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The Antagonism Across the Taiwan Strait

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China’s Conquest of Taiwan in the Seventeenth Century

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Abstract

Qing China chose self-imposed isolation against its rebels based on Taiwan, but its commercial links with foreign countries were not totally cut off. The Portuguese managed to keep Macau open through the good offices of the Jesuit priest Adam Schall by promising not to make contact with the inland Chinese. The Dutch still maintained some trade relationship with coastal China, and persistently sought a trade agreement with the Chinese government in Beijing.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Lai Yongxiang, Ming Zheng yanjiu congji, vol. 4, pp. 158, 174–175; Wills, Pepper, Guns, and Parleys, p. 29.

  2. 2.

    QingShengzu shilu xuanji, p. 34.

  3. 3.

    Xia Lin, Minhai jiyao, p. 33.

  4. 4.

    Xia Lin, Minhai jiyao, pp. 32–33; Ruan Minxi, Haishang jianwen lu, pp. 40–41.

  5. 5.

    Cited in QingShengzu shilu xuanji, p. 10.

  6. 6.

    Zhengshi guanxi wenshu, pp. 1–8.

  7. 7.

    Zhengshi guanxi wenshu, pp. 9–10; Qingshengzu shilu xuanji, p. 14; Ruan Minxi, Haishang jianwen lu, p. 42; Xia Lin, Minhai jiyao, p. 34.

  8. 8.

    Lai Yongxiang, Ming Zheng yanjiu congji, vol. 4, pp. 25–150.

  9. 9.

    QingShengzu shilu xuanji, pp. 15–16; Zhengshi guanxi wenshu, pp. 9–16.

  10. 10.

    For Huang’s and Shi’s recommendations to attack Xiamen, see Kangxi tongyi Taiwan dang’an shiliao xuanji, pp. 8, 9, 11, 13, 14.

  11. 11.

    Lai Yongxiang, “Qing-He zhengZheng shimo,” pp. 25–36; Lin Zihou, “QingHe lianjun mouqu Taiwan shimo,” pp. 134–142; Wills, Pepper, Guns, and Parleys, pp. 29–100.

  12. 12.

    Zheng Chenggong dang’an shiliao xuanji, pp. 452–456. Cf. De VOC en Formosa, pp. 562–565 and Will, Pepper, Gun, and Parleys, pp. 30–34.

  13. 13.

    Cf. Will, Pepper, Gun, and Parleys, pp. 56–57.

  14. 14.

    See Lai Yongxiang, “Kangxi er'nian Helan laihua jiandui zhi renwu,” p. 167.

  15. 15.

    Cf. Lai Yongxiang, “QingHe zhengZheng shimo,” pp. 25–36.

  16. 16.

    Wills, Pepper, Guns, and Parleys, p. 31.

  17. 17.

    For a detailed description of the Dutch-Qing alliance see Wills, Pepper, Guns, and Parleys, Chap. 2.

  18. 18.

    Peng Sunyi, Jinghai zhi, pp. 66–68. Cf. Wu Mei, “Lun Huang Wu xiangjiang,” p. 195.

  19. 19.

    QingShengzu shilu xuanji, pp. 24–25; Zhang Huangyan, Zhang Cangshui shiwenji, vol. 2, pp. 191–299. Wen Ruilin, Nanjiang yishi, vol. 3, p. 330.

  20. 20.

    Cf. Lai Yongxiang, “QingHe zhengZheng shimo,” pp. 23–36.

  21. 21.

    Bataweiya cheng riji, pp. 310–313.

  22. 22.

    See Campbell, Formosa under the Dutch, pp. 500–501.

  23. 23.

    Shi Weiqing, Shi Lang nianpu kaolue, pp. 218, 223–224.

  24. 24.

    Wills, Pepper, Guns, and Parleys, p. 98.

  25. 25.

    Wills, Pepper, Guns, and Parleys, p. 99.

  26. 26.

    Yang Yanjie,”Yiliuwuling zhi yiliuliuer nian Zheng Chenggong haiwai maoyi de maoyi’e he lirun’e gusuan,” p. 303.

  27. 27.

    Bataweiya cheng riji, pp. 320–22.

  28. 28.

    Xia Lin, Minhai jiyao, p. 65.

  29. 29.

    Bataweiya cheng riji, pp. 325, 327, 329–330.

  30. 30.

    “Yanping er'wang ji,” p. 129.

  31. 31.

    Huang Dianquan, Zheng Chenggong shishi yanjiu, pp. 53–59.

  32. 32.

    Lai Yongxiang, Ming Zheng yanjiu congji, “vol. 4, pp. 17–24”; cf. Lian Heng, Taiwan tongshi, vol. 3, pp. 461–480.

  33. 33.

    Zhang Tan, Zheng Chenggong jishi biannian, p. 45.

  34. 34.

    Cf. Lian Heng, Taiwan Tongshi, vol. 4, pp. 625–638.

  35. 35.

    Shiqishiji Taiwan Yingguo maoyi shiliao, pp. 77–79.

  36. 36.

    Shiqishiji Taiwan Yingguo maoyi shiliao, p. 91.

  37. 37.

    Paske-Smith, Western Barbarians in Japan and Formosa in Tokugawa Days, p. 85.

  38. 38.

    Shiqishiji Taiwan Yingguo maoyi shiliao, p. 138.

  39. 39.

    Paske-Smith, Western Barbarians in Japan and Formosa in Tokugawa Days, p. 90.

  40. 40.

    Xia Lin, Minhai jiyao, p. 37.

  41. 41.

    Paske-Smith, Western Barbarians in Japan and Formosa in Tokugawa Days, p. 87.

  42. 42.

    Shiqishiji Taiwan Yingguo maoyi shiliao, p. 100.

  43. 43.

    Paske-Smith, Western Barbarians in Japan and Formosa in Tokugawa Days, p. 88.

  44. 44.

    Paske-Smith, Western Barbarians in Japan and Formosa in Tokugawa Days, p. 84.

  45. 45.

    Shiqishiji Taiwan Yingguo maoyi shiliao, pp. 78–79.

  46. 46.

    Shiqishiji Taiwan Yingguo maoyi shiliao, p. 79.

  47. 47.

    Liuqiu lida ibaoan xuanlu, pp. 140–146.

  48. 48.

    Cited in Xia Lin, Minhai jilue, p. 38.

  49. 49.

    QingShengzu shilu xuanji, p. 36.

  50. 50.

    Pingding sanni fanglue, vol. 1, p. 5; Tsao Kai-fu, “K’ang-hsi and the San-fan War,” pp. 108–130.

  51. 51.

    See Su Tongbing, Taiwanshi yanjiu ji, pp. 113, 114. Xia Lin, Minhai jilue, pp. 41–42.

  52. 52.

    Shiqishiji Taiwan Yingguo maoyi shiliao, pp. 150–151.

  53. 53.

    Cf. Nakamichi Kunihiko, “Shinsho seinan han to Taiwan Teishi to no kankei,” pp. 8–19; Spence, Emperor of China: Self-Portrait of K’ang-his, pp. 35–39; Kessler, K’ang-hsi and the Consolidation of Ch’ing Rule, pp. 81–90.

  54. 54.

    Cited in QingShengzu shilu xuanji, p. 43.

  55. 55.

    Pingding sanni fanglue, vol. 1, pp. 51, 56, 67.

  56. 56.

    Ruan Minxi, Haishang jianwen lu, p. 45.

  57. 57.

    Xia Lin, Minhai jilue, pp. 41, 46.

  58. 58.

    Quoted in Zhang Tan, Zheng Jing Zheng Keshuang jishi biannian, p. 78.

  59. 59.

    QingShengzu shilu xuanji, p. 78.

  60. 60.

    Xia Lin, Minhai jilue, pp. 45–46; cf. Huang Yuzhai, “Ming Yanpingwang shizi Zheng Jing zai MinZhe yanhai de kangQing,” p. 118.

  61. 61.

    Zhengshi shiliao sanbian, vol. 2, pp. 173–174, 188–189; Huang Yuzhai “Ming Yanpingwang shizi Zheng Jing de fangong dalu yu sanfan de fan Qing,” pp. 89–114.

  62. 62.

    Pingding sanni fanglue, vol. 1, pp. 46, 51, 72; vol. 2, pp. 173, 180; QingShengzu shilu xuanji, p. 60.

  63. 63.

    Pingding sanni fanglue vol. 1, p. 72; vol. 2, p. 193; QingShengzu shilu xuanji, p. 61.

  64. 64.

    See QingShengzu shilu xuanji, pp. 66–67; Pingding sanni fanglue, vol. 2, pp. 207, 222–224; Peng Sunyi, Jinghai zhi, pp. 81–82; Haicheng xianzhi, juan 7, pp. 1a–11b.

  65. 65.

    Peng Sunyi, Jinghai zhi, pp. 84–85.

  66. 66.

    Peng Sunyi, Jinghai zhi, pp. 85–86; Xia Lin, Minhai jiyao, pp. 55–56.

  67. 67.

    See Zhengshi shiliao sanbian, vol. 2, pp. 193–194.

  68. 68.

    See QingShengzu shilu xuanji, pp. 78–79, 83, 85.

  69. 69.

    Peng Sunyi, Jinghai zhi, pp. 86–87; Pingding sanni fanglue, vol. 2, pp. 308–10; Wei Yuan, Shengwu ji, p. 228.

  70. 70.

    See Shiqishiji Taiwan Yingguo maoyi shiliao, p. 100.

  71. 71.

    Pingding sanni fanglue, vol. 2, p. 220.

  72. 72.

    Xia Lin, Minhai jiyao, pp. 60–61; Peng Sunyi, Jinghai zhi, pp. 87–88; Huang Yuzhai, “Ming Yanpingwang shizi Zheng Jing zai MinYue de kangQing yu sanfan de bengkui,” pp. 112–113.

  73. 73.

    See Yang Jie, Ping Min ji, vol. 1, pp. 1, 14, 16, 23–24, 31–32, 52–53.

  74. 74.

    Yang Jie, Ping Min ji, vol. 1, pp. 25, 43–47.

  75. 75.

    Cited in Xia Lin, Minhai jiyao, pp. 59–60.

  76. 76.

    See Yang Jie, Ping Min ji, vol. 1, pp. 58–66; vol. 2, pp. 96–97, 100–104; Peng Sunyi, Jinghai zhi, p. 87.

  77. 77.

    See QingShengzu shilu xuanji, p. 99; Yang Jie, Ping Min ji, vol. 2, pp. 92–93.

  78. 78.

    See Yao Qisheng, “Qingfu shuishi tidu” part 2, vol. 1, pp. 350–354, cf. “Yao Qisheng tiwei qing fushe shuishi tidu shiben,” in Kangxi tongyi Taiwan dang’an shiliao xuanji, p. 165.

  79. 79.

    Yang Jie, Ping Min ji, pp. 12–13.

  80. 80.

    See QingShengzu shilu xuanji, pp. 92–93, 96; cf. Wills, Pepper, Guns, and Parleys, p. 146.

  81. 81.

    See QingShengzu shilu xuanji, p. 91.

  82. 82.

    See Yang Jie, Ping Min ji, vol. 1, pp. 12–13; 2: 110–113, 173–174, 207–208.

  83. 83.

    Yang Jie, Ping Min ji, vol. 1, pp. 17–23.

  84. 84.

    See Kangxi tongyi Taiwan dang’an shiliao xuanji, p. 185.

  85. 85.

    See QingShengzu shilu xuanji, p. 95.

  86. 86.

    Cf. Jiang Risheng, Taiwan waiji, vol. 3, p. 367.

  87. 87.

    Cited in Wills, Pepper, Guns, and Parleys, p. 156.

  88. 88.

    See QingShengzu shilu xuanji, p. 92.

  89. 89.

    Yang Jie, Ping Min ji, vol. 2, p. 217.

  90. 90.

    Yao Qisheng, “ Yudiao hongmao,” Series 2, vol. 2, p. 19.

  91. 91.

    See QingShengzu shilu xuanji, p. 102.

  92. 92.

    See Kangxi tongyi Taiwan dang’an shiliao xuanji, pp. 198–207.

  93. 93.

    See Kangxi tongyi Taiwan dang’an shiliao xuanji, pp. 198–207. Qingdai guanshu ji Ming Taiwan zhengshi wangshi, p. 174.

  94. 94.

    See Yang Jie, PingMing ji, vol. 1, pp. 55–58; vol. 2, p. 213; Xia Lin, Minhai jiyao. p. 63. for a short biography of Wan Zhengse see Qingshi liezhuan, vol. 2, pp. 16b–18a.

  95. 95.

    See Yang Jie, PingMin ji, vol. 2, pp. 210–211; QingShengzu shilu xuanji, p. 105.

  96. 96.

    See Xia Lin, Minhai jiyao, p. 63.

  97. 97.

    Zhengshi shiliao sanbian, vol. 2, pp. 213–214; Yang Jie, PingMin ji, vol. 1, pp. 72–75; QingShengzu shilu xuanji, pp. 105–107.

  98. 98.

    Yang Jie, PingMin ji, vol. 1, p. 18.

  99. 99.

    See QingShengzu shilu xuanji, pp. 112–13. Kangxi qijuzhu, vol. 2, p. 511; vol. 3, pp. 659–60.

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Wong, Yt. (2017). The Antagonism Across the Taiwan Strait. In: China’s Conquest of Taiwan in the Seventeenth Century . Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2248-7_6

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