Abstract
In 1877, Ferdinand von Richthofen, a German geographer, defined the traffic route linking China, Transoxiana in Central Asia and India mainly for silk trade during Western Han and Eastern Han Dynasties as “Silk Roads” in the Volume I of his book China: The Results of My Travels and the Studies Based Thereon, he thought the economic and cultural exchange on the land and sea developed in the folk was the main reason for the flourish of the “Silk Road”, but as the western countries knew more and more about China and China’s cognition of the world reduced since the Yuan Dynasty, China gradually walked to isolation and declined in the Qing Dynasty.
Part of the article was issued in The Belt and Road Initiative in the View of Diplomacy with Chinese Characteristics by Gao Fei, in the third issue of Economic Science Press, 2015.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Waugh (2007).
- 2.
Hermann (1935).
- 3.
Liu (2013).
- 4.
Yan (2015).
- 5.
Data about China’s Imported Gas in the First Half Year in 2015, website of the National Development and Reform Commission, July 31, 2015, http://gas.in-en.com/html/gas-2307300.shtml, logged in on October 10, 2015.
- 6.
Yang (2015).
- 7.
Li and Sun (2014).
- 8.
Zhao (2015).
- 9.
Berggruen and Gardels (2014).
- 10.
By [U.S.] Nicholas Berggruen, Nathan Gardels: Intelligent Governance: Golden Mean between the East and West in 21 Century (translated by Zhu Xinwei), Shanghai: Truth & Wisdom Press, Shanghai People’s Publishing House, 2013, Page 171.
- 11.
By [Ancient Greece] History of the Peloponnesian War (translated by XuSongyan, etc.), Nanning: Guangxi Normal University Press, 2004.
- 12.
Qin (2015).
- 13.
Zheng (2012).
- 14.
Shao (2015).
- 15.
2014 Trade Volume between China and Countries along the “One Belt and One Road” Reached USD1.12trillion, www.askci.com, May 5, 2015, http://www.askci.com/news/finance/2015/05/05/21417cjph.shtml, logged in on October 11, 2015.
- 16.
Directory of China’s National Economic and Technological Development Zones and Economic Cooperation Zones at Boarder, website of the Ministry of Commerce, July 23, 2015, http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/xglj/kaifaqu.shtml, logged in on October 1, 2015.
- 17.
Chen (2014).
- 18.
Zhang et al. (2015).
- 19.
The 16 countries are: Singapore, Russia, Kazakhstan, Indonesia, Myanmar, Mongolia, Iran, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, India, Pakistan, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Malaysia and United Arab Emirates. Refer to Ding Dong: The First Ranking List of Investment Value in Countries along “One Belt and One Road” by China Think Tanks, www.chinanews.com, March 21, 2015, http://finance.huanqiu.com/roll/2015-03/5970080.html, logged in on June 25, 2015.
- 20.
Tian (2015).
- 21.
Liang (2013).
- 22.
Sun (2015).
- 23.
Joint Statement between the People’s Republic of China and the Russian Federation on Cooperation in Construction of Conjugation of the Eurasian Economic Union and the “Silk Road Economic Belt”, Xinhua News Agency, May 8, 2015 http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2015-05/09/content_2859384.htm, logged in on October 31, 2015.
- 24.
Huang (2015).
- 25.
Liu (2015).
- 26.
Cui (2015).
- 27.
Fang (2015).
- 28.
Wang (2015b).
- 29.
Xie (2015).
- 30.
Rong (2015).
- 31.
Liu (2015).
- 32.
Wang (2015a).
- 33.
Zhang (2015b).
- 34.
Pan (2015).
- 35.
Wei (2013).
- 36.
Qian and Yu (2013).
- 37.
It is usually considered that there are altogether over 60 countries or regions along the Belt and Road, including four countries in Northeast Asia(Mongolia, Russia, Japan and South Korea), 11 countries in ASEAN (Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Brunei, Philippines, East Timor), 18 countries in west Asia and North Africa (Iran, Iraq, Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain, Greece, Cyprus and Egypt), 8 countries in South Asia (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Nepal and Bhutan), 5 countries in Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Kyrghyzstan), 6 countries in CIS (Ukraine, Belarus, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia and Moldova), 16 countries in Central and Eastern Europe (Poland, Lithuania, Estonia, Latvia, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia, Albania, Romania, Bulgaria and Macedonia). However, Professor Zhao Lei of the International Institute For Strategic Studies of Central Party School believes that: It is inaccurate to express like this. There are more than 230 countries in the world, and those who are committed to the Belt and Road Initiative are Silk Road countries. He advocated the use of “65 plus” to summarize the Silk Road countries, of which countries and regions like America and Latin America were also included. See One Belt One Road 100: The Views on the Belt and Road from the Perspective of 100 Experts, Phoenix New Media, http://news.ifeng.com/opinion/bigstory/special/100expertadviceforobor2015/, logged on June 22, 2015.
- 38.
Jin et al. (2014).
- 39.
Piao (2015).
- 40.
Jia et al. (2014).
- 41.
Xu (2015).
- 42.
Zheng (2015).
- 43.
Zhang (2015a).
- 44.
Zhao (2014).
- 45.
Zhang (2015a).
- 46.
Gao (2015).
- 47.
Wang (2015c).
- 48.
Zhou (2014).
- 49.
Han (2015).
- 50.
Joint Communique on the Establishment of All-weather Strategic Partnership between The People’s Republic of China and Islamic Republic of Pakistan, Ministry of National Defense Net, April 20, 2015, http://news.mod.gov.cn/headlines/2015-04/21/content_4581053.htm, logged in on October 18, 2015.
- 51.
Building Silk Road Economic Belt and 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road, Xinhua Net, March 28, 2015, http://news.xinhuanet.com/gangao/2015-06/08/c_127890670.htm, logged in on October 18, 2015.
- 52.
Liu (2014).
References
Albert Hermann, Historical and Commercial Atlas of China, Harvard Yenching Institute, Monograph Series, Vol. 1, Cambridge Mass: Harvard University Press, 1935.
Chen Yu: China’s Overseas Economic and Trade Cooperation Zones Having Reached 118, and 77 along the “One Belt and One Road, CRI Online, December 30, 2014, http://gb.cri.cn/42071/2014/12/30/2225s4824563.htm, logged in on September 10, 2015.
Cui Mo: See The Belt and Road Initiative from the Perspective of China-Russia Energy Cooperation, CNCP, April 8, 2015, http://news.cnpc.com.cn/system/2015/04/08/001536149.shtml, logged in on October 18, 2015.
Daniel C. Waugh, “Richthofen’s ‘Silk Roads’: Toward the Archaeology of a Concept”, The Silk Road, Vol. 5, No. 1, Summer 2007, http://silkroadfoundation.org/newsletter/vol5num1/srjournal_v5n1.pdf, logged in on October 25, 2015, pp. 3–4.
Fang Fang: Sino-Thailand Railway will Start within 2015: Round-trip from Kunming to Bangkok will only Cost 700 Yuan, published on Zhejiang Online, October 16, 2015, http://gotrip.zjol.com.cn/system/2015/10/16/020874482.shtml, logged in on October 18, 2015.
Gao Zhenbo: PPP on “The Belt and Road Initiative”, sxdaily, March 26, 2015, http://www.sxdaily.com.cn/n/2015/0326/c369-5653828.html, logged in on October 31, 2015.
Han Miao: The First Foreign Investment Project of the Silk Road fund was Settled in Pakistan, Sina Finance, April 21, 2015 http://finance.sina.com.cn/china/20150421/230822012041.shtml, logged in on October 31, 2015.
Huang Qian: The First Overseas Order of CHSR, a 700 km High-Speed Railway from Moscow to Kazan, CZTV.COM, June 19, 2015 http://n.cztv.com/news2014/983086.html, logged in on October 18, 2015.
Jia Xiudong, Wang Youming, Wang Hongyi, Su Xiaohui: A Probe Into the Win-win Potential of Sino-US Cooperation-Cooperation Between China and US in Southeast Asia, South Asia, Middle East, Africa and Latin America, transferred from Research Report of China Institute of International Studies (CIIS), page i–iii, 6th issuance on July 2014.
Jin Chunli, Huang Xuanyu, Wang Chaoyang: The Belt and Road Initiative” Leads New Pattern of China’s Open Economy, XinHua News, December 16, 2014, http://news.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2014-12/16/c_1113666080.htm, logged on June 22, 2015.
Li Dehua, Sun Tingwen; Annual Gas Transmission of China-Central Asia Natural Gas Pipeline D Will Reach 85 billion m3, China.com.cn, July 3, 2014, http://finance.chinanews.com/ny/2014/07-03/6348994.shtml, logged in on October 11, 2015.
Liang Yue: Xi Jinping’s Important Address on Forum about Diplomatic Relations with Surrounding Countries, www.xinhuanet.com, October 27, 2013, http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2013-10/25/c_117878897.htm, logged in on October 12, 2015.
Liu Xiaopeng: Average Annual Growth of China’s Economy Since the Reform and Opening Up Reaching 9.8%, Xinhua Net, 6th Nov 2013, http://news.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2013-11/06/c_118036394.htm, logged in on October 18, 2015.
Liu Xiaopeng: China Three Gorges Corporate will Build Hydropower Project In Russian Far East, Xinhua Net, May 9, 2015, http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2015-05/09/c_1115231625.htm, logged in on October 18, 2015.
Liu Yan: Silk Road: A Success Application of World Heritage of Changan-Tianshan Corridor Road Network A Total of 33 Heritage Sites, transferred from Xi’an Evening News, June 23, 2014, http://www.chinanews.com/sh/2014/06-23/6308181.shtml, logged in on October 18, 2015.
Liu Yiran: Kazakhstan’s Ambassador to China: “The Bright Road”Initiative is Closely Related with the Silk Road Economic Belt, Xinhua Net, April 6, 2015, http://xuan.news.cn/cloudnews/globe/20150416/2260166_c.html, logged in on October 27, 2015.
Nicolas Berggruen, Nathan Gardels, “How The World’s Most Powerful Leader Thinks”, The World Post, January 24, 2014, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/01/21/xi-jinping-davos_n_4639929.html, logged in on October 25, 2015.
Pan Guang: The Origin, Evolution and Prospect of The New American “Silk Road” Program–Taking to Professor Starr, The Introducer of The Idea of “New Silk Road”, transferred from The Contemporary World, Issue 4, P25, 2015.
Piao Zhen: The Optimum “Hedging” Strategy towards the Rise of China, South Korea Joonganglibo, April 9, 2015, http://news.163.com/15/0410/10/AMR78NVK00014JB6.html, logged in on October 31, 2015.
Qian Tong, Yu Qianliang: President Xi Jinping Delivered Important Speech at Indonesia’s Congress, Xinhua Net, October 3, 2013, http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2013-10/03/c_117591171.htm, logged in on June 25, 2015.
Qin Yaqing: How to Avoid Three “Rise and Fall Traps”: Several Thoughts on Diplomatic Concept with Chinese Characteristics, in Chinese Social Sciences Weekly, May 27, 2015, Issue 743, http://www.cssn.cn/bk/bkpd_qklm/bkpd_bkwz/201505/t20150529_2015124.shtml, logged in on October 25, 2015.
Rong Zhongxia: Laos Officials: The Belt and Road Initiative Helps Laos To Be “Land -linked Country”, Xinhua Net, June 4, 2015, http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2015-06/04/c_1115517015.htm, logged in on October 29, 2015.
Shao Yu: The Belt and Road Initiative Starting 4.0 Times for Globalization, hexun.com, April 1, 2015, http://news.hexun.com/2015-04-01/174588069.html, logged in on October 12, 2015.
Sun Changdong: Russia Greatly Pushes Forward Six Policies to Bet on Development in the Far East, NetEase Finance, http://money.163.com/15/0831/08/B2B6QPLP00253B0H.html, logged in on October 29, 2015.
Tian Xinxin: Silk Road Fund Started, Luxury Senior Management Team, Securities Times, February 25, 2015, http://business.sohu.com/20150225/n409141720.shtml, logged in on October 27, 2015.
Wang Ning: the Belt and Road Initiative Helps Mongolia to Open up “the Way of Grassland-Road”, http://news.xinhuanet.com/2015-04/23/c_1115066487.htm, logged in on April 23, 2015a.
Wang Xiaofeng: China Wins Indonesia High-speed Rail Project Intends to Build It in November, published on The Beijing News, October 16, 2015b, http://finance.ifeng.com/a/20151017/14023726_0.shtml, logged in on October 18, 2015.
Wang Yi: Constructing New International Relationships with the Win-win Result as the Core, Finance Net, March, 23, 2015c, http://new.caijing.com.cn/economy/20150323/3846290.shtml, logged in on October 31, 2015.
Wei Jianhua, Zhou Liang: President Xi Jinping Delivered Important Speech at Nazarbayev University in Kazakhstan, Xinhua Net, September 7, 2013, http://news.xinhuanet.com/video/2013-09/07/c_125341776.htm, logged in on October 1, 2015.
Xie Feng: China was Defeated by Japan In the Indonesia High-speed Rail Project: The Inside Story of It was Revealed For the First Time, transferred from Global Times, October 17, 2015, http://tech.163.com/15/1017/22/B65M20D100094O5H.html, logged in on October 18, 2015.
Xu Lili: “The Belt and Road Initiative” is the Chorus of the Countries Along the Routine Rather than China’s Solo, XinHua News, June 8, 2015. http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2015-06/08/c_127888262.htm, logged on October 31, 2015.
Yan Yuxin: China Banking Regulatory Commission: Accelerate MOU Signing with Countries along the “One Belt and One Road”, www.ifeng.com, September 28, 2015, http://finance.ifeng.com/a/20150928/13998610_0.shtml, logged in on October 7, 2015.
Yang Liu: An Adventurer’s Walk in “The Gate of the Hell” at Ten Thousand Degrees Temperature in Turkmenistan, CRI Online, May 7, 2015, http://gb.cri.cn/42071/2015/05/07/7831s4954752.htm, logged in on October 25, 2015.
Zhang Monan: The New Idea of “the Belt and Road Initiative” PPP Model, China Business, July 18, http://www.cb.com.cn/index.php?m=content&c=index&a=show&catid=23&id=1144708&all, logged in on October 31, 2015a.
Zhang Yesui: The Belt and Road Initiative should be Given High Priority to Realize “Five Communication” (Policy Coordination, Road Link, Flow Trade, Currency Circulation and Shared Popular Sentiments), People.cn, http://world.people.com.cn/n/2014/0325/c1002-24731635.html, logged in on October 31, 2015b.
Zhang Yanlong, Zeng Jianzhong, Shen Nianzu: Almost 100 Chinese Industrial Parks Have Bought Overseas Land Become Important Carriers for Capacity Output, the Economic Observer, June 28, 2015, http://gz.house.sina.com.cn/news/2015-06-28/08466020723773614113048.shtml, logged in on October 2, 2015.
Zhao Changhui: China Will Leave Behind the “Middle-Income Trap”, Global Times, April 2, 2015, http://opinion.huanqiu.com/opinion_china/2015-04/6074020.html#0-tsina-1-90971-397232819ff9a47a7b7e80a40613cfe1, logged in on April 2, 2015.
Zhao Gang: Financing and Innovation of “the Belt and Road Initiative” Requires the Introduction of Public-private Partnership Relationship Mechanism, Yunan network, October 10, 2014, http://yn.yunnan.cn/html/2014-10/10/content_3398567.htm, logged in on October 31, 2015.
Zheng Yongnian: How do China and U.S. Avoid “Thucydides’s Trap, World Wide Web, September 4, 2012, http://opinion.huanqiu.com/1152/2012-09/3096922.html, logged in on October 25, 2015.
Zheng Yongnian: President Xi Jinping and China’s Substitution of “Thucydides Trap” Theory, zaobao, http://www.zaobao.com/print/forum/expert/zheng-yong-nian/story20150929-531955, login on October 31, 2015.
Zhou Fangyin: How to Build A Strategic Pivot of China, Consensus Net, October 5, 2014, http://www.21ccom.net/articles/world/zlwj/20141005114208_all.html, logged in on October 31, 2015.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Peking University Press and Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gao, F., Li, L. (2019). The Belt and Road Initiative Under the Diplomacy Perspective of the Great Power with Chinese Characteristics. In: Liu, W., Zhang, H. (eds) Regional Mutual Benefit and Win-win Under the Double Circulation of Global Value. Global Economic Synergy of Belt and Road Initiative. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7656-6_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7656-6_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-13-7655-9
Online ISBN: 978-981-13-7656-6
eBook Packages: Economics and FinanceEconomics and Finance (R0)