Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Pests of Apple

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Pests and Their Management

Abstract

Apple is a commercially important fruit crop and plays an important role in the economy of the country. It is grown over 3.11 lakh hectares in India with a production of 19.15 lakh tons in temperate climate, particularly in the western Himalayas. Leading apple-growing states in the country are Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh, which together produce about 92% of the total apple production in the country. The apple is cultivated on an area of 1.63 lakh hectares with a production of 15.42 lakh metric tons in J & K State. Heavy yield losses are ~20% inflicted annually due to pests.

The state has been declared as an agroexport zone for apple and walnut; therefore, priorities have to be shifted from quantity to quality and value addition aspects of fruit production. Under the WTO regime, the pesticide residues in an export-oriented crop are to be kept below permissible levels. Intensive cultivation of apple has increased the incidence of insect pests and diseases. The important pests attacking the apple crop in J & K are San Jose scale, Woolly apple aphid, European red mite, gypsy moth, stem borer, shot-hole/pin-hole borer, bark beetles, codling moth (Ladakh), defoliating beetles, tent caterpillars and phytophagous mites. Due to excessive and indiscriminate summer synthetic pesticide sprays during the last two decades, the ERM has developed resistance to various commonly used pesticides. The premature leaf fall in an apple orchard has become an alarming syndrome. The problem is enhanced and further aggravated by Alternaria leaf blotch, particularly under high-temperature and high-humidity regimes, and made fruit trees more vulnerable to the attack of stem borers and bark beetles. In Jammu and Kashmir, where orchardists are still adopting the calendar-based pest control methods, there is a need to use need-based, some advanced, as well as economic practices. With this background, this review is an attempt to introspect into the current status of different pests in apple and strategies adopted for the integrated pest management, constraints and advantages under field conditions. It also incorporates the opportunities/scopes and future approaches in the integrated pest management in temperate fruit-producing zone of India.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 299.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 379.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 379.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adalakha RL, Hameed SF (1972) Woolly apple aphid Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann) in Kullu valley. Pesticides 6(7):13–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous (2016a) Indian horticulture database, 2016. National Horticulture Board, Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous (2016b) Directorate of Horticulture (statistical wing) Jammu and Kashmir government. Rajbagh, Srinagar

    Google Scholar 

  • APEDA (2016) Agricultural & processed food products export development authority. Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhardwaj SP (1988) Effect of summer applications of San Jose scale (Quadraspidiotus perniciosus). Indian J Agric Sci 58:655–656

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhardwaj S, Bhardwaj SP (2003) Evaluation of Horticultural mineral oils against European red mite (Panonychus ulmi koch) on apple. Abstract LT-2.In: 7th international symposium on temperate zone fruits in the tropics and sub tropics, Solan, October 14–18, 2003, p 343

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhardwaj SP, Sharma S, Bhardwaj S (2003) Effect of host plant nutrition on development and population build up of European red mite (Panonychus ulmi koch.) on apple. Abstract LT-1 In: 7th international symposium on temperate zone fruits in the tropics and sub tropics, Solan, October 14–18, 2003, p 341

    Google Scholar 

  • Blackman RL, Eastop VF (1994) Aphids on the World’s Trees. CAB International, Wallingford, 987 pp + 16 plates

    Google Scholar 

  • Blommers LHM (1994) Integrated Pest Management in Europe Apple Orchards. Annu Rev Entomol 39:213–241

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chander R, Dogra GS (1983) Lepidopterous insects infecting apple in Himachal Pradesh. Proceedings of the workshop on high altitudes. In: Entomology and wildlife ecology. Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta

    Google Scholar 

  • Chowdhury AN, Verma KL (1978) Evaluation of granular systemic insecticides for control of root forms of woolly aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum Hausm, in apple orchards at Shimla. Pesticides 12(4):11–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Chowdhury AN, Paul SK, Chand J (1968) A note on the parasitism of the woolly apple aphid (Eriosoma lanigerum Hausmann) by parasite Aphelinus mali Hald. in Thanedhar area of Himachal Pradesh. Himachal Hortic 9(4):22

    Google Scholar 

  • Dar GA, Sheikh AG, Ganjoo BL (1976) Microbial control of Indian gypsy moth, Lymantria obfuscata Wlk. on apple in Kashmir. Research report of all India co-ordinated fruit improvement project, Ranikhet, U.P., November, 17–20, 1976

    Google Scholar 

  • Dar SA, Khan ZH, Khan AA, Ahmad SB (2011) Biopesticides–its prospects and limitations: an overview. Chapter 14. In: Dr. Gupta VK (ed) Perspectives in animal ecology and reproduction, vol 8. Daya Publishing House, New Delhi, pp 296–314. ISBN:978-81-7035-747-6

    Google Scholar 

  • Dinabandhu CL, Bhalla OP (1975) Comparative studies on dormant and pre-bloom spraying for the control of San Jose scale. Indian J Agric Sci 45(2):60–62

    Google Scholar 

  • Dixon AFG (1998) Aphid ecology, 2nd edn. Chapman and Hall, New York, p 312

    Google Scholar 

  • Foottit RG, Lowery DT, Maw HEL, Smirle MJ, Lushai G (2009) Identification, distribution, and molecular characterization of the apple aphids Aphis pomi and Aphis spiraecola (Hemiptera: Aphididae: Aphidinae). Can Entomol 141:478–495

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gaffar SA, Fazli MA, Lone AH (1989) Selectivity of some common insecticides to woolly apple aphid parasite Aphelinus mali Hald. Indian J Plant Prot 17:127–130

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ganaie SA, Khan ZH, Khan AA (2012) Potential of pheromone technology in the management of insect pests of apple. In: Abrol DP, Shankar U (eds) book entitled Ecologically based Integrated Pest Management. New India Publishing Agency, New Delhi, Part I, pp 321–343. ISBN:987-93-80235-95-0

    Google Scholar 

  • Gupta BP (1976) Life history and control of Indian Gypsy moth, Lymantria obfuscata Wlk. Research Report of All India Coordinated Fruit Improvement Project, Ranikhet, November, 17–20, 1976, 454

    Google Scholar 

  • Gupta BP, Rai KM, Joshi LD, Pant NC (1969) Effect of various chemicals on apple stem borer. Prog Hort 1(2):29–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Gupta PR, Bhardwaj SP, Bhalla OP (1982) Control of San Jose scale Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock) with miscible oils and their combination with fenitrothion. J Entomol Res 6:140–145

    Google Scholar 

  • Gupta PR, Thakur JR, Dogra GS (1988) Evaluation of some dormant miscible oils applied during late dormancy against San Jose scale, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock) on apple. Abstract In: National symposium on tree protection, Solan

    Google Scholar 

  • Hameed SF, Adlakha RL, Sud VK (1974) Control of Eriosoma lanigerum Hsm. by systemic insecticides. Indian J Agric Sci 44:301–303

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton GC, Swift FC, Marini R (1986) Effect of Aphis pomi (Homoptera: Aphididae) density on apples. J Econ Entomol 79:471–478

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khajuria DR, Sharma JP (2003) Chemical management of phytophagous mites on apple in Himachal Pradesh Abstract S9-0-4. In: 7th international symposium on temperate zone fruits in the tropics and sub tropics, Solan, October 14–18, 2003, p 219

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan AA (2009) Relative toxicity of pesticides for the safety of predatory coccinellids (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Ann Plant Prot Sci 17(2):307–311

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan AA (2010a) Exploitation of Chilocorus infernalis Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) for suppression of the SanJose scale, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock) (Homoptera: Diaspididae) in apple orchards. J Biol Control 24(4):369–372

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan AA (2010b) Stage-specific functional response of predaceous ladybird beetle, Harmonia eucharis (Mulsant) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to green apple aphid, Aphis pomi De Geer (Hemiptera: Aphididae). J Biol Control 24(3):222–226

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan AA (2015) Report of department of science and technology on biodiversity and management of aphid in temperate horticulture ecosystem of Kashmir. Division of Entomology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Shalimar Campus Srinagar-190025, India, 123 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan AA (2016) Assessment of predation capability of four species of spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) to green apple Aphid, Aphis pomi De Geer (Homoptera: Aphididae). Int J Ecol Environ Sci 42(1):9–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan AA, Mir RA (2008) Functional response of four predaceous coccinellids Adalia tetraspilota (Hope), Coccinella septempunctata (L.), Calvia punctata (Mulsant) and Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) feeding on the green apple aphid, Aphis pomi De Geer (Homoptera: aphididae). J Biol Control 22:291–298

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan AA, Zaki FA (2009) Effect of spray oils on lady bird beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). J Insect Sci 22(1):59–62

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan AA, Mir RA, Zaki FA (2007) Relative abundance of predacious ladybird beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in Kashmir. J Aphidol 21:23–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan AA, Zaki FA, Khan ZH, Mir RA (2009) Biodiversity of predacious ladybird beetles (Coleoptera:Coccinellidae) in Kashmir. J Biol Control 23:43–47

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan AA, Shah MA, Majid S (2016) Functional response of four syrphid predators associated with green apple aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in laboratory. J Econ Entomol 109(1):78–83

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mahajan S, Nath A (2003) Comparative in vitro evaluation of acaricides for intrinsic and persistent toxicity against mites (Panonychus ulmi koch. and Tetranychus urticae koch) on apple.Abstract S9-0-1. In: 7th international symposium on temperate zone fruits in the tropics and sub tropics, Solan, October 14–18, 2003, p 215

    Google Scholar 

  • Masoodi MA (1991) Biological studies on Lymantria obfuscate Walker (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) in Kashmir. Indian Forester 117:644–651

    Google Scholar 

  • Masoodi MA, Trali AR (1987) Seasonal history and biological control of San Jose Scale Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock) (Diaspididae: Homoptera) on apple in Kashmir. J Biol Control 1:3–6

    Google Scholar 

  • Masoodi MA, Trali AR, Bhat AM, Tikku RK, Nehru RK (1989) Establishment of Aphytis sp.proclia of San Jose Scale in Kashmir. Indian J Plant Prot 17:71–73

    Google Scholar 

  • Milenkovic S, Marcic D, Ruzicic L (2013) Control of green apple aphid (Aphis pomi De Geer) in organic apple production. J Pestic Phytomed 28(4):281–285

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mushtaq T, Khan AA (2010) Functional response of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) to different densities of Aphis craccivora Koch and Aphis pomi De Geer (Homopetera: Aphididae). Indian J Agric Sci 80:93–95

    Google Scholar 

  • Oatman ER, Lenger EF (1961) Bionomics of apple aphid, Aphis pomi. J Econ Entomol 54:1034–1037

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parray MA, Mantoo MA, Zaki FA, Wani AR (2005) Effect of four pesticides on population of European red spider mite (Panonychus ulmi Koch.) on apple in Kashmir. SKUAST J Res 7:131–135

    Google Scholar 

  • Pawar AD, Tuhan NC, Balasubramanian S, Parray M (1981) Distribution, damage and biology of codling moth, Cydia pomonella. India Journal of Plant. Pestology 9:111–114

    Google Scholar 

  • Pruthi HS, Rao RV (1951) San Jose Scale in India. Bull. 71. ICAR, New Delhi

    Google Scholar 

  • Rahman KA, Khan AW (1941) Observations on Aphelinus mali Hald. in the Punjab. Indian J Agric Sci 11:446–450

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao VS, Rao PV (1960) Introduction of Prospaltella for control of San Jose scale in India and Pakistan. FAO Plant Prot Bull 8:120–123

    Google Scholar 

  • Rawat US, Pawar AD (1987) Biological control of Woolly aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann) in Himachal Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir. Indian J Adv Zool 8:42–45

    Google Scholar 

  • Sechan JN, Gangawar SK (1980) Insect pests of apple in Meghalaya. Bull Entomol 21:113–121

    Google Scholar 

  • Shah MA (2015) Taxonomic studies on Aphididae in temperate horticulture ecosystem of Kashmir. Ph.D. thesis. Division of entomology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Shalimar Campus Srinagar-190025, India. 196 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Shah MA, Khan AA (2013) Functional response-a function of predator and prey species. Bioscan 8(3):751–758

    Google Scholar 

  • Shah MA, Khan AA (2014) Assessment of coccinellid biodiversity under pesticide pressure in horticulture ecosystems. Indian J Entomol 76(2):107–116

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma PL, Attri BS (1969) Control of apple stem borer, Aeolesthes holsericea Fab. (Cerambycida: Coleoptera). Indian J Entomol 31:79–80

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma PL, Bhalla OP (1962) Preliminary studies on the control of San Jose scale Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (comstock) with miscible oils as compared to diesel oil emulsion. Himachal Hortic 3:235–237

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma PL, Bhalla OP (1965) Studies on the control of San Jose scale Quadraspidiotus perniciosus. Indian J Entomol 27:323–330

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma PL, Attri BS, Aggarwal SC (1969) Beetles causing damage to pome and stone fruits in Himachal Pradesh and their control. Indian J Entomol 31:377–379

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh C (1964) Temperate fruit pests entomology in India. Entomological Society of India, New Delhi

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh M, Gupta R, Gupta PR (2007) Biology and control of Indian Gypsy moth, Lymantria obfuscata on apple in Himachal Pradesh. Indian J Plant Prot 35:104–105

    Google Scholar 

  • Sud VK, Hameed SF, Sharma LD (1975) The insecticidal control of San Jose Scale on apple. J Hortic Sci 50:165–168

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Suski WZ, Smolarz S (1987) Control of the fruit tree red spider mite Panonychus ulmi (Acari: Tetranychidae) at the overwintering egg stage. In: Progress in acarology, vol 2. Oxford and IBP Publishing House Pvt, New Delhi, pp 443–447

    Google Scholar 

  • Thakur JR, Dogra GS (1980) Woolly apple aphid Eriosoma lanigerum research in India. Trop Pest Manag 26:8–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thakur AK, Hameed SF (1980a) Biological performance of some organophosphorus insecticides against Quadraspidiotus perniciosus Comstock on apple. Proc Indian Acad Sci 89:587–601

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thakur AK, Hameed SF (1980b) Toxicity of some organophosphorus insecticides to the crawlers of San Jose scale, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus Comstock. Pesticides 14(2):10–12

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thakur AK, Kashyap NP (1986) Proceeding of national symposium of temperate fruits, pp 381–384

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Emden HF, Harrington R (eds) (2007) Aphids as crop pests. CABI, Wallingford, p 717pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Veeresh GK (1974) War against white grubs. Curr Res 3:37–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Verma TD (1985) Studies on torticides infesting apple with special reference to biology and control of Archips pomivora. Ph.D. thesis, Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Solan

    Google Scholar 

  • Verma TD, Thakur JR, Dogra GS (1979) Outbreak of Indian Gypsy moth, Lymantria obfuscata Wlk on oak in Himachal Pradesh. Indian Forester 105:594–597

    Google Scholar 

  • Yadava CPS, Saxena RC, Mishra RK, Dadheech LN (1977) Population management of white grub, Holotrichia consanguinea Blanch. in an agro-ecosystem. Indian J Entomol 39:205–210

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Entomology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India

    Akhtar Ali Khan, Abdul Rouf Wani, Farooq Ahmad Zaki, R. K. Nehru & S. S. Pathania

Authors
  1. Akhtar Ali Khan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Abdul Rouf Wani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Farooq Ahmad Zaki
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. R. K. Nehru
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. S. S. Pathania
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Omkar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Khan, A.A., Wani, A.R., Zaki, F.A., Nehru, R.K., Pathania, S.S. (2018). Pests of Apple. In: Omkar (eds) Pests and Their Management. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8687-8_14

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation