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Introduction

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Research Outline for China’s Cultural Soft Power

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Abstract

The term soft power was coined by Joseph S. Nye, Jr. in his book Bound to Lead: the Changing Nature of American Power (1990). The coinage was by no means accidental. Instead, it had its historical and academic background.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000, Translated by Chen Jingbiao etc., Beijing: China Intl Culture Press, 2006, “Preface,” 42.

  2. 2.

    Joseph S. Nye, Jr., Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power. Trans. Liu Hua, Renmin University of China Press, 2012.

  3. 3.

    Joseph S. Nye, Jr., Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power. Trans. Liu Hua, Renmin University of China Press, 2012, 109.

  4. 4.

    Joseph Nye, Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power. Trans. Liu Hua, Renmin University of China Press, 2012, 159.

  5. 5.

    The book is Kurt M. Campbell and Michael E. O’Hanlon’s Hard Power: The New Politics of National Security( Basic Books, 2006).

  6. 6.

    The creator of term “smart power” was not Joseph Nye, but Suzanne Nossel. Directed at the US conservatives’ (in response to the 9/11 terrorist attacks) defeat of unilateralism and the decline in the US international reputation and influence, Nossel published “Smart Power” in Foreign Affairs in 2004. “Progressives must therefore advance a foreign policy that renders more effective the fight against terrorism but that also goes well beyond it—focusing on the smart use of power to promote U.S. interests through a stable grid of allies, institutions, and norms.” The Bush administration’s conservative foreign policy and unilateral militarism have greatly damaged the international image of the U.S. The future American government should discard unilateralism, and stresses human rights, democracy in the international strategy, “Unlike conservatives, who rely on military power as the main tool of statecraft, liberal internationalists see trade, diplomacy, foreign aid, and the spread of American values as equally important.” (Suzanne Nossel, “Smart Power,” Foreign Affairs March/April, 2004.).

  7. 7.

    Joseph S. Nye Jr., “Smart Power: In Search of the Balance between Hard and Soft Power,” Democracy: A Journal of Ideas, No. 2 (Fall, 2006).

  8. 8.

    Joseph S. Nye Jr., “A Smarter Superpower,” Foreign Policy, 2007 (March/April).

  9. 9.

    Joseph S. Nye Jr., “Smart Power and the ‘War on Terror,’” Asia-Pacific Review 2008, 15(1): 1–8.

  10. 10.

    Joseph S. Nye Jr., “The US Can Reclaim Smart Power,” Los Angeles Times, January 21, 2009.

  11. 11.

    Joseph S. Nye, Jr., “Soft Power,” Foreign Policy, 1990 (80):153–171.

  12. 12.

    Joseph S. Nye Jr., “Why Military Power Is No Longer Enough,” Observer co.uk, Sunday, 31 March, 2002 02.06 BST, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/mar/31/1.

  13. 13.

    The book has been translated into Chinese by Wu Xiaohui, Qian Cheng and published by Dongfang Press in 2005, and translated by Ma Juanjuan and published by Zhongxin Publishing House in 2013.

  14. 14.

    Joseph S. Nye, Jr., Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics, New York: Public Affairs, 2004:11.

  15. 15.

    Joseph S. Nye, Jr, Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics, Trans. Ma Juanjuan, Zhongxin Publishing House, 2013, 99–119.

  16. 16.

    Joseph Nye, Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power. Trans. Liu Hua, Renmin University of China Press, 2012, 159. Nye explains in the note that “The power resources that underlie command power behavior can have intangible aspects (e.g., a reputation for ruthlessness can enhance military power). There are some tangible aspects to the resources that underlie cooptive power behavior (e.g., broadcast systems) but most of the power resources are intangible.”

  17. 17.

    Joseph S. Nye, Jr., “The Information Revolution and American Soft Power,” Asia-Pacific Review, 2002, 9 (1): 67–75.

  18. 18.

    Chinese versions have been published.

  19. 19.

    Joseph S. Nye, Jr., The Paradox of American Power: Why the World’s Only Superpower Can’t Go it Alone, Oxford UP, 2002. 62.

  20. 20.

    Joseph Nye, The Future of Power, New York: Public Affairs, 2011.

  21. 21.

    Joseph S. Nye, Jr., “Limits of American Power,” Political Science Quarterly, 2002-2003, 117( 4):545–559.

  22. 22.

    Joseph S. Nye, Jr., “U.S. Power and Strategy after Iraq,” Foreign Affairs, 2003, (July/August): 60–73.

  23. 23.

    Joseph S. Nye, Jr., “The Decline of America´s Soft Power—Why Washington Should Worry,” Foreign Affairs, 2004(5/6): 16–20.

  24. 24.

    Kurt M. Campbell and Michael E. O’Hanlon: Hard Power: The New Politics of National Security, Basic Books, 2006.

  25. 25.

    The term “smart power” was created by Susanne Nossel, nevertheless.

  26. 26.

    Joseph S. Nye Jr., “Smart Power: In Search of the Balance between Hard and Soft Power,” Democracy: A Journal of Ideas, No. 2 (Fall, 2006).

  27. 27.

    Joseph S. Nye Jr., “A Smarter Superpower,” Foreign Policy, 2007(April).

  28. 28.

    Joseph S. Nye Jr., “Smart Power and the ‘War on Terror,’” Asia-Pacific Review, 2008, 15 (1):1–8.

  29. 29.

    Joseph S. Nye Jr., “The US Can Reclaim Smart Power,” Los Angeles Times, January 21, 2009.

  30. 30.

    Joseph S. Nye Jr: “Think Again: Soft Power,” Foreign Policy, 2006(1).

  31. 31.

    As Walter Russell Mead has argued, “economic power is sticky power; it seduces as much as it compels…A set of economic institutions and policies…attracts others into our system and makes it hard for them to leave.” Cited in Nye’s article “Think Again: Soft Power,” Foreign Policy, March 1, 2006.

  32. 32.

    Jin Xiaoping, “A Summary of Researches on Cultural Soft Power in U.S. Academia,” Science & Technology Progress and Policy, 2010(17), 157–160.

  33. 33.

    Han Bo and Jiang Qingyong, Soft Power: Chinese Perspective, the People’s Press, 2009, 6.

  34. 34.

    Joseph Nye, Hard and Soft Power, Peking UP, 2005.

  35. 35.

    Anthony Parsons. Vultures and Philistines: British Attitudes to Culture and Cultural Diplomacy, International Affairs, Vol. 61, Issue 1, 1985. 7.

  36. 36.

    http://lefigaro.fr, 14/10/2007.

  37. 37.

    Kurt Düwell, “Between Propaganda and Peace—Story External Cultural Policies in the 20th century,” in Kurt-Juergen Maass: Culture and Foreign Policy, Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellscheft, 2005, S·56 (Kurt Duewell·Zwischen Propaganda und Friedenspolitik—Geschichte der Auswaertigen Kulturpolitik im 20 Jahrhundert, in Kurt-Juergen Maass: Kultur und Aussenpolitik·Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellscheft, 2005, S·56).

  38. 38.

    Hans W. Maull, Zivilmacht Deutschland, http://www.uni-trier.de/fileadmin/fb3/POL/Maull/pubs/zivilmacht.pdf. 2009.

  39. 39.

    Friedrich Meinecke, The German Catastrophe: Reflections and Recollections, Trans. He Zhaowu, Beijing: SDX Joint Publishing Company, 2002.

  40. 40.

    Yamamoto Nakadori(山本忠通), Magnetism of Japan, See http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/annai/listen/interview2/intv_01.html.

  41. 41.

    В.Я.Ваплер, Н.Э.Гронская, А.С.Гусев, Д.С. Коршунов, А.С.Макарычев, А.В.Солнцев. Идея империи и «мягкая сила»: мировой опыт и российские перспективы.// Вопросы урпавления. 2010. № 1:10.) http://vestnik.uapa.ru/ru-ru/issue/2010/01/02/. (Vapler Ya.V., Gronskaya N.E., Gusev A.S., Korshunov D.S., Makarytchev A.S., “Idea of Empire and “Soft Force”: World Experience and the Russian Perspective,” Urpavleniya Problem, 2010. № 1:10).

  42. 42.

    A. Portansky, “Putin and ‘Soft Power.’” (А. Портанский. Путин с «мягкая сила»). http://www.politcom.ru/14344.html.

  43. 43.

    http://www.mgimo.ru/files/34174/34174.pdf.

  44. 44.

    http://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1536886.html.

  45. 45.

    Wang Huning, “Culture as National Strength: Soft Power,” Fudan Journal (Social Sciences edition), 1993 (3), 91–96.

  46. 46.

    See Hu Jintao’s report to the Seventeenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China on Oct. 15, 2007 entitled “Hold High the Great Banner of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics and Strive for New Victories in Building a Moderately Prosperous Society in All Respects.”

  47. 47.

    See “Decision of the CPC Central Committee on Major Issues Pertaining to Deepening Reform of the Cultural System and Promoting the Great Development and Flourishing of Socialist Culture” passed at the Sixth Plenary Session of the Seventeenth CPC Central Committee on October 18, 2011.

  48. 48.

    Joseph S. Nye, Jr, Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power, Trans. Liu Hua, Renmin University of China Press, 2012, 159.

  49. 49.

    Joseph S. Nye, Jr., Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power, Trans. Liu Hua, Renmin University of China Press, 2012, 109.

  50. 50.

    Richard Nixon, 1999: Victory without War, Trans. Yang Lujun, Beijing: Renmin University of China Press, 1988, 169.

  51. 51.

    Jack Matlock, Autopsy on an Empire: The American Ambassador's Account of the Collapse of the Soviet Union, Trans. Wu Naihua & Wei Zonglie, Beijing: World Affairs Press, 1995, 118–119.

  52. 52.

    Daisaku Ikeda (with Mikhail Gorbachev), Moral Lessons of the Twentieth Century: Gorbachev and Ikeda on Buddhism and Communism, London and New York: I. B. Tauris, 2005.

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  1. China Center for Cultural Soft Power Research, Changsha, Hunan, China

    Guozuo Zhang

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Zhang, G. (2017). Introduction. In: Research Outline for China’s Cultural Soft Power. Research Series on the Chinese Dream and China’s Development Path. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3398-8_1

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