Abstract
This chapter analyses summitry in order to deepen our understanding of political leadership in a regional context. It argues that summitry enhances and facilitates leadership, as setting the agenda of a summit is the prerogative of the Chair or the host of a summit. This chapter focuses on six case studies: three summit meetings each for ASEAN and the EU. For ASEAN, the summit meetings discussed are the 11th ASEAN Summit held in Kuala Lumpur in 2005, the 27th ASEAN Summit which was also held in Kuala Lumpur in 2015, and the 45th ASEAN Ministerial Meeting (AMM) held in 2012. For the EU, the summits examined are the June 1984 Fontainebleau European Council meeting, the December 1985 Luxemburg European Council meeting, and the June 2015 European Council meeting. The analysis within this chapter suggests that summitry is an important factor in facilitating leadership in a regional context, and thus is crucial for the success of regional community-building, in the case of both ASEAN and the EU.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
The term ‘inter-governmental conference’ is used to describe negotiations between the member state governments with a view of amending the Treaties. Under this procedure, any member state, the Commission, or the European Parliament presents to the Council proposals for the amendment of the Treaties. These proposals are submitted to the European Council by the Council, and the national Parliaments are notified. If the European Council, acting by simple majority after consulting the European Parliament and the Commission, decides in favour of examining the proposed amendments, the President of the European Council convenes a Convention (see http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/glossary/intergovernmental_conference_en.htm).
- 2.
Indeed, ‘in the attempt to settle the “British problem”, other problems were solved along on the way: the “German problem” had been resolved; a solution had been found for the deficit in the 1984 Community budget; attention had been returned to new policies; and, most significantly, work had resumed on a European Union based on the Treaty of Rome, opening up new horizons’ (Bulletin of the European Communities 1984, p. 12).
- 3.
Hungary and Bulgaria, however, will not take part in the scheme, taking into account that both countries are already under pressure, with an increased flow of refugees crossing their borders, coming from the Balkans or Turkey (Weber 2015). Denmark, Ireland, and the UK will also not participate (European Council 2015b) given to an opt-out mechanism in home affairs legislation, which include the relocating refugee issue. The UK and Ireland have an opt-out with the possibility to participate should they so choose, while Denmark has an opt-out without the possibility to participate (European Commission 2015a).
References
Ahmad, R. 2015. Hisham Issues a Chairman’s Statement as Defence Chiefs Vow to Bridge the Difference. The Star, November 5. http://m.thestar.com.my/story.aspx?hl=Ministers+fail+to+reach+consensus+Hisham+issues+chairmans+statement+as+defence+chiefs+vow+to+bridge+differences&sec=news&id={7716291E-6C94-4FC9-83D2-89980901A790}. Accessed 14 Dec 2015.
Ahmad Apandi, L.S., and S.D. Mohamed Pero. 2014. Intra-ASEAN Relations in ASEAN Community: Same Bedfellows Different Dreams? Paper presented at the 5th International Conference on International Studies, The Royale Chulan Hotel, Kuala Lumpur, December 1–2.
Albar, S.H. 2011. Former Foreign Affairs Minister of Malaysia. In-Depth Personal Interview.
Anwar, D.F. 1994. Indonesia in ASEAN: Foreign Policy and Regionalism. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
ASEAN Charter. 2008. ASEAN Charter. ASEAN Secretariat, Jakarta. http://www.asean.org/archive/publications/ASEAN-Charter.pdf. Accessed 13 Jan 2012.
ASEAN Secretariat. 1974. Joint Communique of the Seventh ASEAN Ministerial Meeting. http://www.asean.org/news/item/jointcommunique-of-the-seventh-asean-ministerial-meeting-jakarta-7-9-may-1974. Accessed 20 Feb 2015.
———. 2004. Joint Communique of the Thirty-Seventh ASEAN Ministerial Meeting Jakarta. http://www.asean.org/news/item/joint-communique-of-the-37th-asean-ministerial-meeting-jakarta-29-30-june-2004-2. Accessed 13 Nov 2014.
———. 2005. ASEAN Document Series, Jakarta. http://www.asean.org/archive/ADS-2004.pdf. Accessed 14 Oct 2015.
———. 2015. Chairman’s Statement of the 3rd ASEAN Defence Ministers’ Meeting-Plus, Jakarta, November 4. http://www.asean.org/storage/images/2015/November/statement/Chairmans%20Statement%20of%20the%203rd%20ADMM-Plus.pdf. Accessed 24 Dec 2015.
Bache, I., S. George, and S. Bulmer. 2011. Politics in the European Union. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bachrach, P., and M.S. Baratz. 1962. Two Faces of Power. The American Political Science Review 56 (4): 947–952.
———. 1963. Decisions and Nondecisions: An Analytical Framework. The American Political Science Review 57 (3): 632–642.
Badawi, A. 2004. Towards an ASEAN Community. Paper presented to The National Colloquium On ASEAN, Shah Alam, August 7. http://www.asean.org/news/item/keynote-speech-by-he-susilo-bambang-yudhoyono-president-republic-of-indonesia-at-the-asean-forum-rethinking-asean-towards-the-asean-community-2015-jakarta-7-august-2007. Accessed 23 Dec 2015.
Banulescu-Bogdan, N., and S. Fratzke. 2015. Europe’s Migration Crisis in Context: Why Now and What Next? Migration Policy Institute, September 24. http://www.migrationpolicy.org/print/15413#.Vg58zUs9IUs. Accessed 2 Oct 2015.
Barigazzi, J. 2015. EU Migration Plan Flops on Quota Opposition. Politico, June 26. http://www.politico.eu/article/eu-migration-plan-asylum-refugees-eu-tusk-juncker-summit/. Accessed 14 Jan 2016.
Barta, P., and C. Tejada. 2012. Sea Dispute Upends Asian Summit. The Wall Street Journals (Asia Edition), July 23. http://maritimesecurity.asia/free-2/south-china-sea-2/sea-dispute-upends-asian-summit-wall-street-journal/. Accessed 15 May 2015.
Basu Das, S. 2015. A Balance Sheet of Malaysia’s Chairmanship of ASEAN. The Straits Times, November 19. http://www.straitstimes.com/opinion/a-balance-sheet-of-malaysias-chairmanship-of-asean. Accessed 14 Dec 2015.
Batory, A., and U. Puetter. 2013. Consistency and Diversity? The EU’s Rotating Trio Council Presidency After the Lisbon Treaty. Journal of European Public Policy 20 (1): 95–112.
Bernama 2015. Myanmar Must Play Big Role in Resolving Rohingya Issue, October 20. http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2015/10/20/myanmar-must-play-big-role-in-resolving-rohingya-issue/. Accessed 14 Dec 2015.
Berridge, G.R. 2010. Diplomacy: Theory and Practice. 4th ed. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Blavoukos, S., D. Bourantonis, and G. Pagoulatos. 2007. A President for the European Union: A New Actor in Town? Journal of Common Market Studies 45 (2): 231–252.
Bulletin of the European Communities. 1980. The Luxembourg European Council. European Commission, Brussels. http://aei.pitt.edu/1413/1/Luxembourg_april_1980.pdf. Accessed 14 Jan 2015.
———. 1984. Fountainebleau European Council. European Commission, Brussels. http://aei.pitt.edu/1448/1/Fountainebleau__june_1994.pdf. Accessed 14 Jan 2015.
———. 1985. Luxembourg European Council. European Commission, Brussels. http://aei.pitt.edu/1416/1/Luxembourg_dec_1985.pdf. Accessed 15 Jan 2015.
Channel News Asia. 2015. ADMM-Plus Needs Common Set of Principles and Norms to Be More Effective: Dr Ng. November 4. http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/admm-plus-needs-common/2238108.html. Accessed 24 Dec 2015.
Chen, D.-H. 2012. South China Sea Dispute Off ASEAN Summit Agenda. The Cambodia Daily, May 17. https://www.cambodiadaily.com/archives/south-china-sea-dispute-off-asean-summit-agenda-609/. Accessed 13 June 2014.
Chen, I., and A. Yang. 2013. A Harmonized Southeast Asia? Explanatory Typologies of ASEAN Countries’ Strategies to the Rise of China. The Pacific Review 26 (3): 265–288.
Chheang, V. 2012. Results, Expectations, and Challenges for Cambodia’s 2012 ASEAN Chairmanship. Asia Pacific Bulletin, October 25, no. 183. http://www.eastwestcenter.org/sites/default/files/private/apb_183_0.pdf. Accessed 14 Apr 2014.
Ciesielczuk, J. 2014. Donald Tusk – President of the European Council, October 6. http://one-europe.info/donald-tusk-president-of-the-european-council. Accessed 14 Jan 2016.
Cole, A. 1994. Francois Mitterrand: A Study in Political Leadership. London and New York: Routledge.
Cowles, M. 2012. The Single European Act. In The Oxford Handbook of the European Union, ed. E. Jones, A. Menon, and S. Weatherill, 107–120. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Dinan, D. 2005. Ever Closer Union: An Introduction to European Integration. 3rd ed. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
———. 2010. Ever Closer Union: An Introduction to European Integration. 4th ed. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
———. 2013. The Post-Lisbon European Council Presidency: An Interim Assessment. West European Politics 32 (6): 1256–1273.
Dosch, J. 2008. Sovereignty Rules: Human Rights, Civil Society, and the Limits of Liberal Reform. In Hard Choices: Security, Democracy, and Regionalism in Southeast Asia, ed. D. Emmerson, 59–90. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (ISEAS).
Emmers, R. 2014. Indonesia’s Role in ASEAN: A Case of Incomplete and Sectorial Leadership. The Pacific Review 27 (4): 543–562.
EUOA. 2016. EU Official. In-Depth Personal Interview.
EuroActiv. 2015. Ministers Reject Commission’s Immigrant Quota Proposal, 17 June. Accessed 14 Jan 2016.
European Commission. 2015a. First Measures Under the European Agenda on Migration: Questions and Answers, MEMO/15/5038, May 27. http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-15-5038_en.htm. Accessed 13 Jan 2016.
———. 2015b. Refugee Crisis – Q & A on Emergency Relocation, September 22. http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-15-5698_en.htm. Accessed 14 Jan 2016.
European Council. 2015a. Address by President Donald Tusk to the European Parliament on the Informal Meeting of Heads of State or Government of 23 September 2015, October 6. http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2015/10/06-tusk-address-european-parliament-informal-euco-september/. Accessed 14 Jan 2016.
———. 2015b. Remarks by President Donald Tusk Ahead of the European Council Meeting, Brussels, June 25. http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2015/06/25-tusk-remarks-ahead-european-council/. Accessed 14 Jan 2016.
Fawcett, L. 2015. Drivers of Regional Integration: Historical and Comparative Perspectives. In Drivers of Integration and Regionalism in Europe and Asia: Comparative Perspectives, ed. L. Brennan and P. Murray, 34–51. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis.
Gamas, D., and J. Harvey. 2014. The Tragedy of the Southeast Asian Commons. European Journal of East Asian Studies 13 (1): 33–49.
Geary, M. 2012. The Process of European Integration from the Hague to Maastricht, 1969–92: An Irreversible Advance? Debater Europa 6: 6–23.
Ho, B., B. Singh, and S. Teo. 2015. Malaysia’s ASEAN Chairmanship in 2015: Perspectives and Prospects. Asia Pacific Bulletin, No. 298. http://www.eastwestcenter.org/sites/default/files/private/apb298.pdf. Accessed 11 Nov 2015.
Jensen, A.N. 2011. The UK Rebate – Or Rethinking the EU Budget. Institut for sprong og erhverskommunikations. http://pure.au.dk/portal/files/36186903/UK_rebate_or_rethinking_the_EU_budget.pdf. Accessed 10 Jan 2015.
Judge, D. 1986. The British Government, European Union and EC Institutional Reform. Political Quarterly 57 (3): 321–328.
Koh, T.T.B. 2009. The Negotiating Process. In The Making of the ASEAN Charter, ed. T.T.B. Koh, R.G. Manalo, and W. Woon, 47–68. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing.
———. 2011. Mapping out Rival Claims in the South China Sea. The Straits Times. http://cil.nus.edu.sg/wp/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/ProfKoh-ST13Sep2011-Mapping-out-rival-claims-to-the-South-China-Sea.pdf. Accessed 16 Oct 2014.
Latvian Presidency of the Council of the European Union. 2015a. Priorities and Programme of the Latvian Presidency. https://eu2015.lv/the-presidency-and-eu/priorities-of-the-latvian-presidency. Accessed 14 Jan 2016.
———. 2015b. Results of the Latvian Presidency of the Council of the European Union. https://eu2015.lv/images/news/EU2015LV_results_en.pdf. Accessed 14 Jan 2016.
Lewis, J. 2012. Council of Ministers and European Council. In The Oxford Handbook of the European Union, ed. E. Jones, A. Menon, and S. Weatherill, 321–335. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Lezi, G., and S. Blockmans. 2015. Latvia’s EU Presidency: Less Is More. CEPS Commentary, July 3. https://www.ceps.eu/system/files/Latvian_Presidency.pdf. Accessed 14 Jan 2016.
Mahalingam, E. 2015. Malaysia Able to Execute AEC, TPPA at Same Time: Mustapa. The Star (Online), October 8. http://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2015/10/08/malaysia-able-to-execute-aec-ttpa-at-same-time/. Accessed 14 Dec 2015.
Martinez, P. 2005. Malaysia in 2004: Abdullah Badawi Defines His Leadership. Southeast Asian Affairs: 191–210.
Matthijs, M. 2014. Britain and Europe: The End of the Affairs? Current History March: 91–97.
Melissen, J. 2003. Summit Diplomacy of Coming Age. Clingendael Discussion Papers in Diplomacy, no. 86, p. 24. http://www.peacepalacelibrary.nl/ebooks/files/Clingendael_20030500_cli_paper_dip_issue86.pdf. Accessed 17 Apr 2012.
Merkel, A. 2015. More Migrant Talks Needed, Merkel Says. Reuters, news clip, June 26. http://www.nytimes.com/video/world/europe/100000003765764/more-migrant-talks-needed-merkel-says.html. Accessed 14 Jan 2016.
Milligan, S. 1980. Europe’s Budget Headaches. In Europe: Magazine of the European Community, ed. A. Mulligan, vol. January–February, 127th ed., 15–18. Washington: Delegation of the European Commission of the European Communities.
Mitterrand, F. 1984. Speech by Francois Mitterrand to the European Parliament. Centre Virtuel de la Connaissance sur l’Europe, Luxembourg. http://www.cvce.eu/content/publication/2001/10/19/cdd42d22-fe8e-41bb-bfb7-9b655113ebcf/publishable_en.pdf. Accessed 14 Dec 2014.
Mohd Ridzam, D. 2009. Wisma Putra and Malaysian Diplomacy Under Pak Lah. In Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, ed. H. Agam, 24–30. Kuala Lumpur: Institute of Diplomacy and Foreign Relations (IDFF).
Moravcsik, A. 1991. Negotiating the Single European Act: National Interests and Conventional Statecraft in the European Community. International Organization 45 (1): 19–56.
Murray, P. 2010. Regionalism and Community: Australia’s Options in the Asia-Pacific. Canberra: Australian Strategic Policy Institute.
Nazri, S. 2004. Laos to See ASEAN’s New Guard in Full Strength. The New Straits Times, 28 October. blis.bernama.com/index.php?mod=articles&opt=la&cid=2&scid=13&aid=1822210. Accessed 14 Oct 2015.
New Straits Times. 2015. 30 Proposals to Achieve People-Centered Vision, November 21. http://www.lexisnexis.com.ezp.lib.unimelb.edu.au/hottopics/lnacademic/? Accessed 13 Dec.
Niklewicz, K. 2014. Donald Tusk Becomes New European Council President, August 31. http://www.berno.msz.gov.pl/fr/actualites/president;jsessionid=97947D6114E9E256E1EB4A8EC509BCE7.cmsap1p. Accessed 14 Jan 2016.
Ong, K.Y. 2011. Former Secretary-General of ASEAN. In-Depth Personal Interview.
Otero-Iglesias, M. 2014. Germany and Political Union in Europe: Nothing Moves Without France. Elcano Royal Institute, Madrid. http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/wcm/connect/bfdaad0044fa67f5b946fb846cb70c38/WP8-2014-OteroIglesias-Germany-and-political-union-in-Europe-France.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=bfdaad0044fa67f5b946fb846cb70c38. Accessed 14 Jan 2015.
Parameswaran, P. 2015. Does ASEAN Have a South China Sea Position? The Question Is at the Heart of Controversies that Keep Rearing Their Head. The Diplomat, March 25. http://thediplomat.com/2015/03/does-asean-have-a-south-china-sea-position/. Accessed 15 Oct 2015.
PEMANDU. 2015. ASEAN Pathfinder Project: Fostering Private Sectors Players to Expand Their Footprints Across ASEAN. Performance and Management Delivery Unit, Putrajaya, May 14. http://www.cariasean.org/downloads/SpecialAddress-YBDatoIdrisJala-Pathfinder.pdf. Accessed 12 Dec.
Peters, G. 1994. Agenda-Setting in the European Community. Journal of European Public Policy 1 (1): 9–26.
Riegert, B. 2015. Donald Tusk’s First Year as European Council President. Deutsche Welle, December 1. http://www.dw.com/en/donald-tusks-first-year-as-european-council-president/a-18881056. Accessed 14 Jan 2016.
Roberts, C. 2012. Security, Cooperation and Identity in International Relations. In ASEAN Regionalism: Cooperation, Values and Institutionalisation, ed. C. Roberts, 11–32. London and New York: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group.
Spiegel, P., and A. Barker. 2014. EU Leaders Name Donald Tusk President of the European Council. The Financial Times, August 30. http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/4a7e403c-306d-11e4-9914-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3zZNQ4XDZ. Accessed 14 Jan 2016.
Steinberg, B.S. 2008. Women in Power: The Personalities and Leadership Styles of Indira Gandhi, Golda Meir, and Margaret Thatcher. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
Storey, I. 2011. Intra-ASEAN Dynamics and the South China Sea Dispute: Implications for the DoC/CoC Process and ZoPFFC Proposal. Paper presented at The International Workshop “The South China Sea: Cooperation for Regional Security and Development”, Hanoi, Vietnam, November 3–5.
Symonds, P. 2012. ASEAN Summit Breaks Up Amid Feuding Over South China Sea. International Committee of the Fourth International (ICFI), July 14. http://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2012/07/asea-j14.html. Accessed 1 Nov 2014.
Szep, J., and J. Pomfret. 2012. Tensions Flare Over South China Sea at Asian Summit. Reuters, November 19. http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/11/19/us-asia-summit-idUSBRE8AI0BC20121119. Accessed 3 Nov 2014.
Tan, S.S. 2015. Claims of Asean Disunity at Summit Unfounded. The Straits Times, November 26. http://www.straitstimes.com/opinion/claims-of-asean-disunity-at-summit-unfounded. Accessed 24 Dec 2015.
Tang, S.M. 2016. The ASEAN Chairmanship: Duties, Obligations and Challenges. The Newsletter, no. 73, Spring 2016, ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute, Singapore. http://www.iias.asia/sites/default/files/IIAS_NL73_18.pdf. Accessed 22 Feb 2016.
Tao, Z. 2015. China Regrets Failure to Issue Joint Declaration at ASEAN Defense Ministers’ Meeting-Plus. Xinhua, November 4. http://english.chinamil.com.cn/news-channels/china-military-news/2015-11/04/content_6754070.htm. Accessed 24 Dec 2015.
Teoh, S. 2015. ASEAN Meeting’s Powerful Signal. The Straits Times, November 6. http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/asean-meetings-powerful-signal. Accessed 24 Dec 2015.
Thanh, N.T. 2009. The Making of the ASEAN Charter in My Fresh Memories. In The Making of the ASEAN Charter, ed. T.T.B. Koh, R.G. Manalo, and W. Woon, 95–107. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing.
Thatcher, M. 1979. Press Conference After Dublin European Council. Margaret Thatcher Foundation, November 30. http://www.margaretthatcher.org/speeches/displaydocument.asp?docid=104180. Accessed 13 Jan 2015.
Thayer, C. 2012. ASEAN’s Code of Conduct in the South China Sea: A Litmus Test for Community-Building? The Asia-Pacific Journal 10 (34): 1–22.
The Business Times. 2015. ASEAN Must Take a Strong and United Stand on the Rohingya Crisis, 28 May. https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/opinion/asean-must-take-a-strong-and-united-stand-on-the-rohingya-crisis. Accessed 13 Jan 2016.
The Malay Mail. 2015. Anifah: Malaysia to Hold Talks with Myanmar to Solve the Rohingya Issue, May 17. http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/anifah-malaysia-to-hold-talks-with-myanmar-to-solve-the-rohingya-issue. Accessed 13 Jan 2016.
The Philippine Star. 2015. Malaysia Unveils Plans for Formal Declaration of AEC, January 19. http://www.philstar.com/business-usual/2015/01/19/1414275/asean-unveils-plans-formal-declaration-aec. Accessed 13 Dec 2015.
The Star. 2015. Rohingya Refugee Issue Now for ASEAN to Solve, Says Anifah, April 25. http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2015/04/25/rohingya-refugee-issue-now-for-asean-to-solve-says-anifah/. Accessed 13 Dec 2015.
Thul, P.C., and S. Grudgings. 2012. SE Asia Meeting in Disarray Over Sea Dispute with China. Reuters, July 13. http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/07/13/us-asean-summit-idUSBRE86C0BD20120713. Accessed 4 Nov 2014.
Traynor, I., and N. Wa. 2015. Mediterranean Migrants: EU Leaders Agree Voluntary Intake After Heated Talks. The Guardian, June 26. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/26/eu-leaders-hash-out-voluntary-system-to-address-mediterranean-migrant-crisis. Accessed 14 Jan 2016.
Tsjeng, H. 2016. ASEAN Centrality: Still Alive and Kicking. RSIS Commentary, No. 48. https://www.rsis.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/CO16048.pdf. Accessed 3 Mar 2016.
Tusk, D. 2015. Twitter Update, April 29. https://twitter.com/eucopresident/status/593314178963746817. Accessed 14 Jan 2016.
Wallar, J. 2015. Malaysia as Chair of ASEAN: A Wish List for 2015. http://www.nathanic.com/news/malaysia-chair-asean-wish-list-2015. Accessed 14 Dec 2015.
Weber, D. 2015. EU Summit on Migration Fails on National Egoism. Euranet Plus News Agency, June 26. http://euranetplus-inside.eu/eu-summit-on-migration-failed-on-national-egoisms/. Accessed 14 Jan 2016.
Winneker, C., and J. Barigazzi. 2015. Tempers Flare on Migration at Tense Summit. Politico, June 26. http://www.politico.eu/article/greece-eu-council-migration-grexit-tusk-commission-renzi/. Accessed 14 Jan 2016.
Wu, D. 2015. Empathy Key to Lead ASEAN. New Straits Times, 26 February. blis.bernama.com/index.php? mod=articles&opt=la&cid=2&scid=13&aid=3366098. Accessed 14 Dec 2015.
Xueying, L. 2005. KL Summit Went Better than Expected. The Straits Times (Singapore), December 18. (Online LexisNexis). Accessed 14 Feb 2015.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Mohamed Pero, S.D. (2019). Summitry and Leadership in Regional Organisations: Comparing ASEAN Summit and the European Council Summit. In: Leadership in Regional Community-Building. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7976-5_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7976-5_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-13-7975-8
Online ISBN: 978-981-13-7976-5
eBook Packages: Economics and FinanceEconomics and Finance (R0)