Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Mechanical Ocular Trauma in Children

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Mechanical Ocular Trauma

  • 666 Accesses

Abstract

Ocular trauma is the major cause of unilateral blindness in children [1, 2]. Seven to thirteen percent of the patients who suffer from ocular trauma have a significant lower vision and blindness [3, 4]. Thirty-five percent of approximately 2.5 million ocular injuries were encountered in children younger than 17 years old [4]. In Nepal, incidence of ocular trauma (cases that did not require hospitalization were included) was estimated as 300 per 100,000 per year [5]. The incidence of hospitalization due to ocular trauma varies from 8.85 to 22.5 per 100,000 per year [6, 7].

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 69.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Strahlman E, Elman M, Daub E, Baker S. Causes of pediatric eye injuries. A population-based study. Arch Ophthalmol (Chicago, Ill: 1960). 1990;108(4):603–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. May DR, Kuhn FP, Morris RE, et al. The epidemiology of serious eye injuries from the United States Eye Injury Registry. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol (Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie). 2000;238(2):153–7.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Sherwin JC, Dean WH, Metcalfe N. Screening for childhood blindness and visual impairment in a secondary school in rural Malawi. Eye (London, England). 2011;25(2):256–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Salvin JH. Systemic approach to pediatric ocular trauma. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2007;18:366–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Khatry SK, Lewis AE, Schein OD, Thapa MD, Pradhan EK, Katz J. The epidemiology of ocular trauma in rural Nepal. Br J Ophthalmol. 2004;88(4):456–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. MacEwen CJ, Baines PS, Desai P. Eye injuries in children: the current picture. Br J Ophthalmol. 1999;83(8):933–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Karaman K, Znaor L, Lakos V, Olujic I. Epidemiology of pediatric eye injury in Split-Dalmatia County. Ophthalmic Res. 2009;42(4):199–204.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Jandeck C, Kellner U, Bornfeld N, Foerster MH. Open globe injuries in children. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol (Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie). 2000;238(5):420–6.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Olitsky SE, Nelson BA, Brooks S. The sensitive period of visual development in humans. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2002;39(2):69–72; quiz 105–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Podbielski DW, Surkont M, Tehrani NN, Ratnapalan S. Pediatric eye injuries in a Canadian emergency department. Can J Ophthalmol (Journal canadien d’ophtalmologie). 2009;44(5):519–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Grieshaber MC, Stegmann R. Penetrating eye injuries in South African children: aetiology and visual outcome. Eye (London, England). 2006;20(7):789–95.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Sul S, Gurelik G, Korkmaz S, Ozdek S, Hasanreisoglu B. Pediatric open-globe injuries: clinical characteristics and factors associated with poor visual and anatomical success. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol (Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie). 2015;254(7):1405–10.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Serrano JC, Chalela P, Arias JD. Epidemiology of childhood ocular trauma in a northeastern Colombian region. Arch Ophthalmol (Chicago, Ill: 1960). 2003;121(10):1439–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Rapoport I, Romem M, Kinek M, et al. Eye injuries in children in Israel. A nationwide collaborative study. Arch Ophthalmol (Chicago, Ill: 1960). 1990;108(3):376–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Moisseiev J, Vidne O, Treister G. Vitrectomy and silicone oil injection in pediatric patients. Retina (Philadelphia, PA). 1998;18(3):221–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Scharf J, Zonis S. Perforating injuries of the eye in childhood. J Pediatr Ophthalmol. 1975;13:326–8.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Mayouego Kouam J, Epee E, Azria S, et al. Epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic features of pediatric ocular injuries in an eye emergency unit in Ile-de-France. J Fr Ophtalmol. 2015;38(8):743–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Liu ML, Chang YS, Tseng SH, et al. Major pediatric ocular trauma in Taiwan. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2010;47(2):88–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Mela EK, Georgakopoulos CD, Georgalis A, Koliopoulos JX, Gartaganis SP. Severe ocular injuries in Greek children. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2003;10(1):23–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Listman DA. Paintball injuries in children: more than meets the eye. Pediatrics. 2004;113(1 Pt 1):e15–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Sternberg Jr P, de Juan Jr E, Green WR, Hirst LW, Sommer A. Ocular BB injuries. Ophthalmology. 1984;91(10):1269–77.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Jing Y, Yi-qiao X, Yan-ning Y, Ming A, An-huai Y, Lian-hong Z. Clinical analysis of firework-related ocular injuries during Spring Festival 2009. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol (Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie). 2010;248(3):333–8.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Erickson BP, Cavuoto K, Rachitskaya A. Zone 3 ruptured globe from a dog bite. J AAPOS (The Official Publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus/American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus). 2015;19(1):89–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Lekse Kovach J, Maguluri S, Recchia FM. Subclinical endophthalmitis following a rooster attack. J AAPOS (The Official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus/American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus). 2006;10(6):579–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Yildirim N, Kabadere E, Ermis Z. Perforating corneal injury with a fish hook. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers iImaging (The Official Journal of the International Society for Imaging in the Eye). 2008;39(2):137–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Rishi E, Rishi P, Koundanya VV, Sahu C, Roy R, Bhende PS. Post-traumatic endophthalmitis in 143 eyes of children and adolescents from India. Eye (London, England). 2016;30(4):615–20.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Eagling EM. Perforating injuries involving the posterior segment. Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K. 1975;95(2):335–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. De Juan Jr E, Sternberg Jr P, Michels RG. Penetrating ocular injuries. Types of injuries and visual results. Ophthalmology. 1983;90(11):1318–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. LaRoche GR, McIntyre L, Schertzer RM. Epidemiology of severe eye injuries in childhood. Ophthalmology. 1988;95(12):1603–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Patel BC. Penetrating eye injuries. Arch Dis Child. 1989;64(3):317–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Spiegel D, Nasemann J, Nawrocki J, Gabel VP. Severe ocular trauma managed with primary pars plana vitrectomy and silicone oil. Retina (Philadelphia, PA). 1997;17(4):275–85.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Cao H, Li L, Zhang M, Li H. Epidemiology of pediatric ocular trauma in the Chaoshan Region, China, 2001–2010. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e60844.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Pieramici DJ, Sternberg Jr P, Aaberg Sr TM, et al. A system for classifying mechanical injuries of the eye (globe). The Ocular Trauma Classification Group. Am J Ophthalmol. 1997;123(6):820–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Sheard RM, Mireskandari K, Ezra E, Sullivan PM. Vitreoretinal surgery after childhood ocular trauma. Eye (London, England). 2007;21(6):793–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Saunte JP, Saunte ME. Childhood ocular trauma in the Copenhagen area from 1998 to 2003: eye injuries caused by airsoft guns are twice as common as firework-related injuries. Acta Ophthalmol. 2008;86(3):345–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Alfaro III DV, Liggett PE. Vitreoretinal surgery of the injured eye. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Hill JR, Crawford BD, Lee H, Tawansy KA. Evaluation of open globe injuries of children in the last 12 years. Retina (Philadelphia, PA). 2006;26(7 Suppl):S65–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Kuhn F. Ocular traumatology. Berlin/New York: Springer; 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Stryjewski TP, Andreoli CM, Eliott D. Retinal detachment after open globe injury. Ophthalmology. 2014;121(1):327–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Thakker MM, Ray S. Vision-limiting complications in open-globe injuries. Can J Ophthalmol (Journal canadien d’ophtalmologie). 2006;41(1):86–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Kennedy EA, Ng TP, McNally C, Stitzel JD, Duma SM. Risk functions for human and porcine eye rupture based on projectile characteristics of blunt objects. Stapp Car Crash J. 2006;50:651–71.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Hoyt CS, Taylor D. Pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus. St. Louis: Elsevier; 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Ariturk N, Sahin M, Oge I, Erkan D, Sullu Y. The evaluation of ocular trauma in children between ages 0–12. Turk J Pediatr. 1999;41(1):43–52.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Stulting RD, Sumers KD, Cavanagh HD, Waring 3rd GO, Gammon JA. Penetrating keratoplasty in children. Ophthalmology. 1984;91(10):1222–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Cowden JW. Penetrating keratoplasty in infants and children. Ophthalmology. 1990;97(3):324–8; discussion 8–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Dana MR, Schaumberg DA, Moyes AL, et al. Outcome of penetrating keratoplasty after ocular trauma in children. Arch Ophthalmol (Chicago, IL: 1960). 1995;113(12):1503–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Patel HY, Ormonde S, Brookes NH, Moffatt LS, McGhee CN. The indications and outcome of paediatric corneal transplantation in New Zealand: 1991–2003. Br J Ophthalmol. 2005;89(4):404–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Garcia-Valenzuela E, Blair NP, Shapiro MJ, et al. Outcome of vitreoretinal surgery and penetrating keratoplasty using temporary keratoprosthesis. Retina (Philadelphia, PA). 1999;19(5):424–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Roters S, Szurman P, Hermes S, Thumann G, Bartz-Schmidt KU, Kirchhof B. Outcome of combined penetrating keratoplasty with vitreoretinal surgery for management of severe ocular injuries. Retina (Philadelphia, PA). 2003;23(1):48–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Vajpayee RB, Angra SK, Honavar SG. Combined keratoplasty, cataract extraction, and intraocular lens implantation after corneolenticular laceration in children. Am J Ophthalmol. 1994;117(4):507–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Rocha KM, Martins EN, Melo Jr LA, Moraes NS. Outpatient management of traumatic hyphema in children: prospective evaluation. J AAPOS (The Official Publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus/American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus). 2004;8(4):357–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Eckstein M, Vijayalakshmi P, Killedar M, Gilbert C, Foster A. Aetiology of childhood cataract in south India. Br J Ophthalmol. 1996;80(7):628–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Scott IU, Flynn Jr HW, Azen SP, Lai MY, Schwartz S, Trese MT. Silicone oil in the repair of pediatric complex retinal detachments: a prospective, observational, multicenter study. Ophthalmology. 1999;106(7):1399–407; discussion 407–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Spirn MJ, Lynn MJ, Hubbard 3rd GB. Vitreous hemorrhage in children. Ophthalmology. 2006;113(5):848–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Cleary PE, Ryan SJ. Histology of wound, vitreous, and retina in experimental posterior penetrating eye injury in the rhesus monkey. Am J Ophthalmol. 1979;88(2):221–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Cleary PE, Ryan SJ. Experimental posterior penetrating eye injury in the rabbit. II. Histology of wound, vitreous, and retina. Br J Ophthalmol. 1979;63(5):312–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  57. Feng K, Hu Y, Wang C, et al. Risk factors, anatomical, and visual outcomes of injured eyes with proliferative vitreoretinopathy: eye injury vitrectomy study. Retina (Philadelphia, PA). 2013;33(8):1512–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Spraul CW, Grossniklaus HE. Vitreous Hemorrhage. Surv Ophthalmol. 1997;42(1):3–39.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Sebag J. Age-related differences in the human vitreoretinal interface. Arch Ophthalmol (Chicago, IL: 1960). 1991;109(7):966–71.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Cleary PE, Ryan SJ. Vitrectomy in penetrating eye injury. Results of a controlled trial of vitrectomy in an experimental posterior penetrating eye injury in the rhesus monkey. Arch Ophthalmol (Chicago, IL: 1960). 1981;99(2):287–92.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Gregor Z, Ryan SJ. Complete and core vitrectomies in the treatment of experimental posterior penetrating eye injury in the rhesus monkey. II. Histologic features. Arch Ophthalmol (Chicago, IL: 1960). 1983;101(3):446–50.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Soheilian M, Ramezani A, Malihi M, et al. Clinical features and surgical outcomes of pediatric rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Retina (Philadelphia, PA). 2009;29(4):545–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Rosner M, Treister G, Belkin M. Epidemiology of retinal detachment in childhood and adolescence. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1987;24(1):42–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Wang NK, Chen YP, Yeung L, et al. Traumatic pediatric retinal detachment following open globe injury. Ophthalmologica (Journal international d’ophtalmologie International journal of ophthalmology Zeitschrift fur Augenheilkunde). 2007;221(4):255–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Fivgas GD, Capone Jr A. Pediatric rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Retina (Philadelphia, PA). 2001;21(2):101–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Guillaume JB, Godde-Jolly D, Haut J, Monin C, Ruellan YM. Surgical treatment of traumatic retinal detachment in children under 15 years of age. J Fr Ophtalmol. 1991;14(5):311–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Meier P. Combined anterior and posterior segment injuries in children: a review. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol (Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie). 2010;248(9):1207–19.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Sarrazin L, Averbukh E, Halpert M, Hemo I, Rumelt S. Traumatic pediatric retinal detachment: a comparison between open and closed globe injuries. Am J Ophthalmol. 2004;137(6):1042–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Johnson RN, McDonald HR, Lewis H, et al. Traumatic macular hole: observations, pathogenesis, and results of vitrectomy surgery. Ophthalmology. 2001;108(5):853–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Miller JB, Yonekawa Y, Eliott D, et al. Long-term follow-up and outcomes in traumatic macular holes. Am J Ophthalmol. 2015;160(6):1255–8.e1.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Wu WC, Drenser KA, Trese MT, Williams GA, Capone A. Pediatric traumatic macular hole: results of autologous plasmin enzyme-assisted vitrectomy. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007;144(5):668–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Rubin JS, Glaser BM, Thompson JT, Sjaarda RN, Pappas SS, Murphy RP. Vitrectomy, fluid-gas exchange and transforming growth factor–beta-2 for the treatment of traumatic macular holes. Ophthalmology. 1995;102(12):1840–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Garcia-Arumi J, Corcostegui B, Cavero L, Sararols L. The role of vitreoretinal surgery in the treatment of posttraumatic macular hole. Retina (Philadelphia, PA). 1997;17(5):372–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Colyer MH, Weber ED, Weichel ED, et al. Delayed intraocular foreign body removal without endophthalmitis during Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom. Ophthalmology. 2007;114(8):1439–47.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Boldt HC, Pulido JS, Blodi CF, Folk JC, Weingeist TA. Rural endophthalmitis. Ophthalmology. 1989;96(12):1722–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Narang S, Gupta V, Simalandhi P, Gupta A, Raj S, Dogra MR. Paediatric open globe injuries. Visual outcome and risk factors for endophthalmitis. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2004;52(1):29–34.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Alfaro DV, Roth DB, Laughlin RM, Goyal M, Liggett PE. Paediatric post-traumatic endophthalmitis. Br J Ophthalmol. 1995;79(10):888–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  78. Bhagat N, Nagori S, Zarbin M. Post-traumatic infectious endophthalmitis. Surv Ophthalmol. 2011;56(3):214–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Essex RW, Yi Q, Charles PG, Allen PJ. Post-traumatic endophthalmitis. Ophthalmology. 2004;111(11):2015–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Thompson JT, Parver LM, Enger CL, Mieler WF, Liggett PE. Infectious endophthalmitis after penetrating injuries with retained intraocular foreign bodies. National Eye Trauma System. Ophthalmology. 1993;100(10):1468–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Farr AK, Hairston RJ, Humayun MU, et al. Open globe injuries in children: a retrospective analysis. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2001;38(2):72–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Thordsen JE, Harris L, Hubbard 3rd GB. Pediatric endophthalmitis. A 10-year consecutive series. Retina (Philadelphia, PA). 2008;28(3 Suppl):S3–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Results of the Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study. A randomized trial of immediate vitrectomy and of intravenous antibiotics for the treatment of postoperative bacterial endophthalmitis. Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study Group. Arch Ophthalmol (Chicago, IL: 1960). 1995;113(12):1479–96.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Shah MA, Shah SM, Applewar A, Patel C, Patel K. Ocular Trauma Score as a predictor of final visual outcomes in traumatic cataract cases in pediatric patients. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2012;38(6):959–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Khokhar S, Gupta S, Yogi R, Gogia V, Agarwal T. Epidemiology and intermediate-term outcomes of open- and closed-globe injuries in traumatic childhood cataract. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2014;24(1):124–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Reddy AK, Ray R, Yen KG. Surgical intervention for traumatic cataracts in children: epidemiology, complications, and outcomes. J AAPOS (The Official Publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus/American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus). 2009;13(2):170–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. Churchill AJ, Noble BA, Etchells DE, George NJ. Factors affecting visual outcome in children following uniocular traumatic cataract. Eye (London, England). 1995;9(Pt 3):285–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. Binkhorst CD, Gobin MH. Treatment of congenital and juvenile cataract with intraocular lens implants (pseudophakoi). Br J Ophthalmol. 1970;54(11):759–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  89. Gupta AK, Grover AK, Gurha N. Traumatic cataract surgery with intraocular lens implantation in children. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1992;29(2):73–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Gradin D, Yorston D. Intraocular lens implantation for traumatic cataract in children in East Africa. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2001;27(12):2017–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Zwaan J, Mullaney PB, Awad A, al-Mesfer S, Wheeler DT. Pediatric intraocular lens implantation. Surgical results and complications in more than 300 patients. Ophthalmology. 1998;105(1):112–8; discussion 8–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. BenEzra D, Cohen E, Rose L. Traumatic cataract in children: correction of aphakia by contact lens or intraocular lens. Am J Ophthalmol. 1997;123(6):773–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Kuchle M, Lausen B, Gusek-Schneider GC. Results and complications of hydrophobic acrylic vs PMMA posterior chamber lenses in children under 17 years of age. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol (Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie). 2003;241(8):637–41.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Kugelberg M, Kugelberg U, Bobrova N, Tronina S, Zetterstrom C. After-cataract in children having cataract surgery with or without anterior vitrectomy implanted with a single-piece AcrySof IOL. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2005;31(4):757–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Sminia ML, Odenthal MT, Wenniger-Prick LJ, Gortzak-Moorstein N, Volker-Dieben HJ. Traumatic pediatric cataract: a decade of follow-up after Artisan aphakia intraocular lens implantation. J AAPOS (The Official Publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus/American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus). 2007;11(6):555–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. Bardorf CM, Epley KD, Lueder GT, Tychsen L. Pediatric transscleral sutured intraocular lenses: efficacy and safety in 43 eyes followed an average of 3 years. J AAPOS. 2004;8:318–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Buckley EG. Safety of transscleral-sutured intraocular lenses in children. J AAPOS. 2008;12(5):431–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Enyedi LB, Peterseim MW, Freedman SF, Buckley EG. Refractive changes after pediatric intraocular lens implantation. Am J Ophthalmol. 1998;126(6):772–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Plager DA, Kipfer H, Sprunger DT, Sondhi N, Neely DE. Refractive change in pediatric pseudophakia: 6-year follow-up. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2002;28(5):810–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Awner S, Buckley EG, DeVaro JM, Seaber JH. Unilateral pseudophakia in children under 4 years. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1996;33(4):230–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Nihalani BR, Vanderveen DK. Secondary intraocular lens implantation after pediatric aphakia. J AAPOS (The Official Publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus/American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus). 2011;15(5):435–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  102. Solebo AL, Russell-Eggitt I, Cumberland PM, Rahi JS. Risks and outcomes associated with primary intraocular lens implantation in children under 2 years of age: the IoLunder2 cohort study. Br J Ophthalmol. 2015;99(11):1471–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Lundvall A, Zetterstrom C. Primary intraocular lens implantation in infants: complications and visual results. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2006;32(10):1672–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Carrigan AK, DuBois LG, Becker ER, Lambert SR. Cost of intraocular lens versus contact lens treatment after unilateral congenital cataract surgery: retrospective analysis at age 1 year. Ophthalmology. 2013;120(1):14–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Plager DA, Lynn MJ, Buckley EG, Wilson ME, Lambert SR. Complications in the first 5 years following cataract surgery in infants with and without intraocular lens implantation in the Infant Aphakia Treatment Study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2014;158(5):892–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  106. Gordon RA, Donzis PB. Refractive development of the human eye. Arch Ophthalmol (Chicago, IL: 1960). 1985;103(6):785–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. McClatchey SK, Parks MM. Myopic shift after cataract removal in childhood. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1997;34(2):88–95.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Sorkin JA, Lambert SR. Longitudinal changes in axial length in pseudophakic children. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1997;23 Suppl 1:624–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Griener ED, Dahan E, Lambert SR. Effect of age at time of cataract surgery on subsequent axial length growth in infant eyes. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1999;25(9):1209–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. O’Keefe M, Fenton S, Lanigan B. Visual outcomes and complications of posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation in the first year of life. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2001;27(12):2006–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Dahan E, Drusedau MU. Choice of lens and dioptric power in pediatric pseudophakia. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1997;23 Suppl 1:618–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Crouch ER, Crouch Jr ER, Pressman SH. Prospective analysis of pediatric pseudophakia: myopic shift and postoperative outcomes. J AAPOS (The Official Publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus/American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus). 2002;6(5):277–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  113. McClatchey SK, Parks MM. Theoretic refractive changes after lens implantation in childhood. Ophthalmology. 1997;104(11):1744–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Superstein R, Archer SM, Del Monte MA. Minimal myopic shift in pseudophakic versus aphakic pediatric cataract patients. J AAPOS (The Official Publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus/American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus). 2002;6(5):271–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  115. Tartarella MB, Carani JC, Scarpi MJ. The change in axial length in the pseudophakic eye compared to the unoperated fellow eye in children with bilateral cataracts. J AAPOS (The Official Publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus/American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus). 2014;18(2):173–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  116. Ahmadieh H, Javadi MA. Intra-ocular lens implantation in children. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2001;12(1):30–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Stager Jr DR, Wang X, Weakley Jr DR, Felius J. The effectiveness of Nd: YAG laser capsulotomy for the treatment of posterior capsule opacification in children with acrylic intraocular lenses. J AAPOS (The Official Publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus/American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus). 2006;10(2):159–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  118. Hutcheson KA, Drack AV, Ellish NJ, Lambert SR. Anterior hyaloid face opacification after pediatric Nd: YAG laser capsulotomy. J AAPOS (The Official Publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus/American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus). 1999;3(5):303–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Gimbel HV, DeBroff BM. Posterior capsulorhexis with optic capture: maintaining a clear visual axis after pediatric cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1994;20(6):658–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Koch DD, Kohnen T. Retrospective comparison of techniques to prevent secondary cataract formation after posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation in infants and children. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1997;23 Suppl 1:657–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Pandey SK, Wilson ME, Trivedi RH, et al. Pediatric cataract surgery and intraocular lens implantation: current techniques, complications, and management. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 2001;41(3):175–96.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Vasavada A, Desai J. Primary posterior capsulorhexis with and without anterior vitrectomy in congenital cataracts. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1997;23 Suppl 1:645–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Verma N, Ram J, Sukhija J, Pandav SS, Gupta A. Outcome of in-the-bag implanted square-edge polymethyl methacrylate intraocular lenses with and without primary posterior capsulotomy in pediatric traumatic cataract. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2011;59(5):347–51.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  124. Agrawal R, Shah M, Mireskandari K, Yong GK. Controversies in ocular trauma classification and management: review. Int Ophthalmol. 2013;33(4):435–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Hsu HT, Ryan SJ. Natural history of penetrating ocular injury with retinal laceration in the monkey. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol (Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie). 1986;224(1):1–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Cleary PE, Ryan SJ. Method of production and natural history of experimental posterior penetrating eye injury in the rhesus monkey. Am J Ophthalmol. 1979;88(2):212–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Sandinha MT, Newman W, Wong D, Stappler T. Outcomes of delayed vitrectomy in open-globe injuries in young patients. Retina (Philadelphia, PA). 2011;31(8):1541–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  128. Hermsen V. Vitrectomy in severe ocular trauma. Ophthalmologica (Journal International d’ophtalmologie International Journal of Ophthalmology Zeitschrift fur Augenheilkunde). 1984;189(1–2):86–92.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Vatne HO, Syrdalen P. Vitrectomy in double perforating eye injuries. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh). 1985;63(5):552–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Ahmadieh H, Soheilian M, Sajjadi H, Azarmina M, Abrishami M. Vitrectomy in ocular trauma. Factors influencing final visual outcome. Retina (Philadelphia, PA). 1993;13(2):107–13.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Dalma-Weiszhausz J, Quiroz-Mercado H, Morales-Canton V, Oliver-Fernandez K, De Anda-Turati M. Vitrectomy for ocular trauma: a question of timing? Eur J Ophthalmol. 1996;6(4):460–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Wong SC, Capone Jr A. Microplasmin (ocriplasmin) in pediatric vitreoretinal surgery: update and review. Retina (Philadelphia, PA). 2013;33(2):339–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey

    Gokhan Gurelik MD

  2. Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, S Kocman University, Mugla, Turkey

    Sabahattin Sul MD

Authors
  1. Gokhan Gurelik MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sabahattin Sul MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gokhan Gurelik MD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China

    Hua Yan

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer Science+Business Media Singapore

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Gurelik, G., Sul, S. (2017). Mechanical Ocular Trauma in Children. In: Yan, H. (eds) Mechanical Ocular Trauma. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2150-3_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2150-3_6

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-10-2148-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-10-2150-3

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation