Skip to main content
  • 1427 Accesses

Abstract

In this chapter I reflect on new trends in racial politics in the postgenomic age. I highlight the ways in which struggles over the characterization of race and the amelioration of racial inequality have come to be a driver of large-scale global research programs and science activism has come to stand in for mass activism. Drawing on the analysis of in-depth interviews with genomic elites and content analysis of the body of literature on race and genomics published from 1986–2010, I show how scientists take on the banner of racial activism but ultimately fail to bring about a politics that can aid and abet mass movements. Instead, these postgenomic developments reinscribe a deterministic understanding of race, one that supports racial essentialism and inequality.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 239.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Because they are public intellectuals who are easily identifiable, I obtained their permission to report their statements with their names and titles.

References

  • (FDA), Food & Drug Administration. 1998. Investigational New Drug Applications and New Drug Applications.

    Google Scholar 

  • (HHS), U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2000. The National Human Genome Research Institute Strategic Plan for Reducing Health Disparities: Fiscal Years 2002–2006. www.nimhd.nih.gov/our…/strategic/pubs/volumei_031003edrev.pdf.

  • (NHGRI), National Human Genome Research Institute. 2001. Conference about the HGP for Minority Communities. http://www.genome.gov/10003008.

  • ———), National Human Genome Research Institute. 2002. About NHGRI’s Minority Action Plan. http://www.genome.gov/14514228.

  • ———), National Human Genome Research Institute. 2003. May 2003 NACHGR Meeting Summary. Natcher Conference Center Bethesda, MD. http://www.genome.gov/11008855.

  • ———), National Human Genome Research Institute. 2004. NHGRI/NIH Health Disparities Strategic Plan (2004-2008).

    Google Scholar 

  • ———), National Human Genome Research Institute. 2012a. Community Genetics Forum. Community Genetics Forum. http://www.genome.gov/19518473

  • ———), National Human Genome Research Institute. 2012b. ELSI Research: New Goals for the Next 5 Years. http://www.genome.gov/10002229.

  • (NIH), National Institutes of Health. 1993. The NIH Revitalization Act of 1993 (Vol. PL 103–43).

    Google Scholar 

  • ———), National Institutes of Health. 2000. NIH Guidelines on the Inclusion of Women and Minorities as Subjects in Clinical Research. http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-00-048.html.

  • ———), National Institutes of Health. 2010, June 22. NIH and Wellcome Trust Announce Partnership To Support Population-based Genome Studies in Africa, June 22, 2010 News Release - National Institutes of Health (NIH). NIH News. http://www.nih.gov/news/health/jun2010/nhgri-22.htm.

  • (OMB), Office of Management and Budget 1997. Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity | The White House (Federal Register Notice). http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/fedreg_1997standards.

  • Angier, Natalie. 2000. Do Races Differ? Not Really, Genes Show. New York Times.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bamshad, Michael J., Stephen Wooding, W. Scott Watkins, Christopher T. Ostler, Mark A. Batzer, and Lynn B. Jorde. 2003. Human Population Genetic Structure and Inference of Group Membership. American Journal of Human Genetics 72 (3): 578–589.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bartlett, Karen. 2009. Hard to Swallow: Race-based Medicine. Wired UK. http://www.wired.co.uk/magazine/archive/2009/11/features/hard-to-swallow-race-based-medicine.

  • Benjamin, Ruha. 2013. People’s Science Bodies and Rights on the Stem Cell Frontier. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bliss, Catherine. 2011. Racial Taxonomy in Genomics. Social Science & Medicine 73 (7): 1019–1027.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2012. Race Decoded: The Genomic Fight for Social Justice. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2015. Defining Health Justice in the Postgenomic Era. In Postgenomics: Perspectives on Biology After the Genome, ed. Sarah S. Richardson and Hallam Stevens. Durham: Duke University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burchard, Esteban G. 2014. Medical Research: Missing Patients. Nature 513 (7518): 301–302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Braun, Lundy. 2002. Race, Ethnicity, and Health: Can Genetics Explain Disparities? Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 45 (2): 159–174.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, Phil, Rachel Morello-Frosch, and Steven Zavestoski. 2012. Contested Illnesses. Stanford, CA: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • CBS News. 2003, February 28. DNA “Testing for Sale.” CBS. http://www.cbs.com/DNA+Testing+for+Sale

  • Chandler, David L. 2001, May 10. Heredity Study Eyes European Origins. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-8655716.html.

  • Charmaz, Karen. 2005. Constructing Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide through Qualitative Analysis. Thousand Oaks: Sage Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, Keith C., and Victor A. Canfield. 2006. The Role of SLC24A5 in Skin Color. Experimental Dermatology 15 (10): 836–838.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chow-White, Peter. 2008. The Informationalization of Race: Communication Technologies and the Human Genome in the Digital Age. International Journal of Communication, 2. http://ijoc.org/ojs/index.php/ijoc/article/view/221.

  • Chow-White, Peter A., and Troy Duster. 2011. Do Health and Forensic DNA Databases Increase Racial Disparities? PLoS Med 8 (10): e1001100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, Adele, Fosket Fishman, R. Jennifer, Laura Mamo, and Janet K. Shim. 2010. Biomedicalization: Technoscience, Health, and Illness in the US. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • CNN Live at Daybreak. 2001, May 3. Should Doctors Consider Skin Color When Prescribing Drugs. CNN. http://www.cnn.com/Should+Doctors+Consider+Skin+Color+When+Prescribing+Drugs

  • Collins, Harry, and R. Evans. 2007. Rethinking Expertise. 1st ed. Chicago, IL: University Of Chicago Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, K. J. 2011. People of Color Needed for Important Genetic Research. America’s Wire. http://americaswire.org/drupal7/?q=content/people-color-needed-important-genetic-research.

  • Duke, David. 1998. My Awakening: A Path to Racial Understanding. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duster, Troy. 2003. Backdoor to Eugenics. New York: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2006. The Molecular Reinscription of Race: Unanticipated Issues in Biotechnology and Forensic Science. Patterns of Prejudice 40 (4–5): 427–441.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • El-Haj, Nadia A. 2007. The Genetic Reinscription of Race. Annual Review of Anthropology 36 (1): 283–300.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, Steven. 2007. Inclusion: The Politics of Difference in Medical Research. In Chicago Studies in Practices of Meaning. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • European Society of Human Genetics. 2010, June 11. Understanding Genetic Mixing through Migration: A Tool for Clinicians as Well as Genealogists. ScienceDaily. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/06/100611204144.htm.

  • Evans, Patrick D., Sandra Gilbert, Nitzan Mekel-Bobrov, Eric Vallender, Jeffrey Anderson, Leila Vaez-Azizi, Sarah A. Tishkoff, et al. 2005. Microcephalin, a Gene Regulating Brain Size, Continues to Evolve Adaptively in Humans. Science 309 (5741): 1717–1720.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fujimura, Joan H., and Ramya Rajagopalan. 2011. Different Differences: The Use of “genetic Ancestry” Versus Race in Biomedical Human Genetic Research. Social Studies of Science 41 (1): 5–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fullwiley, Duana. 2008. The biologistical construction of race: “Admixture” technology and the new genetic medicine. Social Studies of Science 38 (5): 695–735.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2001. Racism and Human Genome Diversity Research: The Ethical Limits of ‘Population Thinking. Philosophy of Science 68: S479–S492.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • GenoCommunity. 2010. GenoCommunity Think Tank. http://www.genocommunity.org.

  • Genographic Project. 2012. The Genographic Legacy Fund Grants - The Genographic Project - National Geographic. The Genographic Legacy Fund. https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/legacy_fund.html.

  • Goldstein, David B., and Willard, Huntington. 2005, January 17. Race, the genome. Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2005/01/17/race_the_genome.

  • Goldstein, David B., and Joel N. Hirschhorn. 2004. In Genetic Control of Disease, Does “Race” Matter? Nature Genetics 36 (12): 1243–1244.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, Avram, and Weiss, Rick. 2003. Howard U. Plans Genetics Database. http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A46122-2003May27?language=printer.

  • H3Africa. 2012. High-Level Principles on Ethics, Governance and Resource Sharing. http://h3africa.org.

  • Hayes, Veronica. 2011. Indigenous Genomics. Science 332 (6030): 639–639.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Henig, Robin M. 2004, October 10. The Genome in Black and White (and Gray). The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/10/magazine/10GENETIC.html.

  • Jasanoff, Sheila. 2005. Designs on Nature: Science and Democracy in Europe and the United States. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2011. Reframing Rights: Bioconstitutionalism in the Genetic Age. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Kahn, Jonathan. 2012. Race in a Bottle: The Story of BiDil and Racialized Medicine in a Post-genomic Age. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2011. Mandating Race: How the USPTO is Forcing Race into Biotech Patents. Nature Biotechnology 29 (5): 401–403.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kinchy, Abby J. 2006. On the Borders of Post-war Ecology: Struggles Over the Ecological Society of America’s Preservation Committee, 1917–1946. Science as Culture 15 (1): 23–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knight, Danielle. 1997. Gene Project Deemed Unethical. http://ipsnews.net/print.asp?idnews=67257.

  • Litt, Iris F. 2001. When Race Matters. Journal of Adolescent Health 29 (5): 311.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Manica, Andrea, Franck Prugnolle, and Francois Balloux. 2005. Geography is a Better Determinant of Human Genetic Differentiation than Ethnicity. Human Genetics 118 (3): 366–371.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marks, Jonathan. 2002. What It Means to be 98% Chimpanzee: Apes, People, and their Genes. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Montoya, Michael J. 2011. Making the Mexican Diabetic: Race, Science, and the Genetics of Inequality. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, Kelly. 2008. Disrupting Science: Social Movements, American Scientists, and the Politics of the Military, 1945–1975. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, Kelly, Daniel L. Kleinman, David Hess, and Scott Frickel. 2011. Science and Neoliberal Globalization: A Political Sociological Approach. Theory and Society 40 (5): 505–532.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nelkin, Dorothy, and M. Susan Lindee. 2004. The DNA Mystique: The Gene as a Cultural Icon. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Nelkin, Dorothy, and Laurence R. Tancredi. 1994. Dangerous Diagnostics: The Social Power of Biological Information. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, Alondra. 2008. Bio Science: Genetic Genealogy Testing and the Pursuit of African Ancestry. Social Studies of Science (Sage) 38 (5): 759–783.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2011. Body and Soul: The Black Panther Party and the Fight against Medical Discrimination. Minneapolis, MN: University Of Minnesota Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2015. The Social Life of DNA. Boston: Beacon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Science Friday. 2010, January 15. Is There A Biological Basis For Race? NPR. http://m.npr.org/news/Science/122620064.

  • Phimister, Elizabeth G. 2003. Medicine and the Racial Divide. The New England Journal of Medicine 348 (12): 1081–1082.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Timpson, Nicholas, Jon Heron, George Davey Smith, and Wolfgang Enard. 2007. Comment on papers by Evans et al. and Mekel-Bobrov et al. on evidence for positive selection of MCPH1 and ASPM. Science 317 (5841): 1036.

    Google Scholar 

  • The Tavis Smiley Show. 2009. The Medicalization of Race. PRI. http://www.tavissmileyradio.com/guests09/121809/Medicalization.html.

  • Reardon, Jenny. 2005. Race to the Finish: Identity and Governance in an Age of Genomics. In-formation series. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, Sarah. 2011. Race and IQ in the Postgenomic Age: The Microcephaly Case. Biosocieties 6: 420–446.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Risch, Neil, Esteban Burchard, Elad Ziv, and Hua Tang. 2002. Categorization of Humans in Biomedical Research: Genes, Race and Disease. Genome Biology 3 (7).

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, Dorothy. 2008. Is race-based medicine good for us?: African American approaches to race, biomedicine, and equality. The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics: A Journal of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics 36 (3): 537–545.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2011. Fatal invention: how science, politics, and big business re-create race in the twenty-first century. New Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rose, Nikolas. 2007. The politics of life itself : biomedicine, power, and subjectivity in the twenty-first century. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg, Noah A., Jonathan K. Pritchard, J.L. Weber, Howard M. Cann, Kenneth K. Kidd, Lev A. Zhivotovsky, and Marcus W. Feldman. 2002. Genetic Structure of Human Populations. Science 298 (5602): 2381–2385.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rotimi, Charles N., and Lynn B. Jorde. 2010. Ancestry and disease in the age of genomic medicine. The New England journal of medicine 363 (16): 1551–1558.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, Robert S. 2001. Racial profiling in medical research. N Engl J Med 344 (18): 1392–1393.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singer, Elizabeth 2009. Beyond Race-Based Medicine - Technology Review. Technology Review. http://www.technologyreview.com/biomedicine/21972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stolberg, Sheryl G. (2001, May 13). The World: Skin Deep; Shouldn’t a Pill Be Colorblind? The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/13/weekinreview/the-world-skin-deep-shouldn-t-a-pill-be-colorblind.html.

  • Tang, Hua, Tom Quertermous, Beatriz Rodriguez, Sharon L.R. Kardia, X. Zhu, Andrew Brown, J. Shaofeng Pankow, et al. 2005. Genetic Structure, Self-Identified Race/Ethnicity, and Confounding in Case-Control Association Studies. American Journal of Human Genetics 76 (2): 268–275.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • UNESCO. 1995. “Bioethics and Human Population Genetics Research.”

    Google Scholar 

  • Winant, Howard. 2004. Race and racism: Towards a global future. Ethnic & Racial Studies 29 (5): 986–1003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Winker, Margaret. 2008, April 24. What’s the Use of Race? Cambridge, MA: MIT conference.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood, Alistair J. 2001. Racial Differences in the Response to Drugs–Pointers to Genetic Differences. N Engl J Med 344 (18): 1394–1396.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woods, Roger P., Nelson B. Freimer, Joseph A. De Young, Scott C. Fears, Nancy L. Sicotte, Susan K. Service, Daniel J. Valentino, et al. 2006. Normal Variants of Microcephalin and ASPM Do Not Account for Brain Size Variability. Human Molecular Genetics 15 (12): 2025–2029.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, Susan. 1994. Molecular Politics: Developing American and British Regulatory Policy for Genetic Engineering, 1972-1982. University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yu, Fuli, Hill, R. Sean, Schaffner, Steven F., Sabeti, Pardis C., Wang, Eric, Mignault, Andre, Ferland, Russell, et al. 2007. Comment on “Ongoing Adaptive Evolution of ASPM, a Brain Size Determinant in Homo Sapiens.” Science, 316(5823), 370–370.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 2018 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Bliss, C. (2018). The Postgenomic Politics of Race. In: Meloni, M., Cromby, J., Fitzgerald, D., Lloyd, S. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Biology and Society. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-52879-7_33

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-52879-7_33

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-137-52878-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-137-52879-7

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics