Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Mass Culture and Preservation of Brachionus plicatilis sp. Complex

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Rotifers

Part of the book series: Fisheries Science Series ((FISHSS))

Abstract

The quality and quantity of rotifer production in a hatchery primarily determine the yield of larval production; therefore, considerable studies geared toward mass culture and preservation of rotifers. Rotifer mass production, attaining ultrahigh density and greater culture stability, was attained when condensed microalgal pastes (Chlorella and Nannochloropsis) were introduced and used in a closed recirculation system. The rotifer culture health status can be determined by measuring water quality, rotifer physiological conditions such as egg ratio, swimming speed, ingestion rate, and in vivo enzyme that takes 1–2 days to finish. Addition of chemicals and hormones such as γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), porcine growth hormone, serotonin, and human chorionic gonadotropin is known to improve the health status of cultured rotifers. Mass-produced rotifers can be preserved at low temperature; these rotifers can either be directly used as feed for the larvae or as starters of rotifer culture. For long-term storage, collection and storage of resting eggs are recommended. For species which do not produce resting eggs, cryopreservation of amictic eggs is recommended.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Assavaaree M, Hagiwara A (2011) Effect of gamma-aminobutyric acid and porcine growth hormone on survival of the euryhaline rotifers Brachionus plicatilis sp. complex preserved at low temperature. Fish Sci 77:599–605

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Assavaaree M, Hagiwara A, Ide K, Maruyama K, Lubzens E (2001) Low-temperature preservation (at 4°C) of marine rotifer Brachionus. Aquac Res 32:29–39

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bentley CD, Carroll PM, Watanabe WO (2008) Intensive rotifer production in a pilot-scale continuous culture recirculating system using nonviable microalgae and an ammonia neutralizer. J World Aquacult Soc 39:625–635

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Araujo AB, Hagiwara A (2005) Screening methods for improving rotifer culture quality. Hydrobiologia 546:553–558

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Araujo AB, Hagiwara A, Snell TW (2001) Effect of unionized ammonia, viscosity and protozoan contamination on reproduction and enzyme activity of the rotifer Brachionus rotundiformis. Hydrobiologia 446(447):363–368

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dhert P, Rombaut G, Suantika G, Sorgeloos P (2001) Advancement of rotifer culture and manipulation techniques in Europe. Aquaculture 200:129–146

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrando MD, Janssen CR, Persoone G (1993) Ecotoxicological studies with the freshwater rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus. III. The effects of chemicals on feeding behavior. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 26:1–9

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fu Y, Hirayama K, Natsukari Y (1991) Genetic divergence between S and L type strains of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis O. F. Müller. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 151:43–56

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fu Y, Hada A, Yamashita T, Yoshida Y, Hino A (1997) Development of a continuous culture system for stable mass production of the marine rotifer Brachionus. Hydrobiologia 358:145–151

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gallardo WG, Hagiwara A, Tomita Y, Soyano K, Snell TW (1997) Effect of some vertebrate and invertebrate hormones on the population growth, mictic female production, and body size of the marine rotifer Brachionus plicatilis Müller. Hydrobiologia 358:113–120

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gallardo WG, Hagiwara A, Tomita Y, Snell TW (1999) Effect of growth hormone and gamma-aminobutyric acid on Brachionus plicatilis (Rotifera) reproduction at low food or high ammonia levels. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 240:179–191

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gallardo WG, Hagiwara A, Snell TW (2001) Use of GABA to enhance rotifer reproduction in enrichment culture. Aquac Res 32:243–246

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gómez A, Serra M, Carvalho GR, Lunt DH (2002) Speciation in ancient cryptic species complexes: evidence from the molecular phylogeny of Brachionus plicatilis (Rotifera). Evolution 56:1431–1444

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hagiwara A (1994) Practical use of rotifer cysts. Israel J Aquac Bamidgeh 46:13–21

    Google Scholar 

  • Hagiwara A, Hirayama K (1993) Preservation of rotifers and its application in the finfish hatchery. In: Lee CS, Su MS, Liao IC (Eds.) Finfish Hatchery in Asia ‘91. TML Conference Proceedings 3:61–71. Tunkang Marine Laboratory, Taiwan Fisheries Research Institute, Tungkang, Pingtung, Taiwan

    Google Scholar 

  • Hagiwara A, Kuwada H (2004) Current status of live food culture in Japan. The Second Hatchery Feeds and Technology Workshop. Sydney, Australia, pp. 24–33

    Google Scholar 

  • Hagiwara A, Kotani T, Snell TW, Assavaaree M, Hirayama K (1995) Morphology, reproduction, genetics and mating behavior of small, tropical marine rotifer Brachionus strains (Rotifera). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 194:25–37

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hagiwara A, Balompapueng MD, Munuswamy N, Hirayama K (1997) Mass production and preservation of the resting eggs of the euryhaline rotifer Brachionus plicatilis and B. rotundiformis. Aquaculture 155:223–230

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hagiwara A, Yamamiya N, de Araujo AB (1998) Effect of water viscosity of the population growth of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis Muller. Hydrobiologia 387(388):489–494

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hagiwara A, Gallardo WG, Assavaaree M, Kotani T, Araujo AB (2001) Live food production in Japan: recent progress and future aspects. Aquaculture 200:111–127

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hagiwara A, Suga K, Akazawa A, Kotani T, Sakakura Y (2007) Development of rotifer strains with useful traits for rearing fish larvae. Aquaculture 268:44–52

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hino A (1993) Present culture systems of the rotifer (Brachionus plicatilis) and the function of micro-organisms. TML Conf Proc 3:51–59

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirata H (1964) Culture of live food at Yashima station. Saibai Gyogyo News 2:4

    Google Scholar 

  • Janssen RC, Ferrando DM, Persoone G (1994) Ecotoxicological studies with the freshwater rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus IV. Rotifer behavior as a sensitive and rapid sublethal test criterion. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 28:244–255

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Juchelka CM, Snell TW (1994) Rapid toxicity assessment using rotifer ingestion rate. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 26:549–554

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jung M-M, Hagiwara A, Hirayama K (1997) Interspecific relations in the marine rotifer microcosm. Hydrobiologia 358:121–126

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kotani T, Hagiwara A, Snell TW (1997) Genetic variations among marine rotifer strains and function of mate recognition pheromone (MRP). Hydrobiologia 358:105–112

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kotani T, Hagiwara A, Snell TW, Serra M (2005) Euryhaline Brachionus strains (Rotifera) from tropical habitats: morphology and allozyme patterns. Hydrobiologia 546:161–167

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lubzens E (1987) Raising rotifers for use in aquaculture. Hydrobiologia 147:245–255

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lubzens E, Zmora O (2003) Production and nutritional value of rotifers, 17–64 pp, 300–303 pp. In; Live feeds in marine aquaculture. Eds: JG Støttrup and LA McEvoy, Balckwell Science Ltd, 318 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Lubzens E, Kolodny G, Perry B, Galai N, Sheshinski R, Wax Y (1990) Factors affecting survival of rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis O. F. Müller) at 4°C. Aquaculture 91:23–47

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lubzens E, Gibson O, Zmora O, Sukenik A (1995a) Potential advantages of frozen algae (Nannochloropsis sp.) for rotifer (Brachionus plicatilis) culture. Aquaculture 133:295–309

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lubzens E, Rankevich D, Kolodny G, Gibson O, Cohen A, Khayat M (1995b) Physiological adaptations in the survival of rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis, O.F. Müller) at low temperatures. Hydrobiologia 313:175–183

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lubzens E, Zmora O, Barr Y (2001) Biotechnology and aquaculture of rotifers. Hydrobiologia 446:337–353

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mills S, Alcántara-Rodríguez A, Ciros-Pérez J, Gómez A, Hagiwara A, Galindo KH, Jersabek CD, Malekzadeh-Viayeh R, Leasi F, Lee J-S, Welch DBM, Papakostas S, Riss S, Segers H, Serra M, Shiel R, Smolak R, Snell TW, Stelzer CP, Tang CQ, Wallace RL, Fontaneto D, Walsh EJ (2016) Fifteen species in one: deciphering the Brachionus plicatilis species complex (Rotifera, Monogononta) through DNA taxonomy. Hydrobiologia. doi:10.1007/s10750-016-2725-7

  • Nagata WD, Hirata H (1986) Mariculture in Japan: past, present, and future prospective. Mini Rev Data File Res 4:1–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Navarro N, Yufera M (1998) Population dynamics of rotifers Brachionus plicatilis and Brachionus rotundiformis in semi-continuous culture fed freeze-dried microalgae: influence of dilution rate. Aquaculture 166:297–309

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schlüter M, Soeder CJ, Groeneweg J (1987) Growth and food conversion of Brachionus rubens in continuous culture. J Plankton Res 9:761–783

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Snell TW (1998) Chemical ecology of rotifers. Hydrobiologia 387:267–276

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Snell TW, Childress MJ, Boyer EM, Hoff FH (1987) Assessing the status of rotifer mass cultures. J World Aquacult Soc 18:270–277

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Snell TW, Rico-Martinez R, Kelly LN, Battle TE (1995) Identification of a sex pheromone from a rotifer. Mar Biol 123:347–353

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suantika G, Dhert P, Nurhudah M, Sorgeloos P (2000) High-density production of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis in a recirculation system: consideration of water quality, zootechnical and nutritional aspects. Aquac Eng 21:201–213

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Suantika G, Dhert P, Rombaut G, Vandenberghe J, de Wolf T, Sorgeloos P (2001) The use of ozone in a high density recirculation system for rotifers. Aquaculture 201:35–49

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suantika G, Dhert P, Sweetman E, O’Brien E, Sorgeloos P (2003) Technical and economical feasibility of a rotifer recirculation system. Aquaculture 227:173–189

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Toledo JD, Kurokura H (1990) Cryopreservation of the euryhaline rotifer Brachionus plicatilis embryos. Aquaculture 91:385–394

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Toledo JD, Kurokura H, Nakagawa H (1991) Cryopreservation of different strains of the euryhaline rotifer Brachionus plicatilis embryos. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 57:1347–1350

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Welladsen H, Kent M, Mangott A, Li Y (2014) Shelf-life assessment of microalgae concentrates: effect of cold preservation on microalgal nutrition profiles. Aquaculture 430:241–247

    Google Scholar 

  • Yin XW, Min WW, Lin HJ, Chen W (2013) Population dynamics, protein content, and lipid composition of Brachionus plicatilis fed artificial macroalgal detritus and Nannochloropsis sp. diets. Aquaculture 380-383:62–69

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshimatsu T, Hossain MA (2014) Recent advances in the high-density rotifer culture in Japan. Aquac Int 22:1587–1603

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshimura K, Hagiwara A, Yoshimatsu T, Kitajima C (1996) Culture technology of marine rotifers and the implications for intensive culture of marine fish in Japan. Mar Freshw Res 47:217–222

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshimura K, Tanaka K, Yoshimatsu T (2003) A novel culture system for the ultra-high-density production of the rotifer, Brachionus rotundiformis—a preliminary report. Aquaculture 227:165–172

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yu J-P, Hirayama K (1986) The effect of un-ionized ammonia on the population growth of the rotifer in mass culture. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 52:1509–1513

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo 1-14, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan

    Atsushi Hagiwara & Hee-Jin Kim

  2. Center for International Collaborative Research, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo 1-14, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan

    Helen Marcial

Authors
  1. Atsushi Hagiwara
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Hee-Jin Kim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Helen Marcial
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Atsushi Hagiwara .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan

    Atsushi Hagiwara

  2. School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan

    Tatsuki Yoshinaga

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. and the Japanese Society of Fisheries Science

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hagiwara, A., Kim, HJ., Marcial, H. (2017). Mass Culture and Preservation of Brachionus plicatilis sp. Complex. In: Hagiwara, A., Yoshinaga, T. (eds) Rotifers. Fisheries Science Series. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5635-2_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation