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Grain Legumes for Resource Conservation and Agricultural Sustainability in South Asia

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Legumes for Soil Health and Sustainable Management

Abstract

Degradation of natural resources is a major environmental concern that threatens the agroecosystem health and food security in South Asian countries. About 1.8 billion people (24% of world population) are living in this region in an area of 5.03 km2. The higher population pressure on agricultural land (7 person ha−1) has further threatened the existing resources to a great extent. Thus, conserving natural resource base is essential to feed the burgeoning population. Continuous practice of cereal-cereal rotation including rice-wheat in Indo-Gangetic plains have emerged several soil- and environmental-related issues. Diversification of cereal-cereal cropping systems is warranted to mitigate those issues and to adapt to the changing climatic condition and to enhance the resource-use efficiency on a sustainable basis. Grain legumes are the suitable candidate crop for diversification because of its inherent capacity to build up soil health and in conserving natural resources. There exists a large scope to introduce pulses as the second crop in 22.2 million hectare areas of rice fallows in India, Bangladesh, and Nepal. System intensification with inclusion of mungbean in summer fallows of rice-wheat cropping system could add an additional pulse crops area of 1.0 m ha in Indo-Gangetic plains. Several alternative grain legume inclusive crop rotations have been identified for the different agro-zones that certainly could play an important role in popularizing the conservation of agriculture in cereal-dominated production systems of South Asia. Endowed with an inherent potential biological N-fixation (30–150 kg N ha−1), of the deep root system, the root exudates mediated P-solubilization, and nutrient-rich residues of grain legumes improve the soil fertility and enhance the soil profile nutrient cycling. Crop diversification with grain legumes has additional benefits associated with improving water productivity, reducing input cost, and minimizing incidence of diseases and pests. Besides this, the low application rate of the N fertilizer to grain legumes has the advantage of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and groundwater pollution. Thus, grain legumes would play a crucial role in resource conservation, ecosystem balance, and in the sustainability of agricultural systems of South Asia.

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Abbreviations

@:

At the rate of

AM:

Arbuscular mycorrhiza

BNF:

Biological nitrogen fixation

C:

Carbon

CA:

Conservation agriculture

CEY:

Chickpea equivalent yield

cm:

Centimeter

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

DTPA:

Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid

g:

Gram

GHG:

Greenhouse gas

IGP:

Indo-Gangetic plains

ka:

Hectare

kg:

Kilogram

kj:

Kilojoule

km:

Kilometer

m:

Million

mg:

Milligram

mm:

Millimeter

N:

Nitrogen

NW:

Northwest

P:

Phosphorus

PEY:

Pigeonpea equivalent yield

RCTs:

Resource conservation technologies

SOC:

Soil organic carbon

SOM:

Soil organic matter

t:

Tonne

Tg:

Teragram

VAM:

Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza

w/w:

Weight/weight

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur, India

    Narendra Kumar, K. K. Hazra, C. P. Nath, C. S. Praharaj & U. Singh

Authors
  1. Narendra Kumar
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  2. K. K. Hazra
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  3. C. P. Nath
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  4. C. S. Praharaj
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  5. U. Singh
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Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agricultural Sciences (BHU), Varanasi, UP, India

    Ram Swaroop Meena

  2. Division of Crop Production, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, India

    Anup Das

  3. Division of Crop Production, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Lembucherra, India

    Gulab Singh Yadav

  4. Carbon Management and Sequestration Center, SENR/FAES, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA

    Rattan Lal

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Kumar, N., Hazra, K.K., Nath, C.P., Praharaj, C.S., Singh, U. (2018). Grain Legumes for Resource Conservation and Agricultural Sustainability in South Asia. In: Meena, R., Das, A., Yadav, G., Lal, R. (eds) Legumes for Soil Health and Sustainable Management. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0253-4_3

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