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Halotolerant Plant Growth-Promoting Fungi and Bacteria as an Alternative Strategy for Improving Nutrient Availability to Salinity-Stressed Crop Plants

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Saline Soil-based Agriculture by Halotolerant Microorganisms

Abstract

Nowadays, it is imperative to address the management of crop production in difficult environmental conditions in order to achieve the maximum potential of plant growth and yield for providing enough food. Increasing demand for plant products has been coupled with decreasing cultivated land due to the limitation of water and soil resources. Salinity is one of the most important abiotic stresses that both limit the production of agricultural products in arid and semiarid areas and decrease arable land across the world. Plant nutrition imbalances due to excessive absorption of sodium (Na+), and chloride (Cl−) ions also reduce the absorption of macronutrients such as potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) and micronutrients such as iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and boron (B). To satisfy crop nutritional requirements under salinity stress, micro- and macronutrients are usually added to soil as chemical fertilizers; however synthesis of these fertilizers is highly energy-intensive processes and has long-term impacts on the environment in terms of eutrophication, soil fertility depletion, and carbon footprint. Such environmental concerns have led to the search for sustainable way of providing crops with nutrients. In this regard, plant growth-promoting salinity-tolerant microorganisms have been seen as best eco-friendly means for nutrition of salinity-stressed crop plants. These microorganisms increase the nutrient bioavailability through N2 fixation and mobilization of key nutrients (P, K, and micronutrients) to the crop plants. Use of salinity-tolerant microorganisms is also known as an alternative, innovative, environmental friendly option to reduce the use of costly and non-environmental friendly chemical fertilizers and can represent a promising approach to increase nutrient bioavailability and facilitate the development of saline soil-based agriculture. In this chapter, current knowledge on the mechanisms used by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi to influence soil nutrient bioavailability (N, P, K, and micronutrients) under salinity stress is discussed.

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Acknowledgment

We wish to thank the University of Tehran for providing the necessary facilities and funds for this study.

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  1. Department of Soil Science, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

    Hassan Etesami & Hossein Ali Alikhani

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  1. Hassan Etesami
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Correspondence to Hassan Etesami .

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  1. Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India

    Manoj Kumar

  2. Department of Soil Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

    Hassan Etesami

  3. Himalayan School of Biosciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Jolly Grant, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India

    Vivek Kumar

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Etesami, H., Alikhani, H.A. (2019). Halotolerant Plant Growth-Promoting Fungi and Bacteria as an Alternative Strategy for Improving Nutrient Availability to Salinity-Stressed Crop Plants. In: Kumar, M., Etesami, H., Kumar, V. (eds) Saline Soil-based Agriculture by Halotolerant Microorganisms. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8335-9_5

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