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Measurement of Nonlinear Guided Waves

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Measurement of Nonlinear Ultrasonic Characteristics

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Abstract

Characteristics of nonlinear guided waves provide information about the current state of the material that comprises the waveguide. Notably, the information is related to the material's microstructure, which in turn influences the strength properties. However, the dispersive nature of guided waves makes their nonlinear characteristics more complicated than those of bulk waves. This chapter strives to describe nonlinear features of guided wave propagation including higher harmonic generation and wave mixing. It provides a methodology for selecting wave modes and frequencies that provide the best opportunities for measurements as well as measurement techniques and a glimpse of some recent results.

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Abbreviations

I :

second rank identity tensor

tr(.):

trace of the tensor

Re(.):

real part of the complex argument

u :

displacement vector

U(Z):

displacement profile through thickness of plate (i.e., wavestructure)

H :

displacement gradient tensor

E :

Lagrange strain tensor

T :

Cauchy stress tensor

P :

First Piola-Kirchhoff stress tensor

S :

Second Piola-Kirchhoff stress tensor

n :

Outward normal unit vector

ρ:

mass density

λL, μ:

Lame’s constants

A, B, C:

Landau-Lifshitz 3rd order elastic constants

\(\beta^{\prime} = A_{2} /A_{1}^{2}\) :

relative nonlinearity parameter, where A1 and A2 are the amplitudes of the primary and secondary wave fields respectively

W :

strain energy function

h :

half-thickness of plate

d :

plate thickness

λ :

wavelength

k :

wavenumber

K :

wavevector

p :

position vector

M ab_r :

mixing power associated with the interaction of waves a and b, which generates the internally resonant mode r

θ:

wave interaction angle between the primary waves

γ:

direction of secondary wave vector with respect to wave a

ω:

circular frequency

f :

frequency in Hz

cL, cT:

longitudinal wave speed, transverse wave speed

cp, cg:

phase velocity (speed of an individual wave), group velocity (speed of a group of waves having similar frequencies, i.e., rate at which the envelope travels)

Vpp:

peak-to-peak voltage

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Acknowledgements

The first author acknowledges that our research in nonlinear guided waves was partially supported by projects funded by the Nuclear Energy Universities Program in the U.S. Department of Energy (awards 102,946 and 120,237) and the U.S. National Science Foundation (awards 1,300,562 and 1,727,292). In addition, he wants to acknowledge graduate and postdoc students Yang Liu, Vamshi Chillara, Gloria Choi, Hwanjeong Cho, Baiyang Ren, and Chung Seok Kim for their weighty contributions, as well as encouragement from his colleague Joseph Rose.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA

    Cliff J. Lissenden & Mostafa Hasanian

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  1. Cliff J. Lissenden
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  2. Mostafa Hasanian
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Correspondence to Cliff J. Lissenden .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea (Republic of)

    Kyung-Young Jhang

  2. Engg Sci & Mechanics, EES Bldg 212, Pennsylvania State Univ, University Park, PA, USA

    Cliff J. Lissenden

  3. Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung, Kunststofftechnik, Univ. Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany

    Igor Solodov

  4. Dept. of Materials Processing, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan

    Yoshikazu Ohara

  5. Laboratoire d’Acoustique, Université du Maine, Le Mans, France

    Vitalyi Gusev

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Lissenden, C.J., Hasanian, M. (2020). Measurement of Nonlinear Guided Waves. In: Jhang, KY., Lissenden, C., Solodov, I., Ohara, Y., Gusev, V. (eds) Measurement of Nonlinear Ultrasonic Characteristics. Springer Series in Measurement Science and Technology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1461-6_3

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