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Diversity of Sulfur-Oxidizing and Sulfur-Reducing Microbes in Diverse Ecosystems

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Advances in Soil Microbiology: Recent Trends and Future Prospects

Part of the book series: Microorganisms for Sustainability ((MICRO,volume 3))

Abstract

Sulfur (S) is one of the most important elements, of which the organosulfur compounds and/or metal sulfides are considered essential for life. Microbial sulfur oxidation and reduction are the most active and ancient metabolic processes in S cycle that operate in diverse ecosystems. This process is carried out by sulfur-oxidizing (SOB) and sulfur-reducing bacteria (SRB) in all ecosystems and considered as key phenomenon in sulfur biogeochemical cycling. Usually, on the basis of nutrition, SOB and SRB are categorized as lithoautotrophs. SOB oxidize the reduced sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S), elemental sulfur (S0), sulfite (SO3 −2), thiosulfate (S2O3 2−), and various polythionates (SnO6 2− or -SnO6-) into sulfate (SO4 −2). On the contrary, SO4 −2 can serve as an electron acceptor of SRB under anaerobic condition, and they reduce the SO4 −2 and other oxidized sulfur compounds (S2O3 2−, SO3 −2, S0) into H2S. In natural system, SRB reduce the SO4 −2 in two different reduction processes, viz, dissimilatory and assimilatory reactions. In dissimilatory reaction, SRB utilize three kinds of enzymes (ATP sulfurylase, APS reductase, and sulfite reductase) to reduce the S substrate, whereas the sulfate is assimilated or incorporated into organic compounds under assimilatory process through S substrate reduction. In recent years, molecular methods have emerged as essential tools for a better understanding of the microbial role in S transformation under various habitats. Keeping the importance of microbial-mediated S oxidation and reduction in biogeochemical cycle of S, the present chapter describes the role of key functional microbial genes in S transformation such as genes involved in S oxidation (sox, aps, asf, and sor) and reduction (dsr) and also discusses in detail about the abundance, diversity, and impact of these in diverse ecosystems.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, India

    Upendra Kumar, P. Panneerselvam, Priyanka Priyadarshinee, Archana Sahoo, Soumya Ranjita Dash & Megha Kaviraj

  2. Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Adelaide, Australia

    Vadakattu V. S. R. Gupta

  3. ICAR-Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture (CRIDA), Hyderabad, Telengana, India

    M. Manjunath

  4. Division of Microbiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India

    K. Annapurna

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  1. Upendra Kumar
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  2. P. Panneerselvam
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  3. Vadakattu V. S. R. Gupta
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  4. M. Manjunath
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  5. Priyanka Priyadarshinee
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  6. Archana Sahoo
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  7. Soumya Ranjita Dash
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  8. Megha Kaviraj
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  9. K. Annapurna
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Correspondence to Upendra Kumar .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. KIIT School of Biotechnology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India

    Tapan Kumar Adhya

  2. Environmental & Industrial Biotechnology, The Energy & Resources Institute (TERI), New Delhi, India

    Banwari Lal

  3. Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India

    Balaram Mohapatra

  4. Microbial Ecology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, Maharashtra, India

    Dhiraj Paul

  5. Environmental & Industrial Biotechnology, The Energy & Resources Institute (TERI), New Delhi, Delhi, India

    Subhasis Das

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Kumar, U. et al. (2018). Diversity of Sulfur-Oxidizing and Sulfur-Reducing Microbes in Diverse Ecosystems. In: Adhya, T., Lal, B., Mohapatra, B., Paul, D., Das, S. (eds) Advances in Soil Microbiology: Recent Trends and Future Prospects. Microorganisms for Sustainability, vol 3. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6178-3_4

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