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Biosurfactant: A Promising Approach Toward the Remediation of Xenobiotics, a Way to Rejuvenate the Marine Ecosystem

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Marine Pollution and Microbial Remediation

Abstract

Xenobiotics – petroleum hydrocarbons, dyes, heavy metals, pesticides, and antifoulants like tributyltin (TBT) which are dispersed in the marine environment through various activities – have caused ecological and social catastrophes. Pesticides, metals, dyes, etc. used in agriculture and other industrial purposes eventually reach the sea through streams and rivers. The presence of these xenobiotics in the water bodies may lead to many serious health consequences as xenobiotics like heavy metals are mutagenic and carcinogenic in nature. Heavy metals are usually discharged from power generation industries, and some like mercury are an active component in many pesticides. Synthetic dyes and dry cleaning fluid like tetrachloroethylene used largely in dyeing and printing industries constitute one of the major organic pollutants. Polycyclic hydrocarbons and crude oil sludge are discharged into the marine environment as a result of offshore oil drilling, overflow from oil tanker, and ship accidents and as by-products of coal treatment. As a result of increasing public awareness on environmental pollution and the need for sustainable development, various research programs have been initiated for development of technologies to manage the xenobiotics. The use of surface-active biomolecules (biosurfactant) synthesized by microorganisms in bioremediation has been proposed in recent years and is gaining prominence due to their high potential in mobilization and solubilization of various pollutants. Biosurfactants such as rhamnolipid, sophorolipid, surfactin, and alasan produced by diverse species of Pseudomonas, Candida, Bacillus, and Acinetobacter, respectively, have been widely studied and reported for the remediation of hydrocarbons (e.g., phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, hexadecane, kerosene, and 1-methyl naphthalene) and heavy metals, e.g., cadmium and pesticides (endosulfan and beta-cypermethrin). Moreover, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis are well-known producers of biosurfactant employed in oil recovery and bioremediation. The biosurfactant seem to enhance the biodegradation of oils and lipids as a result of its emulsifying property. Owing to its biodegradability and low toxicity, they might serve as promising tool for the use in bioremediation of both organic and inorganic pollutants. This chapter provides an overview on the advances in the application of microbial biosurfactant in rejuvenating marine ecosystem and in combating the issues of xenobiotics.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Microbiology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605014, India

    Siddhardha Busi & Jobina Rajkumari

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  1. Siddhardha Busi
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  2. Jobina Rajkumari
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Correspondence to Siddhardha Busi .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Microbiology, Goa University Department of Microbiology, Goa, Goa, India

    Milind Mohan Naik

  2. Department of Microbiology, Goa University Department of Microbiology, Goa, Goa, India

    Santosh Kumar Dubey

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Busi, S., Rajkumari, J. (2017). Biosurfactant: A Promising Approach Toward the Remediation of Xenobiotics, a Way to Rejuvenate the Marine Ecosystem. In: Naik, M., Dubey, S. (eds) Marine Pollution and Microbial Remediation. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1044-6_6

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