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NGOs’ Criticisms on Forestry Management

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Forest Resources Management in Indonesia (1968-2004)

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Abstract

The roles of NGOs as indirect actors are very significant. The writer interviewed some NGO officers such as Walhi, Skephi, Apkindo, Elsam, and others, to discover the extent of their criticism on forest management in terms of discourse on HPH concession, industrial timber plantation, the impact of the plywood and pulp and paper industry, and the implication of environmental issues such as forest fires, water pollution, famine, depletion of species, and climate changes.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The term “Walhi-->” is an abbreviation of “Wahana Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia” (The Indonesian Environmental Forum). It was established in the early 1980s in Jakarta. Walhi is an association of NGOs--> advocating on environmental issues with many office branches in many Indonesian provinces. The writer interviewed Longgena Ginting, forest expert on the Walhi staff on April 11 and 16, 2001.

  2. 2.

    For a further discussion on illegal logging, cutting in many districts in Indonesia, see Skephi NGOs--> report 1990 (Jaringan Kerjasama Pelestarian Hutan Indonesia) on the topic: “Delapan Perusahaan Perusak Lingkungan,” (Eight Companies Destroy on Environment), pp. 163–164; See also Skephi, Setiakawan: A Call for International Solidarity on Indonesian Tropical Forest Issues, No. 11 (July–September 1993), pp. 31–33. It was told according to local forestry service data, loggers smuggle between 50,000 and 100,000 m3 of illegal timber every year from West Kalimantan to East Malaysia. Cited in Dauvergne, Asian Timber (January 1993), p. 9.

  3. 3.

    For a discussion on forest product access for local communities and businessmen, see Peluso, Nancy Lee, “The political ecology--> of extraction and extractive reserves in East Kalimantan-->, Indonesia,” in Development and Change, Vol. 23, number 4, October 1993, p. 50.

  4. 4.

    The Elsam--> (Lembaga Studi dan Advokasi Masyarakat) head office is located in Pasar Minggu, South Jakarta. Elsam is one of the NGOs--> actively involved in advocating for local people’s rights, particularly their customary forest rights concession from the government. The writer interviewed Sandra Moniaga, vice-head of Elsam in terms of local peoples’ rights in many districts on May 9, 2001.

  5. 5.

    Ropetto (1990), “Deforestation--> in the tropics,” Scientific American 262 (4), pp. 36–42.

  6. 6.

    For further information, see Alqadrie, Sjarif Ibrahim, “Pidato Pengukuhan Professor Dalam Bidang Ilmu Administrasi Negara,” (The Professorship Inaugration of the Field of Political Administration) di Fakultas Sosial Politik, Universitas Tanjung Pura, Pontianak, tahun 1993.

  7. 7.

    For further discussion, see Ginting, Longgena,“Pengelolaan HTI: Suatu Kritik,” (The existence of HTI and A Critical Review), Walhi-->, Oktober. 1999. In Indonesia, the term “reforestation fund” is called “Dana Reboisasi.” This fund is always used for replanting trees in the previously production forestland.

  8. 8.

    For detailed information on the debate of five environmental activists concerning Soeharto, see Walhi--> report (1995), “Kembalikan Dana Pelestarian Hutan” (Sustainable Forest Fund to be Returned).

  9. 9.

    For detailed information on planning and implementation of reforestation programs in many districts in Indonesia, see the Statistic of Reforestation programs in Directorate General of Reforestation and Rehabilitation Land, in the Forestry Department, 1990.

  10. 10.

    See, Press Release Walhi-->, 1999, for detailed information; the correlation between illegal logging and overconsumption from wood industries will encourage deforestation--> in many districts.

  11. 11.

    For further information, see Directory (1999) Indonesian Pulp and Paper Industry, that pulp capacity reached 2,054,700 t and 2,399,100 t paper; and also see the Journal of Tanah Air: Jurnal Lingkungan Hidup, Edisi 1–1996, for a comparison of “raw materials” provided for the pulp and paper industry in 1994.

  12. 12.

    See “Land conflicts that occurred on HTI plantations in 1994 in subdistrict Jangkang, Sanggau, West Kalimantan, between local people and Inhutani III,” Center for Social and Cultural Studies, LIPI report in 1996.

  13. 13.

    See the research report carried out in 1991, which focuses on the health impact of environmental contamination in Porsea by Deddy Yevri. This report is entitled “Perjalanan Secarik Kertas,” (The Travelling a sheet of paper) Walhi-->, 1992, pp. 70–73.

  14. 14.

    Ibid.

  15. 15.

    For further discussion on the patterns of the 1982–1983 forest fire-->s, see Wirawan, Nengah (1984), “Can we afford to lose more of the rain forest in Kutai-->? A survey to the southwest corner of Kutai National Park,” World Wildlife Fund, Bogor, Java (cited in Brookfield and Byron (1993)), South-East Asia’s Environmental Future: The Search for Sustainability, Oxford Singapore-->, 1993, pp. 242–258; See also Tanah Air Journal, No. 5/1998, published by Walhi-->.

  16. 16.

    For information on the trends, causes, and consequences of the 1997–1998 forest fire-->s see Lapoaran Kebakaran Hutan dan Lahan di Indonesia (Forest Fire and Land Report), Volume 1, published by Ministry of Environmental Office and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Jakarta, 1998.

  17. 17.

    See Ludwig Schindler, “Fire management in Indonesia-qua vadis?” in Tropical Forest Fire: Prevention, Control, Rehabilitation and TransBoundary Issues, Proceeding Paper, Published by Bappenas, Jica, and ITTO, 7–8 December 1998, pp. 285–286.

  18. 18.

    One report emphasized the latest research work carried out by CRISP (Center for Remote Imaging) in Singapore-->, based on “Landsats” of Sumatra and Kalimantan.

  19. 19.

    For further information on forest fire--> cost in five provinces, see Tanah Air, No. 5/1998; and interview with Ginting, Lonngena, and expert forest issues of Walhi--> staff, on July 20, 2001.

  20. 20.

    For a discussion on the correlation between haze and the transportation system, see Gerhard Dieterile, “Impacts of large-scale forest and land fires in Indonesia 1997 on regional air pollution,” in Tropical Forest Fire, Bappenas cooperation with JICA--> and ITTO, December 7–8, 1998, p. 138.

  21. 21.

    For further discussion on the haze confrontation among ASEAN countries, see D. Jacob, T (2001), Tahun-Tahun yang Sulit: Mari Mencintai Indonesia (The Most Difficult Times to love Indonesia), Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia.

  22. 22.

    For detailed information on the impact of forest fire--> on the transportation system in East Kalimantan-->, see Widodo, J and Rahman, I (1984), Setahun setelah Kebakaran Hutan Kalimantan: Langit Mendung di Tengah Kemarau Kering’ (A year after forest fire in Kalimantan), Kompas, June 5, 1984.

  23. 23.

    For a further information on biodiversity in terms of flora and fauna of Kalimantan (Borneo), see Mack Kinnon, J and Phillips, K (1993), A Field Guide to the Birds of Borneo, Sumatra, Java, and Bali, Oxford University Press.

  24. 24.

    Cited in Brookfield and Byron (1993). For information on the various birds in Kutai National Park, see Pearson, D.L. (1975), “A preliminary survey of the birds of the Kutai reserve, Kalimantan Timur, Indonesia,” Research Note No. 2, Treubia, 28, 4: pp.151–162.

  25. 25.

    For a discussion in terms of forest fire--> and biological species, see Tagawa and Wirawan (Eds.) (1988), “A Research on the Process of Earlier Recovery of Tropical Rain Forest after Large-Scale Fire in Kalimantan Timur, Indonesia,” Occasional Paper No. 14, Research Center for the South Pacific, Kagoshima: Kagoshima University, pp. 12–50.

  26. 26.

    Usually those forest fire-->s in national parks are not seriously big fires, compared with production forest and other locations. This is because in national parks the humidity and soil fertility are in relatively good condition. See Laporan Kebakaran Hutan dan Lahan di Indonesia, Jilid 1, Kantor Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup, 1998, pp. 34–36.

  27. 27.

    In terms of the danger of “carbon dioxide” for human being’s breathing, see Turner, B.L (et al.), “Two types of global environmental change,” in Global Environmental Change, Vol.1, Number 1, December 1990, pp. 16; See also Carbon Dioxide Information Center (CDIC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 1989.

  28. 28.

    Proximate sources are final human activities such as biomass burning or industrial emissions that directly affect the environment, whereas driving forces constitute a complex multitiered set of actions and rationales (e.g., population change, urbanization, land tenure, technological change) that give rise to proximate sources.

  29. 29.

    The role of tropical forest in the production of “carbon sinks,” for further discussion, see Roger Sedjo,“Forests, a tool to moderate global warming?” in Environment, Vol. 31, No. 1, 1989, pp. 14–20 (cited in Wood, William, Global Environmental Change, December 1990).

  30. 30.

    In order to know the correlation between tropical deforestation--> and atmospheric production of carbon dioxide, see Houghton, “Tropical deforestation and atmospheric carbon dioxide,” in Climatic Change, Vol. 19, September 1991, pp. 102–111.

  31. 31.

    To prevent the development of the “greenhouse effect” as deforestation--> occurred in many regions, see, for further discussion, Myers et al. (1991),“Tropical forests and the greenhouse effect: A management response,” in Climatic Change, Vol. 19, September, pp. 216–223.

  32. 32.

    For further information on the climatic change in Indonesia, see Manuel de Rozari, “Climatic change in Indonesia,” in Brookfield and Byron (1993), South-East Asia’s Environmental Future: The Search for Sustainability, Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, pp. 190–195.

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  1. Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Jakarta, Indonesia

    Herman Hidayat

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Hidayat, H. (2016). NGOs’ Criticisms on Forestry Management. In: Forest Resources Management in Indonesia (1968-2004). Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-745-1_5

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