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Biofuels: Production Technologies, Global Profile, and Market Potentials

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Sustainability of Biofuel Production from Oil Palm Biomass

Part of the book series: Green Energy and Technology ((GREEN))

Abstract

In spite of the benefits associated with the production and consumption of biofuels, there are some crucial debatable issues like high cost, food insecurity, etc., that put them to the negative side. However, biofuels still hold impressive market potentials in the world today though most of their production technologies are sophisticated and costly. Liquid biofuels like bioethanol and biodiesel are commonly produced from feedstocks like corn, rapeseed, soybean, etc., but there are other potential feedstocks, which are more sustainable like palm oil. This chapter discusses the major sources of biofuel feedstocks, types of biofuels, their production technologies, and global market potentials.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    A million ton of oil equivalent (mtoe) is approximately equal to 41.87 GJ. Thus, in 2011, biofuels contributed about 2302.85 GJ energy to the world’s transportation sector and this is expected to increase to about 750 mtoe in 2050 (EIA 2011).

  2. 2.

    Unless all the input resources (both materials and energy) are sourced from renewable sources, biofuels would not be considered carbon neutral though their contributions to GHG emission may be negligible.

  3. 3.

    FGB include biodiesel from rapeseed oil, bioethanol from wheat, biogas from corn etc.

  4. 4.

    The use of biofuels to cut down GHG emissions attracts about US$ 754, US$ 275 and US$ 306/ton of CO2 for corn ethanol, cellulosic ethanol and biodiesel respectively. Again, a taxpayer in USA who used a gallon of corn ethanol, cellulosic ethanol and biodiesel would obtain a credit of US$ 1.78, US$ 3.00 and US$ 2.55 respectively as a way of substituting fossil fuels (CBO 2009).

  5. 5.

    FFA levels in animal fats, wastes cooking oil, crude vegetable oil and refined vegetable oil are 10–30, 4–40, 5–65 and 0.01–0.5 % respectively (Marchetti et al. 2008; Liu et al. 2007).

  6. 6.

    Commonly used catalysts for pyrolysis include silicon dioxide (SiO2), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), zeolites, clay montmorillonite, aluminum chloride, aluminum bromide, ferrous chloride, ferrous bromide etc.

  7. 7.

    Examples of homogeneous catalysts are sulphuric acid (H2SO4), hydrochloric acid (HCl), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH) etc. Sulphated zirconium, K2CO3/MgO etc. are examples of heterogeneous catalysts used during transesterification reactions.

  8. 8.

    The BtL products (biodiesel and bio-gasoline) produced from palm oil via the NexBTL process are found to have greenhouse gas emissions of about 40–60 % (over its entire life cycle) lower than that for fossil fuel (Hodge 2006).

  9. 9.

    DuPont Danisco Cellulosic Ethanol LLC is set to begin operation in 2013. Presently, there is no company in the world producing commercial cellulosic bioethanol. However, companies like Novozymes, Diversa, Dyadic in the USA are currently developing efficient enzymes for the conversion of lignocellulosic materials into bio-ethanol. Again, in USA and some parts of Asia, over 20 companies have been testing their technologies on pilot scale since 2008 with the hope of commercializing by 2017 (Fehrenbacher 2012).

  10. 10.

    This technology has not been tested on commercial basis yet (Bacovsky et al. 2010).

  11. 11.

    Biomass-to-liquid (BTL) biofuels also called Fischer–Tropsch fuels include synthetic diesel, bio-kerosene etc.

  12. 12.

    An energy content of about 6 kWh is assumed (corresponding to about 0.6 l of diesel fuel).

  13. 13.

    Mesophilic microorganisms are the bacteria that aid anaerobic digestion and usually thrive well between temperatures of 20–45 °C and pH of 7.

  14. 14.

    Thermophilic bacteria operate efficiently at temperatures between 45 and 71 °C and pH between 2.3 and 5.

  15. 15.

    This biogas is produced from over 4500 commercial biogas digesters and landfill sites excluding the millions of small scale ones.

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  1. School of Chemical Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Seri Ampangan, Nibong Tebal, 14300, SPS Penang, Malaysia

    Keat Teong Lee & Cynthia Ofori-Boateng

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  1. Keat Teong Lee
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  2. Cynthia Ofori-Boateng
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Correspondence to Keat Teong Lee .

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© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Singapore

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Lee, K.T., Ofori-Boateng, C. (2013). Biofuels: Production Technologies, Global Profile, and Market Potentials. In: Sustainability of Biofuel Production from Oil Palm Biomass. Green Energy and Technology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-4451-70-3_2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-4451-70-3_2

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  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-4451-69-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-4451-70-3

  • eBook Packages: EnergyEnergy (R0)

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