Abstract
Before the arrival of European Jewish refugees, China had two influential Jewish communities, the Sephardi Jews and the Russian Ashkenazi Jews. This chapter is about the development of the Jewish communities and their support for European Jews fleeing to take refuge in China.
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Notes
- 1.
Roth (1941).
- 2.
Leventhal (1988).
- 3.
Wei (1979).
- 4.
The Rothschild Family was the richest Jewish family in Europe and had impacted the finance and economy of Europe and the United States for more than 200 years. The founders of the family were Mayer Amschel Rothschild (1744–1812) and his five sons.
- 5.
Ashkenazi Jews originally referred to European Jews, mainly referring to Central and Eastern European Jews and Russian Jews.
- 6.
Leventhal (1988).
- 7.
Leventhal (1988).
- 8.
- 9.
In March 1881, Russian Emperor Alexander II was assassinated. Because one of the arrested suspects was Jews, the Russian authorities took the opportunity to set off anti-Semitic waves in Russia, which expanded to Eastern Europe and continued till the early twentieth century. See Chap. 14.
- 10.
Gilbert (2000).
- 11.
Marvin Tokayer. The Fugu Plan (Chinese version), p. 35.
- 12.
Steinfield (1910).
- 13.
Heilongjiang Province Local Chronicles Compilation Committee (1993).
- 14.
Shuang (2007).
- 15.
See Chap. 8, Sect. 8.2.
- 16.
Irene Eber. China and the Jews, p. 37.
- 17.
Dicker (1962, p. 22).
- 18.
Goldstein (1999).
- 19.
Jianchang (1997).
- 20.
M. W. Beckman. The Jewish Community in Tianjin.
- 21.
One of the reports of the Jewish Religious Society to Tianjin Social Affairs Bureau. It is now housed in Tianjin Municipal Archives.
- 22.
Guang (2008).
- 23.
Der Ferne Osten, 7 December 1926.
- 24.
Ravikovich (1918).
- 25.
The Bund, short for the General Jewish Labour Bund in Lithuania, Poland and Russia, was a left-wing organization.
- 26.
Jianchang (1996a).
- 27.
M. W. Beckman. The Jewish Community in Tianjin.
- 28.
Irene Eber. China and the Jews, p. 40.
- 29.
Manchurian Investigation Department (1940a).
- 30.
Fang Jianchang. Jews in Modern Inner Mongolia, p. 38.
- 31.
Fang Jianchang. Jews in Modern Inner Mongolia, p. 39.
- 32.
Fang Jianchang. Jews in Modern Inner Mongolia, p. 41.
- 33.
Fang Jianchang. Jews in Modern Inner Mongolia. pp. 39, 41.
- 34.
Fang Jianchang. Jews in Modern Inner Mongolia. p. 41.
- 35.
Jianchang (1997b).
- 36.
Manchurian Investigation Department (1940).
- 37.
Yosef Trumpeldor, born in Russia, was promoted to an officer after joining the army. He was stationed in Dalian and lost his left arm in the Russo-Japanese War. Later he moved to Palestine, and became the head of the early Zionist military organization. He was killed in the battle with the Arabs. The Revisionist Zionist youth organization “Betar” was named in his honor (Berit Trumpeldor). See the Appendix II of Chap. 3.
- 38.
Lerner (1999).
- 39.
Jianchang and Wei (1997).
- 40.
Lerner (1999).
- 41.
Jianchang and Wei (1997, p. 88).
- 42.
Jianchang and Wei (1997, pp. 87, 88).
- 43.
Jianchang (1997b).
- 44.
Jianchang (1997c).
- 45.
Matzat (2001).
- 46.
Fang Jianchang (1997b, p. 87).
- 47.
Matzat (2001).
- 48.
Jianchang (1997c, p. 10).
- 49.
Victor (1985).
- 50.
Hasidism is a Jewish religious group, which arose in Poland during the eighteenth century. Hasidic thought focuses on sensibility and spirituality, emphasizing the diversity of worship.
- 51.
Manchurian Investigation Department (1940b).
- 52.
Zhicheng (1993).
- 53.
She (1984).
- 54.
Eighty-five Years of the Shanghai Volunteer Corps, Shanghai, p. 216.
- 55.
Krasno (2009).
- 56.
Ding (2005).
- 57.
Weirong (2008).
- 58.
It was based on the interview of Isador Magid on October 20, 1997 in Melbourne.
- 59.
Vespa (1990).
- 60.
Jianchang (1996b).
- 61.
Marvin Tokayer and Mary Swartz. The Fugu Plan, p. 37.
- 62.
Dicker (1962, p. 42).
- 63.
Jianchang (1996a, p. 56).
- 64.
M.W. Beckman. “The Jewish Community in Tianjin”.
- 65.
Epstein (2004).
- 66.
Weijie (n.d.).
- 67.
Levy (1997).
- 68.
Guang (2005).
- 69.
Fang Jianchang (1996a, p. 8).
- 70.
Siu-tong and Si (2001).
- 71.
Shanghai Municipal Archives, U1-4-2971.
- 72.
Shanghai Municipal Archives, U1-4-0277.
- 73.
See Chap. 2, Sect. 2.2.
- 74.
Pan Guang & Wang Jian, Shanghai Jews for One and a Half Centuries, p. 54.
- 75.
Marvin Tokayer, The Fugu Plan, p. 35.
- 76.
Israel’s Messenger, 20 January 1939.
- 77.
Jianchang (1997d).
- 78.
Kranzler (1976).
- 79.
Guang and Jian (2002).
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Pan, G. (2019). Characteristic III of the “Chinese Pattern”: Existence of a Rich and Strong Jewish Community. In: A Study of Jewish Refugees in China (1933–1945). Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9483-6_18
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