Skip to main content

Critically Sex/Ed: Asking Critical Questions of Neoliberal Truths in Sexuality Education

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Palgrave Handbook of Sexuality Education

Abstract

In this chapter, I argue that conventional sexuality education typically misdiagnoses social injustice as “sexual risk.” I propose an alternative model, one that engages youth in critical analysis of the interplay between sexual well-being and social conditions. Founded on the original tenets of empowerment theory and practice, critical sexuality education counters the depoliticized and divisive rhetoric that typifies sexuality education. Rather than instruct students in “right choices” and “responsible behaviors,” critical sexuality education reverses perspective so that it is not youth that are scrutinized and targeted for intervention but the unjust social and material circumstances of their lives, instead. To illustrate this recommendation, I offer three sample lesson plans, each of which pose critical questions of what commonly goes unquestioned in sexuality education discourse.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adam, B. D. (2005). Constructing the neoliberal sexual actor: Responsibility and care of the self in the discourse of barebackers. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 7, 333–346.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen, J. P., & Antonishak, J. (2008). Adolescent peer influences: Beyond the dark side. In M. J. Prinstein & K. A. Dodge (Eds.), Understanding peer influence in children and adolescents (pp. 141–160). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alriksson-Schmidt, A. I., Armour, B. S., & Thibadeau, J. K. (2010). Are adolescent girls with a physical disability at increased risk for sexual violence? Journal of School Health, 80, 361–367.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arbeit, M. R. (2014). What does healthy sex look like among youth? Towards a skills-based model for promoting adolescent sexuality development. Human Development, 57, 259–286.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aronson, P. (2003). Feminists or “postfeminists”? Young women’s attitudes toward feminism and gender relations. Gender and Society, 17, 903–922.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashcraft, C. (2008). So much more than “sex ed”: Teen sexuality as vehicle for improving academic success and democratic education for diverse youth. American Educational Research Journal, 45, 631–667.

    Google Scholar 

  • Attwood, F. (2007). Sluts and riot grrrls: Female identity and sexual agency. Journal of Gender Studies, 16, 233–247.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ball, B., Kerig, P. K., & Rosenbluth, B. (2009). Like a family but better because you can actually trust each other: The expect respect dating violence prevention program for at-risk youth. Health Promotion Practice, 10, 45S–58S.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bay-Cheng, L. Y. (2012). Recovering empowerment: De-personalizing and re-politicizing adolescent female sexuality. Sex Roles, 66(11–12), 713–717.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bay-Cheng, L. Y. (2015). The agency line: A neoliberal metric for appraising young women’s sexuality. Sex Roles. doi:10.1007/s11199-015-0452-6, online first.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bay-Cheng, L. Y., Livingston, J. A., & Fava, N. M. (2013). Not always a clear path: Making space for peers, adults, and complexity in adolescent girls’ sexual development. In E. L. Zurbriggen & T. Roberts (Eds.), The sexualization of girls and girlhood: Causes, consequences, & resistance (pp. 257–277). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beres, M. A. (2007). ‘Spontaneous’ sexual consent: An analysis of sexual consent literature. Feminism & Psychology, 17, 93–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berglas, N. F., Constantine, N. A., & Ozer, E. J. (2014). A rights-based approach to sexuality education: Conceptualization, clarification and challenges. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 46, 63–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blake, S. M., Ledsky, R., Lehman, T., Goodenow, C., Sawyer, R., & Hack, T. (2001). Preventing sexual risk behaviors among gay, lesbian, and bisexual adolescents: The benefits of gay-sensitive HIV instruction in schools. American Journal of Public Health, 91, 940–946.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonilla-Silva, E., Forman, T. A., Lewis, A. E., & Embrick, D. G. (2003). It wasn’t me!: How will race and racism work in 21st century America. Research in Political Sociology, 12, 111–134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Braun, V., Gavey, N., & McPhillips, K. (2003). The ‘fair deal’? Unpacking accounts of reciprocity in heterosex. Sexualities, 6, 237–261.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brechwald, W. A., & Prinstein, M. J. (2011). Beyond homophily: A decade of advances in understanding peer influence processes. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21, 166–179.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, W. (2003). Neo-liberalism and the end of liberal democracy. Theory & Event, 7, 1–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, W. (2006). American nightmare: Neoliberalism, neoconservatism, and de-democratization. Political Theory, 34, 690–714.

    Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control. (2012). CDC Fact Sheet: New HIV infections in the United States. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchhstp/newsroom/docs/2012/hiv-infections-2007-2010.pdf

  • Centers for Disease Control. (2013). 2013 Sexually transmitted diseases surveillance. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats13/minorities.htm

  • Cheng, M. M., & Udry, J. R. (2005). Sexual experiences of adolescents with low cognitive abilities in the U.S. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 17, 155–172.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, S., Hamilton, L., Missari, S., & Ma, J. K. H. (2014). Sexual subjectivity among adolescent girls: Social disadvantage and young adult outcomes. Social Forces, 93, 515–544.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coburn, D. (2000). Income inequality, social cohesion and the health status of populations: The role of neo-liberalism. Social Science & Medicine, 51, 135–146.

    Google Scholar 

  • Connell, C., & Elliott, S. (2009). Beyond the birds and the bees: Learning inequality through sexuality education. American Journal of Sexuality Education, 4, 83–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Culp-Ressler, T. (2013, November 7). Abstinence-only course in Texas tells kids that having sex makes them like a chewed-up piece of gum [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://thinkprogress.org/health/2013/11/07/2910611/texas-sex-chewed-gum/

  • Darroch, J. E., Landry, D. J., & Singh, S. (2000). Changing emphases in sexuality education in U.S. public secondary schools, 1988–1999. Family Planning Perspectives, 32, 204–211.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dreger, A. (2015, April 15). I sat in on my son’s sex-ed class and I was shocked by what I heard [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://www.thestranger.com/features/feature/2015/04/15/22062331/i-sat-in-on-my-sons-sex-ed-class-and-i-was-shocked-by-what-i-heard

  • Duggan, L. (2003). The twilight of equality? Neoliberalism, cultural politics, and the attack on democracy. Boston: Beacon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edin, K., & Kefalas, M. (2011). Promises I can keep: Why poor women put motherhood before marriage. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elliott, S. (2014). Who’s to blame? Constructing the responsible sexual agent in neoliberal sex education. Sexuality Research & Social Policy, 11, 211–224.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, A., & Riley, S. (2014). Technologies of sexiness: Sex, identity, and consumer culture. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fasula, A. M., Carry, M., & Miller, K. S. (2014). A multidimensional framework for the meanings of the sexual double standard and its application for the sexual health of young black women in the U.S. Journal of Sex Research, 51, 170–183.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fields, J. (2008). Risky lessons: Sex education and social inequality. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fine, M. (1988). Sexuality, schooling, and adolescent females: The missing discourse of desire. Harvard Educational Review, 58, 29–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fine, M., & McClelland, S. I. (2006). Sexuality education and the discourse of desire: Still missing after all these years. Harvard Educational Review, 76, 297–338.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fine, M., & McClelland, S. I. (2007). The politics of teen women’s sexuality: Public policy and the adolescent female body. Emory Law Journal, 56, 993–1038.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fitz, C. C., Zucker, A. N., & Bay-Cheng, L. Y. (2012). Not all nonlabelers are created equal: Distinguishing between quasi-feminists and neoliberals. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 36, 274–285.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fortenberry, J. D. (2014). Sexual learning, sexual experience, and healthy adolescent sex. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 2014, 71–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Froyum, C. M. (2010). Making “good girls”: Sexual agency in the sexuality education of low-income black girls. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 12, 59–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • García, L. (2009). Now why do you want to know about that?: Heteronormativity, sexism, and racism in the sexual (mis)education of Latina Youth. Gender & Society, 23, 520–541.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gavey, N. (2005). Just sex?: The cultural scaffolding of rape. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geronimus, A. T. (2003). Damned if you do: Culture, identity, privilege, and teenage childbearing in the United States. Social Science & Medicine, 57, 881–893.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodkind, S. (2009). You can be anything you want, but you have to believe it: Commercialized feminism in gender‐specific programs for girls. Signs, 34, 397–422.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gowen, L. K., & Aue, N. (2011). Sexual health disparities among disenfranchised youth. Portland: Public Health Division, Oregon Health Authority and Research and Training Center for Pathways to Positive Futures, Portland State University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gutiérrez, L. M. (1994). Beyond coping: An empowerment perspective on stressful life events. Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, 21, 201–219.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guttmacher Institute. (2014). State policies in brief: An overview of minors’ consent law. New York: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haggis, J., & Mulholland, M. (2014). Rethinking difference and sex education: From cultural inclusivity to normative diversity. Sex Education, 14, 57–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, D. (2005). A brief history of neoliberalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ioannou, S., Kouta, C., Constantinidou, M., & Ellina, P. (2014). Sexuality education as a collective responsibility: A new health education curriculum in Cyprus. Sex Education, 14, 375–386.

    Google Scholar 

  • Irvine, J. M. (1994). Sexual cultures and the construction of adolescent identities. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jost, J. T., & Hunyady, O. (2005). Antecedents and consequences of system-justifying ideologies. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14, 260–265.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kantor, L. M. (1992/1993). Scared chaste? Fear-based educational curricula. SIECUS Report, 21, 1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, P. (2001). Youth at risk: Processes of individualisation and responsibilisation in the risk society. Discourse, 22(1), 23–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kendall, N. (2012). The sex education debates. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kost, K., & Henshaw, S. (2014). U.S. Teenage pregnancies, births and abortions, 2010: National and State trends by age, race and ethnicity. New York: Guttmacher Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krieger, N., & Smith, G. D. (2004). Bodies count & body counts: Social epidemiology & embodying inequality. Epidemiological Review, 26, 92–103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, S. (2010a). Feminist ideals for a healthy female adolescent sexuality: A critique. Sex Roles, 62, 294–306.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, S. (2010b). Towards a sexual ethics curriculum: Bringing philosophy and society to bear on individual development. Harvard Educational Review, 80, 81–105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, J. A. B. (2001). The empowerment approach to social work practice: Building the beloved community. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lesko, N. (1996). Denaturalizing adolescence: The politics of contemporary representations. Youth & Society, 28, 139–161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lesko, N. (2010). Feeling abstinent? Feeling comprehensive? Touching the affects of sexuality curricula. Sex Education, 10, 281–297.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindroth, M. (2014). Sex education and young people in group homes: Balancing risks, rights and resilience in sexual health promotion. Sex Education, 14, 400–413.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lott, B., & Bullock, H. E. (2007). The psychology and politics of class warfare. In Psychology and economic injustice: Personal, professional, and political intersections (pp. 77–98). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyons, H., Giordano, P. C., Manning, W. D., & Longmore, M. A. (2011). Identity, peer relationships, and adolescent girls’ sexual behavior: An exploration of the contemporary double standard. Journal of Sex Research, 48, 437–449.

    Google Scholar 

  • Macleod, C., & Vincent, L. (2014). Introducing a critical pedagogy of sexual and reproductive citizenship: Extending the ‘framework of thick desire’. In L. Allen, M. L. Rasmussen, & K. Quinlivan (Eds.), The politics of pleasure in sexuality education (pp. 115–135). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • McClelland, S. I., & Fine, M. (2008). Writing on cellophane: Studying teen women’s sexual desires, inventing methodological release points. In K. Gallagher (Ed.), The methodological dilemma: Critical and creative approaches to qualitative research (pp. 232–260). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meston, C. M., & Buss, D. M. (2007). Why humans have sex. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 36, 477–507.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mirkinson, J. (2012, February 29). Rush Limbaugh: Sandra Fluke, woman denied right to speak at contraception hearing, a “slut” [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/02/29/rush-limbaugh-sandra-fluke-slut_n_1311640.html

  • Muehlenhard, C. L., & Peterson, Z. D. (2005). Wanting and not wanting sex: The missing discourse of ambivalence. Feminism & Psychology, 15, 15–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nafstad, H. E., Blakar, R. M., Carlquist, E., Phelps, J. M., & Rand-Hendriksen, K. (2009). Globalization, neo-liberalism and community psychology. American Journal of Community Psychology, 43, 162–175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paiva, V. (2005). Analysing sexual experiences through “scenes”: A framework for the evaluation of sexuality education. Sex Education, 5, 345–359.

