Abstract
A number of factors adversely affect the plant health and, ultimately, the agricultural yield. Various abiotic stress factors including temperature variation, flooding, salinity, drought, nutrient depletion and environmental toxicities cause significant losses annually. Among these, metal and metalloid toxicity results in physiological, morphological and metabolic alteration in plant body. Mediated through various mechanisms, these ions result in early cell death. The oxidative stress, owing to the production of various reactive oxygen species is the most important contributing agent. Phytohormones produced by plants help to counteract the effects of these stress factors. Through a number of enzymatic and non-enzymatic pathways, they regulate the antioxidant pathways in the plant body. The study of these phytohormones can help in developing an understanding of the metabolic processes and can help in providing important checkpoints for employing interventional strategies to enhance the antioxidant potential of metal-stressed plants. This chapter summarizes the role of various phytohormones in the antioxidant response to metal stress. Moreover, various mechanisms that are employed by the plants to enhance their antioxidant potential have been discussed. Towards the end, the regulation of phytohormone-mediated antioxidation has been provided.
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Abbreviations
- 2,4-D:
-
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
- 24-EpiBL:
-
24-epibrassinolide
- 28-HomoBL:
-
28-homobrassinolide
- 2-CEPA:
-
2-chlorethylphosphonic acid
- ABA:
-
Abscisic acid
- ABC:
-
ATP binding cassette
- ACC:
-
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid
- ACO:
-
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase
- ADC:
-
Arginine decarboxylase
- AFB:
-
Auxin signaling F-box
- Al:
-
Aluminum
- APOX:
-
Ascorbate peroxidase
- APX:
-
Ascorbate peroxidase
- Ar:
-
Arsenic
- ASA/ASC:
-
Ascorbic acid
- AtHSD gene:
-
Arabidopsis thaliana hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase gene
- AUX1:
-
Auxin resistant 1
- B:
-
Boron
- BR:
-
Brassinosteroids
- CaCA:
-
Ca2+/cation antiporter
- CAT:
-
Catalase
- Cd:
-
Cadmium
- CDF:
-
Cation diffusion facilitator
- CDPK:
-
Calcium-dependent protein kinase
- CK:
-
Cytokinin
- Cr:
-
Chromium
- CTR:
-
Copper transporters family
- Cu:
-
Copper
- DHA:
-
Dehydro ascorbic acid
- DHAR:
-
Dehydroascorbate reductase
- DNA:
-
Deoxyribonucleic acid
- EIN2:
-
Ethylene insensitive 2
- ERFs:
-
Ethylene response factors
- ET:
-
Ethylene
- FAD:
-
Flavin adenine dinucleotide
- Fe:
-
Iron
- GA:
-
Gibberellins
- GH3:
-
Glycoside hydrolase
- GOPX:
-
Guaiacol peroxidase
- GPX:
-
Glutathione peroxidase
- GR:
-
Glutathione reductase
- GSH:
-
Glutathione
- GSSG:
-
Glutathione disulfide
- GST:
-
Glutathione-S-transferase
- Hg:
-
Mercury
- His:
-
Histidine
- HMA:
-
Heavy metal ATPase
- HSPs:
-
Heat shock proteins
- IAA:
-
Indole-3-acetic acid
- IBA:
-
Indole butyric acid
- Irt:
-
Iron regulated transporter
- JA:
-
Jasmonic acid
- LEA:
-
Late embryogenesis abundant
- LPO:
-
Lipid peroxidation
- MAPK:
-
Mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MDHA:
-
Monodehydro ascorbate
- MDHAR:
-
Monodehydroascorbate reductase
- MeJA:
-
Methyl jasmonate
- Mn:
-
Manganese
- MT:
-
Metallothioneins
- NAA:
-
Naphthalene acetic acid
- NADPH:
-
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
- Ni:
-
Nickel
- NO:
-
Nitric oxide
- NRAMP:
-
Natural resistance-associated macrophage proteins
- ODC:
-
Ornithine decarboxylase
- OsGSK1:
-
Oryza sativa glycogen synthase kinase3-like gene 1
- PA:
-
Polyamines
- Pb:
-
Lead
- PC:
-
Phytochelatin
- PEPC:
-
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase
- PEX:
-
Peroxisome
- PGPR:
-
Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria
- PIN:
-
Pin-formed
- PS-II:
-
Photo system 2
- Put:
-
Putrescine
- RNS:
-
Reactive nitrogen species
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- RuBisCO:
-
Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase
- SA:
-
Salicylic acid
- SAMDC:
-
S-adenosyl methionine decarboxylase
- SAPs:
-
Stress associated proteins
- SOD:
-
Superoxide dismutase
- Spd:
-
Spermidine
- SPDS:
-
Spermidine synthase
- Spm:
-
Spermine
- Th:
-
Thallium
- TIR1:
-
Transport inhibitor response 1
- Tpx1:
-
Thioredoxin peroxidase
- ZIP:
-
Zrt-and irt-like protein (ZIP)
- Zn:
-
Zinc
- Zrt:
-
Zinc-regulated transporter
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Khan, D.A. et al. (2018). Role of Phytohormones in Enhancing Antioxidant Defense in Plants Exposed to Metal/Metalloid Toxicity. In: Hasanuzzaman, M., Nahar, K., Fujita, M. (eds) Plants Under Metal and Metalloid Stress. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2242-6_14
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