2018.
412.
Ibid.
413.
Cappiello H (2017) Dictan prisión perpetua para Astiz, Acosta y otros represores de la ESMA [Life imprisonment for Astiz, Acosta and other repressors of the ESMA]. http://www.lanacion.com.ar/2086988-dictan-prision-perpetua-para-astiz-acosta-y-otros-represores-de-la-esma. Accessed 29 January 2018.
414.
Reuters (2017) Argentine court sentences 29 to life for dictatorship crimes. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-argentina-rights/argentine-court-sentences-29-to-life-for-dictatorship-crimes-idUSKBN1DU021. Accessed 29 January 2018.
415.
Ibid.
416.
Cappiello, above n 413.
417.
BBC (2017) Austria convicts asylum seeker of Syria war crimes. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-39879305. Accessed 29 January 2018.
418.
ICT-I, The Chief Prosecutor v Md. Moslem Prodhan and Syed Md. Hussain alias Hossain [absconded], Judgement [Under section 20(1) of the Act No. XIX of 1973], 19 April 2017, Case No. 01 of 2016 (Moslem and Hussain).
419.
Asia News Network (2017) Bangladesh war crimes: 2 sentenced to death. http://www.asianews.eu/content/bangladesh-war-crimes-2-sentenced-death-43836. Accessed 15 February 2018.
420.
Moslem and Hussain, above n 418, pp 555–556.
421.
Ibid., pp 556–557.
422.
Ibid., p 556.
423.
ICT-I, The Chief Prosecutor v (1) Abu Saleh Md. Abdul Aziz Miah alias Ghoramara Aziz [absconded] (2) Md. Ruhul Amin alias Monju [absconded] (3) Md. Abdul Latif (4) Abu Muslim Mohammad Ali [absconded] (5) Md. Najmul Huda [absconded] and (6) Md. Abdur Rahim Miah [absconded], Judgement [Under section 20(1) of the Act No. XIX of 1973], 22 November 2017, Case No. 03 of 2016.
424.
Ibid., pp 154–155 and 164–165.
425.
Amnesty International 2017a, p 89.
426.
The Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina (2017) Acquittal returned in the case of Naser Orić et al. http://www.sudbih.gov.ba/vijest/oslobaajua-presuda-u-predmetu-naser-ori-i-dr-20633. Accessed 30 January 2018.
427.
ICTY (2008) Case Information Sheet: Naser Orić. http://www.icty.org/x/cases/oric/cis/en/cis_oric_en.pdf. Accessed 30 January 2018.
428.
ICTY, Prosecutor v Naser Orić, Trial Chamber II Judgement, 30 June 2006, Case No. IT-03-68-T, p 268.
429.
ICTY, Prosecutor v Naser Orić, Appeals Chamber Judgement, 3 July 2008, Case No. IT-03-68-A, p 64.
430.
Dizdarevic E (2017) Female Bosnian Croat Fighter Jailed for War Crimes. https://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/female-bosnian-croat-fighter-jailed-for-war-crimes-12-27-2017. Accessed 30 January 2018.
431.
Deutsche Welle (2017) Bosnian court jails Croat ex-soldier Azra Basic for 14 years. http://www.dw.com/en/bosnian-court-jails-croat-ex-soldier-azra-basic-for-14-years/a-41951243. Accessed 30 January 2018.
432.
The Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina (2017) Brane Planojević acquitted of charges. http://www.sudbih.gov.ba/vijest/brane-planojevi-osloboen-od-optube-20696. Accessed 30 January 2018.
433.
Ibid.
434.
ABC News (2017) Ex-Serbian commander “Captain Dragan” sentenced to 15 years over murder, torture war crimes. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-09-26/ex-serbian-commander-jailed-over-murder-torture-war-crimes/8990960. Accessed 30 January 2018.
435.
Ibid.
436.
Ibid.
437.
TRIAL International (2017) Justice is Delivered for the Children of Kavumu. https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/justice-is-delivered-for-the-children-of-kavumu/. Accessed 30 January 2018.
438.
Ibid.
439.
Ibid.
440.
Jurist (2017) Congo soldiers arrested for alleged role in February massacre. http://www.jurist.org/paperchase/2017/03/congo-soldiers-arrested-for-alleged-role-in-february-massacre.php. Accessed 30 January 2018.
441.
Ibid.
442.
TRIAL International (2017) Claude Muhayimana. https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/claude-muhayimana/. Accessed 30 January 2018.
443.
Daily Monitor (2017) Man faces French trial for “complicity” in Rwanda genocide. http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/World/Claude-Muhayimana-faces-French-complicity-Rwanda-genocide/688340-4196624-mbsx5hz/index.html. Accessed 30 January 2018.
444.
TRIAL International, above n 442.
445.
Daily Monitor, above n 443.
446.
Reuters (2017) Germany charges man with role in Islamic State executions in Syria. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-germany-security-islamic-state/germany-charges-man-with-role-in-islamic-state-executions-in-syria-idUSKBN14N1B0. Accessed 30 January 2018.
447.
Miller G, Mekhennet S (2017) Militant who denounced Islamic State faces murder, war crimes charges in Germany. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/militant-who-denounced-islamic-state-faces-murder-war-crimes-charges-in-germany/2017/01/03/02f5cee6-d1ca-11e6-9cb0-54ab630851e8_story.html?utm_term=.fbde945e507e. Accessed 30 January 2018.
448.
Human Rights Watch 2017b.
449.
Ibid.
450.
TRIAL International (2017) Ibrahim Al F. https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/ibrahim-al-f/. Accessed 30 January 2018.
451.
Ibid; DNA (2017) Syrian rebel leader faces “war crimes” trial in Germany. http://www.dnaindia.com/world/report-syrian-rebel-leader-faces-war-crimes-trial-in-germany-2447537. Accessed 30 January 2018.
452.
TRIAL International (2017) Suliman Al-S. https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/suliman-al-s/. Accessed 30 January 2018.
453.
Chicago Tribune (2017) 9 new Nazi war crimes cases sent to German state prosecutors. http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/sns-bc-eu-germany-nazi-investigations-20171218-story.html. Accessed 30 January 2018.
454.
Ibid.
455.
Oberlandesgericht Celle (2017) Strafvollstreckung gegen Oskar G. Antrag auf Haftaufschub zurückgewiesen [Enforcement of sentence against Oskar G. request of imprisonment delay rejected]. https://www.oberlandesgericht-celle.niedersachsen.de/aktuelles/presseinformationen/strafvollstreckung-gegen-oskar-g-antrag-auf-haftaufschub-zurueckgewiesen-159838.html. Accessed 30 January 2018.
456.
Jurist (2015) Ex-Auschwitz guard sentenced to four years in prison. http://www.jurist.org/paperchase/2015/07/ex-auschwitz-guard-senteced-to-four-years-in-prison.php. Accessed 30 January 2018.
457.
Burt J-M, Estrada P (2017) High-Profile Molina Theissen Trial to Start in Guatemala in March 2018. https://www.ijmonitor.org/2017/10/high-profile-molina-theissen-trial-to-start-in-guatemala-in-march-2018/. Accessed 31 January 2018.
458.
Ibid.
459.
Burt J-M, Estrada P (2017) Molina Theissen Case Ready to Go to Court. https://www.ijmonitor.org/2017/07/molina-theissen-case-ready-to-go-to-court/. Accessed 31 January 2018.
460.
Burt and Estrada, above n 457.
461.
Burt J-M, Estrada P (2017) The Guatemala Genocide Trial Resumes. https://www.ijmonitor.org/2017/10/the-guatemala-genocide-trial-resumes/. Accessed 31 January 2018.
462.
Ibid.
463.
Ibid.
464.
Ibid.
465.
The Baltic Times (2017) Vilnius court sentences ex-OMON officer to 12 years for war crimes. https://www.baltictimes.com/vilnius_court_sentences_ex-omon_officer_to_12_years_for_war_crimes/. Accessed 31 January 2018.
466.
Ibid.
467.
Ibid.
468.
De Rechtspraak (2017) Guus K. https://www.rechtspraak.nl/Uitspraken-en-nieuws/Bekende-rechtszaken/Guus-K. Accessed 31 January 2018.
469.
International Crimes Database (date unknown) The Public Prosecutor v. Guus Kouwenhoven. http://www.internationalcrimesdatabase.org/Case/2238. Accessed 31 January 2018.
470.
Ibid.
471.
The Hague Justice Portal (2010) Dutch Supreme Court quashes Court of Appeal decision in Guus K. case. http://www.haguejusticeportal.net/index.php?id=11630. Accessed 31 January 2018.
472.
Reuters (2017) Dutch “blood timber” businessman arrested in South Africa. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-netherlands-safrica-warcrimes/dutch-blood-timber-businessman-arrested-in-south-africa-idUSKBN1E21IV. Accessed 31 January 2018.
473.
De Rechtspraak (2017) Veroordeling voor oorlogsmisdrijven Ethiopië [Conviction for war crimes in Ethiopia]. https://www.rechtspraak.nl/Organisatie-en-contact/Organisatie/Rechtbanken/Rechtbank-Den-Haag/Nieuws/Paginas/Veroordeling-voor-oorlogsmisdrijven-Ethiopie.aspx. Accessed 31 January 2018.
474.
Ibid.
475.
Ibid.
476.
Stojanovic D (2017) Srebrenica massacre trial to begin in War Crimes Court. https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2017/02/06/srebrenica-massacre-trial-to-begin-in-war-crimes-court.html. Accessed 31 January 2018.
477.
Gec J, Cerkez A, Stojanovic D (2015) 8 suspects arrested in Srebrenica massacre, including commander; a first for Serbia. https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2015/03/18/8-suspects-arrested-in-srebrenica-massacre-including-commander-a-first-for-serbia.html. Accessed 31 January 2018.
478.
Stojanovic, above n 476.
479.
Balkan Transitional Justice (2017) Serbia’s First Srebrenica Trial Halted as Charges Dismissed. http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/first-serbian-srebrenica-trial-stopped-by-belgrade-court-07-13-2017. Accessed 31 January 2018.
480.
Rudic F (2017) Landmark Srebrenica Trial Starts Over in Serbia. http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/landmark-srebrenica-trial-starts-over-in-serbia-11-14-2017. Accessed 31 January 2018.
481.
Rudic F (2017) Serbian Court Delays Srebrenica Massacre Trial. http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/serbian-court-delays-srebrenica-massacre-trial-12-13-2017. Accessed 1 February 2018.
482.
Jones S (2017) Spanish court to investigate Syrian ‘state terrorism’ by Assad regime. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/mar/27/spanish-court-syria-state-terrorism-assad-regime-mrs-ah. Accessed 1 February 2018.
483.
Ibid.
484.
Parra A (2017) Judge in Spain Begins Investigation of Syrian War Crimes. https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2017-04-10/judge-in-spain-begins-investigation-of-syrian-war-crimes. Accessed 1 February 2018.
485.
Ibid.
486.
Ibid.
487.
Human Rights Watch 2017b.
488.
Ibid.
489.
Ibid.
490.
TRIAL International (2017) Haisam Omar Sakhanh. https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/haisam-omar-sakhanh/. Accessed 1 February 2018.
491.
The New York Times (2013) Brutality of Syrian Rebels Posing Dilemma in West. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/05/world/middleeast/brutality-of-syrian-rebels-pose-dilemma-in-west.html. Accessed 1 February 2018.
492.
Ibid.
493.
TRIAL International, above n 490.
494.
The New York Times (2017) Syrian Soldier Is Guilty of War Crime, a First in the 6-Year Conflict. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/03/world/middleeast/syria-war-crime.html. Accessed 1 February 2018.
495.
Ibid.
496.
TRIAL International (2018) Abdullah Mohamed. https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/mohamed-abdullah/. Accessed 1 February 2018.
497.
The New York Times, above n 494.
498.
Ibid.; TRIAL International, above n 496.
499.
TRIAL International, above n 496.
500.
Reuters (2017) UK torture charge for ex-wife of former Liberian president Taylor. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-liberia-torture/uk-torture-charge-for-ex-wife-of-former-liberian-president-taylor-idUSKBN18T2Y7. Accessed 1 February 2018.
501.
Ibid.; TRIAL International (2017) Agnès Reeves Taylor. https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/agnes-reeves-taylor/. Accessed 1 February 2018.
502.
Human Rights Watch (2017) Liberia: UK Arrest for Civil War Crimes a Step for Justice. https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/06/03/liberia-uk-arrest-civil-war-crimes-step-justice. Accessed 1 February 2018.
503.
Cluster Munition Coalition 2017, p 1.
504.
UN General Assembly (2017) Resolution 72/54. Implementation of the Convention on Cluster Munitions. UN Doc. A/RES/72/54.
505.
UN General Assembly (2017) Voting result for Item 99 (hh) A/72/409 Draft Resolution XXVI: Implementation of the Convention on Cluster Munitions. http://www.clusterconvention.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/2017-General-Assembly-voting-results.pdf. Accessed 24 April 2018.
506.
Cluster Munition Coalition 2017, p 1.
507.
Ibid.
508.
Ibid., p 15.
509.
Ibid., p 19.
510.
International Campaign to Ban Landmines 2017, p 1.
511.
See above Sect. 8.1.11.
512.
International Campaign to Ban Landmines 2017, pp 13–16.
513.
Ibid., pp 1, 11.
514.
Ibid., p 8.
515.
OPCW (2017) South Sudan to Join Chemical Weapons Convention. https://www.opcw.org/news/article/south-sudan-to-join-chemical-weapons-convention/. Accessed 25 April 2018.
516.
OPCW (2017) Ambassador Fernando Arias of Spain Appointed Next OPCW Director-General. https://www.opcw.org/news/article/ambassador-fernando-arias-of-spain-appointed-next-opcw-director-general/. Accessed 25 April 2018.
517.
OPCW (2017) Decision Addressing the Threat Posed by the Use of Chemical Weapons by Non-State Actors. OPCW Doc No. EC-86/DEC.9.
518.
See UN Security Council (2017) 7985th Meeting (AM): States Must Step Up Efforts to Check Spread of Deadly Weapons as Non-State Actors Exploit Rapid Technological Advances, Speakers Tell Security Council. UN Doc. SC/12888.
519.
The Guardian (2017) Chemical weapons found in Mosul in Isis lab, say Iraqi forces. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jan/29/chemical-weapons-found-in-mosul-in-isis-lab-say-iraqi-forces. Accessed 25 April 2018.
520.
Chulov M (2017) Sarin used in April Syria attack, chemical weapons watchdog confirms. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jun/30/sarin-was-used-in-syria-khan-sheikhun-attack-says-chemical-weapons-watchdog. Accessed 25 April 2018; Chulov M (2017) Syrian regime dropped sarin on rebel-held town in April, UN confirms. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/sep/06/syrian-regime-dropped-sarin-on-rebel-held-town-in-april-un-confirms. Accessed 25 April 2018; see also Sect. 8.1.15.
521.
The Guardian (2017) Russia uses veto to end UN investigation of Syria chemical attacks. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/24/russia-uses-veto-end-un-investigation-chemical-attacks. Accessed 25 April 2018.
522.
UNOG (2017) 2017 Meeting of States Parties to the Biological Weapons Convention Concludes. https://www.unog.ch/unog/website/news_media.nsf/(httpNewsByYear_en)/2A06B00392D1DAFFC12581FA005F0390?OpenDocument. Accessed 26 April 2018.
523.
Ibid.
524.
Ibid.
525.
Project on Managing the Microbe 2017, p 1.
526.
Ibid., p 4.
527.
Ibid., p 5.
528.
Ibid.
529.
Ibid., pp 10–11.
530.
Al Jazeera (2017) N Korea declares ballistic missile test “success”. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/02/korea-declares-ballistic-missile-test-success-170213085718539.html. Accessed 26 April 2018.
531.
Al Jazeera (2017) North Korea carries out missile test in defiance of UN. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/04/north-korea-test-fires-unidentified-missile-seoul-170428214310115.html. Accessed 26 April 2018.
532.
Al Jazeera (2017) North Korea claims test of intercontinental missile. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/07/north-korea-fires-missile-sea-south-korea-170704012040660.html. Accessed 26 April 2018.
533.
Al Jazeera (2017) North Korea fires long-range ICBM missile: reports. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/07/pentagon-north-korea-ballistic-missile-launch-detected-170728153900450.html. Accessed 26 April 2018.
534.
ABC News (2017) North Korea says it successfully tested hydrogen bomb, marking sixth nuclear test since 2006. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-09-03/north-korea-says-it-successfully-tested-hydrogen-bomb/8867568. Accessed 26 April 2018.
535.
Falk P (2017) U.N. Security Council calls emergency meeting after latest N. Korea nuke test. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/united-nations-security-council-north-korea-emergency-meeting-hydrogen-bomb/. Accessed 26 April 2018.
536.
UN News Centre (2017) UN conference adopts treaty banning nuclear weapons. https://news.un.org/en/story/2017/07/561122-un-conference-adopts-treaty-banning-nuclear-weapons. Accessed 26 April 2018.
537.
Ibid.
538.
UN News Centre (2017) Treaty banning nuclear weapons opens for signature at UN. https://news.un.org/en/story/2017/09/565582-treaty-banning-nuclear-weapons-opens-signature-un. Accessed 26 April 2018.
539.
Fifth Review Conference of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects (2016) Final Document of the Fifth Review Conference, UN Doc. CCW/CONF.V/10.
540.
Chinese delegation to CCW 5th Review Conference (2016) Position Paper. https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/DD1551E60648CEBBC125808A005954FA/$file/China’s+Position+Paper.pdf. Accessed 25 January 2018.
541.
Group of Governmental Experts of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects (2017) Report of the 2017 Group of Governmental Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS), UN Doc. CCW/GGE.1/2017/CRP.1.
542.
Ibid.
543.
Ibid.
544.
Ibid.
545.
Ibid.
546.
Ibid.
547.
Schmitt 2017.
548.
Schmitt 2013.
549.
Schmitt 2017, p 1.
550.
Ibid., p 3.
551.
Ibid., p 1.
552.
Ibid., p 6; see also T.M.C. Asser Institute 2016.
553.
Schmitt 2017, p 2.
554.
T.M.C. Asser Institute 2016.
555.
Schmitt 2017, p 3.
556.
Ibid.
557.
Ibid., pp 9, 177.
558.
Ibid., pp 301, 373.

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Authors and Affiliations

T.M.C. Asser Instituut, The Hague, The Netherlands
Beier Lin
European University Institute, Florence, Italy
Marie Wilmet
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Charlotte Renckens

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Beier Lin
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Marie Wilmet
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Charlotte Renckens
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Correspondence to Beier Lin .

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Criminal Law Section, Section Military Law, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Terry D. Gill
Melbourne Law School, Carlton, VIC, Australia
Tim McCormack
School of Law, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
Robin Geiß
Department of Law/Public Law, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Heike Krieger
Research Department, T.M.C. Asser Instituut, The Hague, The Netherlands
Christophe Paulussen

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Lin, B., Wilmet, M., Renckens, C. (2019). Year in Review 2017. In: Gill, T., McCormack, T., Geiß, R., Krieger, H., Paulussen, C. (eds) Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law, Volume 20, 2017. Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law, vol 20. T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-264-4_8

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-264-4_8
Published: 21 December 2018
Publisher Name: T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague
Print ISBN: 978-94-6265-263-7
Online ISBN: 978-94-6265-264-4
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