    Google Scholar 

  • Polvere, L. (2011). Youth perspectives on restrictive mental health placement: Unearthing a counter narrative. Journal of Adolescent Research, 26, 318–343.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pulfrey, C., & Butera, F. (2013). Why neoliberal values of self-enhancement lead to cheating in higher education: A motivational account. Psychological Science, 24, 2153–2162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Qin, D. B., Saltarelli, A., Rana, M., Bates, L., Lee, J. A., & Johnson, D. J. (2015). My culture helps me make good decisions: Cultural adaptation of Sudanese refugee emerging adults. Journal of Adolescent Research, 30, 213–243.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rappaport, J. (1987). Terms of empowerment/exemplars of prevention: Toward a theory for community psychology. American Journal of Community Psychology, 15, 121–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rich, E. (2005). Young women, feminist identities and neoliberalism. Women’s Studies International Forum, 28, 495–508.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rudman, L. A., & Fairchild, K. (2007). The F word: Is feminism incompatible with beauty and romance? Psychology of Women Quarterly, 31, 125–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanjakdar, F., Allen, L., Rasmussen, M. L., Quinlivan, K., Brömdal, A., & Aspin, C. (2015). In search of critical pedagogy in sexuality education: Visions, imaginations, and paradoxes. Review of Education, Pedagogy, and Cultural Studies, 37, 53–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schalet, A. T., Santelli, J. S., Russell, S. T., Halpern, C. T., Miller, S. A., Pickering, S. S., & Hoenig, J. M. (2014). Invited commentary: Broadening the evidence for adolescent sexual and reproductive health and education in the United States. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43, 1595–1610.

    Google Scholar 

  • SmithBattle, L. (2012). Moving policies upstream to mitigate the social determinants of early childbearing. Public Health Nursing, 29, 444–454.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stephens, D. P., & Phillips, L. D. (2003). Freaks, gold diggers, divas, and dykes: The sociohistorical development of adolescent African American women’s sexual scripts. Sexuality and Culture, 7, 3–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stringer, R. (2014). Knowing victims: Feminism, agency and victim politics in neoliberal times. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suleiman, A. B., & Deardorff, J. (2015). Multiple dimensions of peer influence in adolescent romantic and sexual relationships: A descriptive, qualitative perspective. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44, 765–775.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, A. M. (1996). From mentor to muse: Recasting the role of women in relationship with urban adolescent girls. In B. J. R. Leadbeater & N. Way (Eds.), Urban girls: Resisting stereotypes, creating identities (pp. 226–249). New York: New York University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tolman, D. L. (1994). Doing desire: Adolescent girls’ struggles for/with sexuality. Gender and Society, 8, 324–342.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tolman, D. L., & McClelland, S. I. (2011). Normative sexuality development in adolescence: A decade in review, 2000–2009. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21, 242–255.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trudell, B. N. (1993). Doing sex education: Gender politics and schooling. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ungar, M. T. (1999). The myth of peer pressure. Adolescence, 35, 167–180.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vasilenko, S. A., Lefkowitz, E. S., & Welsh, D. P. (2014). Is sexual behavior healthy for adolescents? A conceptual framework for research on adolescent sexual behavior and physical, mental, and social health. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 2014(144), 3–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whatley, M. H. (1992). Goals for sex equitable sexuality education. In S. S. Klein (Ed.), Sex equity and sexuality education (pp. 83–95). Albany: State University of New York Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitten, A., & Sethna, C. (2014). What’s missing? Antiracist sex education! Sex Education, 14, 414–429.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, C. L. (2013). The glass escalator, revisited: Gender inequality in neoliberal times. Gender & Society, 27, 609–629.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 2017 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Bay-Cheng, L.Y. (2017). Critically Sex/Ed: Asking Critical Questions of Neoliberal Truths in Sexuality Education. In: Allen, L., Rasmussen, M.L. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Sexuality Education. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-40033-8_17

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-40033-8_17

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-137-40032-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-137-40033-8

  • eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics