Skip to main content

Task-Based Language Teaching and Assessment in Chinese Primary and Secondary Schools

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
English Language Education and Assessment
  • 3572 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter covers a series of issues in English as a foreign language education in China by focusing on communicative language teaching and task-based language teaching and assessment. It reports how TBLT has been introduced in China and its role in the National English Curriculum Standards (Ministry of Education 2011); how language ability is perceived in the NECS and to what extent TBLT and task-based assessment are accepted by a test-driven context, classroom teachers and the problems that come along with task-based language teaching and assessment.

To approach these issues, the chapter first introduces the English education system in China in order to make it explicit how English functions in this system, how students and teachers are affected by it and how it is implemented when a new approach is advocated. Subsequently, it presents the NECS for primary and secondary schools and the existing problems in language teaching and language testing. Finally, challenges and problems for implementing task-based language teaching and assessment in English as a foreign language context are identified and trends in language assessment claimed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    For a brief historical review of ELT in China, see He (2005), Boyle (2000), Cortazzi and Jin (1996).

  2. 2.

    Elementary and high school education in mainland China are referred to as “Basic Education”.

  3. 3.

    These numbers do not include millions of college students, post-graduate students, students in adult schools, vocational high schools, special education schools and pre-school education institutions.

  4. 4.

    Cheng Xiaotang, a member of the NECS writing group and professor of English in the English Department, Beijing Normal University.

  5. 5.

    To know more about teaching methodology being culturally neutral, see Cook, V., & Li. W. (2009) Applied linguistics and language teaching in the twenty-first century. In V. Cook & Li W. (Eds.), Introduction to Contemporary Applied Linguistics. London: Continuum.

References

  • Bachman, L. F. (1990). Fundamental considerations in language testing. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bachman, L. F., & Palmer, A. S. (1996). Language testing practice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Behrens, J. T., Mislevy, R. J., DiCerbo, K. E., & Levy, R. (2012). Evidence centered design for learning and assessment in the digital world. In M. Mayrath, J. Clarke-Midura, & D. H. Robinson (Eds.), Technology-based assessments for 21st-century skills: Theoretical and practical implications from modern research (pp. 13–54). Charlotte: Information Age Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, R. E. (2012). Preparing for the future—What educational assessment must do. Retrieved August 6, 2013, from http://www.gordoncommission.org/rsc/pdf/bennett_preparing_future_assessment.pdf

  • Bowers, R., & Widdowson, H. G. (1997). A debate on appropriate methodology. In G. Albott & M. Beaumont (Eds.), The development of ELT: The Dunford seminars 1978–1993 (English language teaching review, pp. 141–145). Hemel Hempstead: Prentice Hall/British Council.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyle, J. (2000). A brief history of English language teaching in China. IATEFL, 155, 14–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burns, A., & Richards, J. C. (Eds.). (2012). The Cambridge guide to pedagogy and practice in second language teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bygate, M., Skehan, P., & Swain, M. (Eds.). (2001). Researching pedagogic tasks: Second language learning, teaching and testing. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Candlin, C. N. (1987). Towards task-based language learning. In C. Candlin & D. Murphy (Eds.), Language learning tasks (pp. 5–22). London: Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Candlin, C. N. (2001). Afterword: Taking the curriculum to task. In M. Bygate, P. Skehan, & M. Swain (Eds.), Researching pedagogic tasks: Second language learning, teaching and testing (pp. 229–243). London: Longman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Celce-Murcia, M., Dornyei, Z., & Thurrrell, S. (1997). Direct approaches in L2 language instruction: A turning point in communicative language teaching? TESOL Quarterly, 31, 141–152.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, X., & Gong, Y. (2005). On the theoretical basis of English curriculum standards. Curriculum, Teaching Material and Method, 25(3), 66–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Colpin, M., & Gysen, S. (2006). Developing and introducing task-based language tests. In K. V. den Branden (Ed.), Task-based language education: From theory to practice (pp. 151–248). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Coniam, D. (1999, December). A longitudinal study of Hong Kong secondary school students’ grammatical competence in English. Language Fund Final Report (PE3502 H85 C65 1999, CUHK). Hong Kong Government Document.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coniam, D. (2003). Perceptions of a multimedia syllabus—Making the demands of a performance test more accessible. System, 31, 55–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cortazzi, M., & Jin, L. (1996). English teaching and learning in China. Language Teaching, 19, 61–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elder, C., Iwashita, N., & McNamara, T. (2002). Estimating the difficulty of oral proficiency tasks: What does the test-taker have to offer? Language Testing, 19(4), 343–368.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, R. (2003). Task-based language learning and teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gong, Y. (2006, June 3). English language education in Chinese schools. Paper presented at KOTESOL 2006, Daegu, Korea.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gong, Y. (2011). A third approach to communicative language teaching: General English education approach for schools. Foreign Languages in China, 8(5), 70–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gong, Y., & Luo, S. (2006). Task-base language teaching and learning (Rev. ed.). Beijing: People’s Education Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, E. W. (2012). To assess, to teach, to learn: A vision for the future of assessment. Retrieved January 16, 2014, from http://www.cse.ucla.edu/colloquium/GC_Report030513_ExSummary.pdf

  • Hayhoe, R. (1999). China’s universities 1895–1995: A century of cultural conflict. Hong Kong: The University of Hong Kong.

    Google Scholar 

  • He, A. (2005). Learning and teaching English in the People’s Republic of China. In G. Braine (Ed.), Teaching English to the world: History, curriculum, and practice (pp. 11–21). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holliday, A. (1994). Appropriate methodology and social context. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hu, Z., & Dong, B. (2005). Educational evaluation: Contradiction and analysis – Under the guidance of the new curriculum reform of basic education [Abstract]. Teaching Material and Method, 25(8), 11–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, K. (1979). Communicative approaches and communicative processes. In C. J. Brumfit & K. Johnson (Eds.), The communicative approach to language teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kramsch, C. (2005). Post 9/11: Foreign languages between knowledge and power. Applied Linguistics, 26(4), 545–567.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumaravadivelu, B. (1993). The name of the task and the task of naming: Methodological aspects of task-based pedagogy. In G. V. Crookes & S. M. Gass (Eds.), Tasks in a pedagogical context (pp. 69–96). Cleveland: Multilingual Matters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luo, S. (2009). Re-examining factors that affect task difficulty in TBLA. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luo, S., & Huang, J. (forthcoming). English language assessment and testing: Shifting from an examination-oriented to a competency-based approach. In D. Liu & Z. Wu (Eds.), English language education in China (pp. XX–XX). Beijing: People’s Education Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mager, R. F. (1962). Preparing instructional objectives. Belmont: Pitman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mendelsohn, D. J. (1989). Testing should reflect teaching. TESL Canada Journal, 7(1), 95–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of Education. (2001; 2011). The National English Curriculum Standards. Beijing: Beijing Normal University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of Education. (2004). A report on the development of the senior high school examination reform. Basic Education Curriculum, 4, 8–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of Education. (2010). Data on enrolment, number of graduates, number of new entrants of schools of all types and level providing formal programs (January 18, 2012). Retrieved January 8, 2013, from http://www.moe.gov.cn/publicfiles/business/htmlfiles/moe/s6208/201201/129518.html

  • Mueller, J. (2003). Authentic assessment toolbox. Naperville: North Central College. Retrieved March 25, 2007, from “Resources in Language Testing Page” maintained by Glenn Fulcher at http://www.le.ac.uk/education/testing/ltr.html

  • National Assessment of Education Quality, Ministry of Education. (2012). National Assessment of Education Quality annual reports, Beijing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norris, J. M. (2005, September 23). The essential roles of assessment, measurement, and evaluation in task-based language teaching. Plenary address presented at the First International Conference on Task-Based Language Teaching, University of Leuven, Belgium.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norris, J. M., Brown, J. D., Hudson, T. D., & Yoshioka, J. K. (1998). Designing second language performance assessments. Honolulu: Second Language Teaching & Curriculum Center, University of Hawai‘i Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norris, J., Bygate, M., & Van den Branden, K. (2009). Task-based language assessment. In K. Van den Branden, M. Bygate, & J. Norris (Eds.), Task-based language teaching: A reader. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nunan, D. (1989). Designing tasks for the communicative classroom. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nunan, D. (1999). Second language teaching & learning. Boston: Heinle & Heinle.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nunan, D. (2002). The impact of English as a global language: Policy and planning in greater China. Hong Kong Journal of Applied Linguistics, 7(1), 1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prabhu, N. (1987). Second language pedagogy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richards, J. C. (1990). The language teaching matrix. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, P. (2011). Task-based learning. Chichester: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Samuda, V., & Bygate, M. (2008). Tasks in second language learning. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skehan, P. (1998). Task-based instruction. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 18, 268–286.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skehan, P. (2006). Using tasks in foreign language instruction: Current work and future challenges ENG 5530 Second Language Acquisition (2005–2006, 2nd Term). The Department of English, The Chinese University of Hong Kong.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swan, M. (2005). Legislation by hypothesis: The case of task-based instruction. Applied Linguistics, 26(3), 376–401. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van den Branden, K. (2012). Task-based language education. In A. Burns & J. C. Richards (Eds.), The Cambridge guide to pedagogy and practice in second language teaching (pp. 132–139). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wen, X., & Xue, G. (2005). Reflections on some problems of basic education in the curriculum reform. Curriculum, Teaching Material and Method, 25(8), 11–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Widdowson, H. (1978). Teaching language as communication. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu, X., & Yang, X. (Eds.). (2008). A survey and an analysis of the teachers of English in Chinese primary and middle schools. Beijing: People’s Education Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, Z. (2006). On Chinese policy of foreign languages. Foreign Language Teaching and Research in Basic Education, 1, 19–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, G. (2011). Foreign language teachers’ qualifications, abilities and professional development. In National Association of Foreign Language Education (Ed.), Exploring the theory and practice of basic foreign language education in China: Articles for the 30th anniversary of the founding of the National Association of Foreign Language Education, China Education Society (pp. 310–327). Beijing: People’s Education Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This chapter was supported by the “Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities” (005-105563GK).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Shaoqian Luo .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media Singapore

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Luo, S. (2014). Task-Based Language Teaching and Assessment in Chinese Primary and Secondary Schools. In: Coniam, D. (eds) English Language Education and Assessment. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-071-1_13

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics