Abstract
From the earliest days of Cavell’s commemoration, the British government was careful to promote her as both a “heroine” and a “martyr”, whilst suppressing information on her resistance activities—the knowledge of which might have undermined the claim that she was a victim of German hatred and brutality. Events such as her state funeral at St Paul’s Cathedral on 29 October 1915 and the return of her body to Britain—to Westminster Abbey, and then Norwich—in May 1919 became foci for national mourning and commemoration, which enabled a greater sense of national unity. Some commemorations focused on hospital nursing; these included a “Cavell Bed” and a “Cavell Home” for nurses at The London Hospital and a “Cavell Ward” in Birkenhead. Stone monuments were unveiled in several countries, the most significant and best known probably being George Frampton’s stone memorial incorporating a marble statue, in St Martin’s Place, London. Two significant film dramatisations were produced, both directed by Herbert Wilcox: Dawn in 1927 and Nurse Edith Cavell in 1939. Both caused controversy, with Dawn being—at first—refused a certificate by the British Board of Film Censors. Cavell was also commemorated as a “legendary heroine” in the British Dominions: in Canada, a mountain was named after her; in New Zealand, a bridge. In the USA, a group of Boston philanthropists raised funds for an “Edith Cavell Memorial Nurse”, who served for over a year with the Reserve of the Queen Alexandra’s Imperial Military Nursing Service. A charity named the “Edith Cavell Homes of Rest for Nurses” was founded in 1916, with the support of Cavell’s family and friends, who saw the care of nurses as a cause Cavell herself would have wished to be remembered by. The charity was brought under the auspices of the National Fund for Nurses (NFN), but the NFN was, itself, renamed twice in the twenty-first century, eventually being given the name “Cavell Nurses’ Trust” in 2012, as interest in Edith Cavell re-emerged at the approach of the centenary of her death. The nursing professions in Britain and Belgium have continued to commemorate Cavell’s life and work. Every year, on 12 October, two nurses of The London Hospital lay a wreath at the foot of Frampton’s statue in St Martin’s place. The centenary of Edith Cavell’s death has coincided with several new works relating to her that portray her as, essentially, a patriot.
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Notes
- 1.
Peter Buitenhuis, The Great War of Words: Literature as Propaganda, 1914–18 and After (London: B.T. Batsford, 1989, first published 1987); David Welch, Germany, Propaganda and Total War, 1914–18 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2000); Nicolas J. Cull, David Culbert and David Welch, Propaganda and Mass Persuasion: A Historical Encyclopedia, 1500 to the Present (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC Clio, 2003); Philip M. Taylor, Munitions of the Mind: A History of Propaganda from the Ancient World to the Present Day, Third Edition (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003); David Welch and Jo Fox (eds.) Justifying War: Propaganda, Politics and the Modern Age (Reston VA: AAIA, 2012); David Welch, Propaganda, Power and Persuasion (London, The British Library, 2013).
- 2.
Alison S. Fell, “Remembering French and British First World War Heroines”, In Christa Hammerle, Oswald Uberegger and Birgitta Bader Zaar (eds.) Gender and the First World War (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014), 108–26: 109. See also: Maggie Andrews, Alison Fell, Lucy Noakes and June Purvis “Representing, Remembering and Rewriting Women’s Histories of the First World War”, Women’s History Review, online 15 March 2017.
- 3.
On First World War women’s writings, see Miriam Cooke and Angela Woollacott (eds) Gendering War Talk (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993); Margaret Higonnet, Jane Jenson, Sonya Michel and Margaret Collins Weitz (eds) Behind the Lines: Gender and the Two World Wars (New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 1987); Margaret Higonnet, Lines of Fire: Women Writers of World War I (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1999); Angela Smith, The Second Battlefield: Women, Modernism and the First World War (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000); Margaret Higonnet, Nurses at the Front: Writing the Wounds of the Great War (Boston, MA: Northeastern University Press, 2001); Alison S. Fell and Christine E. Hallett (eds) First World War Nursing: New Perspectives (New York: Routledge, 2013); Christine E. Hallett, Nurse Writers of the Great War (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2016).
- 4.
Tammy Proctor, Female Intelligence: Women and Espionage in the First World War (New York and London: New York University Press, 2003), 106.
- 5.
Claire Daunton, Edith Cavell: Her Life and Her Art (London: The London Hospital, 1990), 7.
- 6.
Anonymous, ‘Miss Cavell, The Memorial Service in St. Paul’s. Great Gathering of Nurses’, The Manchester Guardian, 30 October 1915: 11. Copies of the order of service for this event are available at: Edith Cavell, Private Papers; Documents 2482; File EC9, Printed items (Mainly Orders of Service) concerning the memorial and funeral services for Edith Cavell in London and Norwich, 1915 and 1919; microfilm copy at PP/MCR/C39.
- 7.
A.R. Grant, Letter written on behalf of Queen Alexandra. These royal messages found their way into the public consciousness through their reproduction in biographies such as that of Herbert Leeds: Herbert Leeds, Edith Cavell. Her Life Story. A Norfolk Tribute (Jarrold & Sons, London, 1915), 9.
- 8.
Anonymous, ‘Miss Cavell. The Memorial Service in St. Paul’s. Great Gathering of Nurses’, The Manchester Guardian, 30 October 1915: 11. The service was reported in detail by a correspondent of the Nursing Times: Anonymous, “Service in St Paul’s – Memorials and Funds”, Nursing Times, Saturday, 6 November 1915, Vol XI (549): 1359.
- 9.
Anonymous, ‘Miss Cavell. The Memorial Service in St. Paul’s. Great Gathering of Nurses’, The Manchester Guardian, 30 October 1915: 11.
- 10.
Ibid., 11.
- 11.
Copies of the order of service for this event are available at: Edith Cavell, Private Papers; Documents 2482; File EC9, Printed items (Mainly Orders of Service) concerning the memorial and funeral services for Edith Cavell in London and Norwich, 1915 and 1919; microfilm copy.
- 12.
Katie Pickles, Transnational Outrage: The Death and Commemoration of Edith Cavell (London, Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), 1.
- 13.
Anonymous, ‘Edith Cavell’, The Manchester Guardian, 16 May 1919: 6. See also: Anonymous ‘Edith Cavell Funeral’, The Manchester Guardian, 1 May 1919: 3; and the longer account of the event printed in The Manchester Guardian on the day itself: 15 May: Anonymous, “From our Special Correspondent: The English Funeral of Edith Cavell”, The Manchester Guardian, 15 May 1919: 6. The event was reported in the nursing press throughout the world. See, for example: Anonymous, “Edith Cavell’s Body Taken to England”, American Journal of Nursing, 19 (9), 1919: 678.
- 14.
Anonymous, “London’s Tribute to Nurse Cavell”, The Manchester Guardian, 16 May 1919: 7.
- 15.
Anonymous, “Nurse Cavell’s Death”, The Manchester Guardian, 17 May 1919: 8.
- 16.
Anonymous, “The Tragedy of Nurse Cavell”, The Manchester Guardian, 22 November 1930: 14.
- 17.
Anonymous, ‘The Betrayal of Nurse Cavell’, The Manchester Guardian, 25 August 1919: 7. Quien’s trial appears to be the only one to gain such public attention. It had been reported in the British MI5 file on Cavell that two other spies who had denounced Cavell had been killed by the Belgian Resistance during the war. Se: File KV2/822; 22; The National Archives, Kew, London, UK.
- 18.
Anonymous, ‘Forms of Memorial: Readers’ Suggestions’, The Times, 25 October 1915, Issue 40994: 6. Ideas about how Cavell might be commemorated took many forms. Some wanted Cavell to be posthumously awarded the Order of Merit. See, for example, the letter from ‘Englishman’ in: Anonymous, ‘Forms of Memorial: Readers’ Suggestions’, The Times, 25 October 1915, Issue 40994: 6.
- 19.
Anonymous, “Edith Cavell Window”, Nursing Times, 4 August 1917: 912.
- 20.
Anonymous, “The Edith Cavell Bed”, Nursing Times, 22 January 1916, Vol XII (560): 84. See Chap. 3 for further detail.
- 21.
Anonymous, “The Memorial at Birkenhead”, Nursing Times, 19 October 1918; Volume XIV (703): 1070. Frampton carved these busts as memorials to Cavell as part of a larger project to create his monument in St Martin’s Place, London.
- 22.
Anonymous, Column, The Manchester Guardian, 21 December 1927: 11.
- 23.
Edith Cavell personal papers and memorabilia; LH/Z/1/29/1 CAVELL Box 1; The London Hospital Archives, London, UK.
- 24.
Anonymous, ‘Queen Alexandra and Nurse Cavell’, The Manchester Guardian, 18 March 1920: 10. See also: Anonymous, ‘The Edith Cavell Memorial; Letter’, The Observer, 17 June 1928: 5; as early as July 1917, the Nursing Times was reporting on the plans for the design of the monument: Anonymous, “The Edith Cavell Memorial”, Nursing Times, 28 July 1917: 893.
- 25.
Anonymous, ‘Queen Alexandra and Nurse Cavell’, The Manchester Guardian, 18 March 1920: 10.
- 26.
Ibid., 10.
- 27.
C.E. Bechhofer Roberts and C.S. Forester, Nurse Cavell: A Play in Three Acts (London: John Lane The Bodley Head Limited, 1933), 97–98.
- 28.
Anonymous, “Memorial at Norwich”, Nursing Times, 19 October 1918: 1070.
- 29.
Anonymous, ‘Nurse Edith Cavell. The Cathedral Tablet’, The Manchester Guardian, 30 June 1916: 12.
- 30.
Anonymous, “Brussels Memorial to Nurse Cavell”, The Manchester Guardian, 20 May 1919: 8.
- 31.
Anonymous, ‘Parisian Memorial to Edith Cavell’, The Manchester Guardian, 10 June 1920: 14; Anonymous, “France and Nurse Cavell”, The Observer, 13 June 1920: 13; Anonymous, “France Honours Nurse Cavell: A Paris Monument”, The Manchester Guardian, 14 June 1920: 12.
- 32.
Dawn, 1927; produced by Herbert Wilcox; directed by Herbert Wilcox. For a contemporary comment on the film, see: Anonymous, ‘The Film of Edith Cavell’, The Manchester Guardian, 13 December 1927: 4.
- 33.
Reginald Berkeley, Dawn (London: The London Book Co. Ltd., undated), 114–15.
- 34.
Ibid., 218.
- 35.
The debate between Foreign Office representatives, German diplomats, and film-makers was conducted very publicly, and it was reported in newspapers throughout the British Dominions that members of the British Government were concerned at the effect the film would have on diplomatic relations between Britain and Germany. See, for example: Anonymous, Column, The News [Adelaide], 13 February, 1928: 7; available online at: National Library of Australia: https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/129308979 [accessed 15 May 2018].
- 36.
Anonymous, Editorial, The Manchester Guardian, 10 February 1928; cited at: https://greatwarfiction.wordpress.com/2015/10/26/dawn-edith-cavell-and-the-censors/ [accessed 09/10/2017].
- 37.
Anonymous, Editorial: “Patriotism Is Not Enough: A Double Opportunity”, The Observer, 26 February 1928: 16.
- 38.
Anonymous, Column, The News [Adelaide], 13 February 1928: 7; available online at: National Library of Australia: https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/129308979 [accessed 15 May 2018]. The original letter to The Times, published in February 1928, was worded slightly differently, referring to “the hideous obligations which the rules of war throw upon unwilling people”; available at: https://greatwarfiction.wordpress.com/2015/10/26/dawn-edith-cavell-and-the-censors/ [accessed 09/10/2017]. See also: Anonymous, “War Films. Only Londoners still Fond of Them. Author of “Dawn” on the Ban”, The Manchester Guardian, 22 February 1928: 6.
- 39.
https://greatwarfiction.wordpress.com/2015/10/26/dawn-edith-cavell-and-the-censors/ [accessed 09/10/2017].
- 40.
Anonymous, “G.B.S. sees the Cavell Film”, The Manchester Guardian, 20 February 1928.
- 41.
Anonymous, “‘Dawn’ Banned by Film Censors”, The Manchester Guardian, 21 February 1928: 11. See also: Anonymous, “Film Censorship. Difficulties and Dangers”, The Manchester Guardian, 26 February 1928. It was reported that the film had been licensed for exhibition in New York: Anonymous, “Cavell Film ‘Dawn’ Licensed for Exhibition in New York”, The Manchester Guardian, 14 April 1928: 11.
- 42.
Nurse Edith Cavell, 1939; produced by Herbert Wilcox and Merrill G. White; directed by Herbert Wilcox, James Anderson, and Lloyd Richards.
- 43.
Anonymous, “New Nurse Cavell Film”, The Manchester Guardian, 12 October 1939: 4.
- 44.
“The Tatler”, The Manchester Guardian, 9 January 1940: 8. See also: Anonymous, “Nurse Cavell”, The Manchester Guardian, 14 August 1939: 13; Anonymous, “Music, Drama and Film”, The Manchester Guardian, 6 January 1940: 4.
- 45.
Anonymous, “Broadcasting Review”, The Manchester Guardian, 30 April 1941: 6.
- 46.
Airey Neave, Little Cyclone (London, Hodder & Stoughton, 1954); Anonymous, “Andrée de Jongh” (Obituary), The Times, 15 October 2007: 56. For a popular interpretation of the links between Cavell’s work and that of the “Comet Line”, see: http://www.ww2escapelines.co.uk/belgium-france/edith-cavell/
- 47.
Noel Boston, The Dutiful Edith Cavell (Norwich: Norwich Cathedral, undated): 3–4. Available at the Wellcome Library, London, UK.
- 48.
Elizabeth Grey, ‘Nurse Edith Cavell’, The Guardian, 12 October 1960: 6. Grey’s article was probably written much later than Boston’s (undated) pamphlet.
- 49.
Some of these conversations took the form of correspondence by letter. A.A. Hoehling, Edith Cavell (London: Cassell & Company, 1958).
- 50.
Hoehling, Edith Cavell, 15.
- 51.
This was the “School of Nursing of the Institut Edith-Cavell-Marie Depage in Brussels”.
- 52.
See Chap. 3 for a more detailed discussion of these witness testimonies.
- 53.
Hoehling, Edith Cavell, 147.
- 54.
Ibid., 148.
- 55.
Marghanita Laski, ‘Strange Heroine: Review of ‘Edith Cavell’ by A.A. Hoehling’, The Observer, 19 March 1958: 16.
- 56.
A.E. Clark-Kennedy, Edith Cavell: Pioneer and Patriot (London: Faber & Faber, 1965); Rowland Ryder, Edith Cavell (New York: Stein & Day, 1975).
- 57.
A French translation of what was said to be the original German documents and an English translation from the French are available at: Edith Cavell, Private Papers; Documents 2482; Box 2; Imperial War Museum, London.
- 58.
Katie Pickles, Transnational Outrage: The Death and Commemoration of Edith Cavell (London, Palgrave Macmillan, 2007).
- 59.
Edith Cavell personal papers and memorabilia; LH/Z/1/29/2 CAVELL Box 1; The London Hospital Archives, London, UK. Clark-Kennedy demanded both and apology and financial compensation for the use of his work. My researches have not revealed whether either was forthcoming.
- 60.
Michael Billington, “When heroism is not enough”, The Guardian, 8 July 1982: 10. This was the latest of a number of theatrical commemorations of Cavell’s life and work. See also: Light in the Deepening Dark, by Lowell L. Manfull; Edith Cavell personal papers and memorabilia; LH/Z/1/29/1 CAVELL Box 1; The London Hospital Archives, London, UK.
- 61.
Diana Souhami, Edith Cavell (London: Quercus, 2010).
- 62.
Ibid., 13.
- 63.
Ibid., 15.
- 64.
Katie Pickles, “Mapping memorials for Edith Cavell on the colonial edge”, New Zealand Geographer, 62 (1), 2006, 13–24.
- 65.
Anonymous, ‘In Memory of Edith Cavell’, The Manchester Guardian, 4 August 1927: 7.
- 66.
Anonymous, ‘Edith Cavell’s Memory in Paris’, The Manchester Guardian, 12 October 1916: 4.
- 67.
Anonymous, ‘Echoes from the War Zone: The Edith Cavell Memorial Nurse’, Johns Hopkins Nurses’ Alumnae Magazine; 15; May 1916: 109–12: 111–12; Anonymous, ‘The Origin of the Cavell Memorial Nurse in Massachusetts’, Johns Hopkins Nurses’ Alumnae Magazine; 15; August 1916: 161–62.
- 68.
Anonymous [Alice Fitzgerald], The Edith Cavell Nurse from Massachusetts: A Record of One Year’s Personal Service with the British Expeditionary Force in France Boulogne – The Somme 1916–1917, with an Account of the Imprisonment, Trial and Death of Edith Cavell (Boston, W.A. Butterfield, 1917).
- 69.
The records of the “Edith Cavell Homes of Rest for Nurses” are held at the Archives of the Wellcome Library, London. Annual reports for the years 1916 to 1925–26 are available at: SA/NFN/C/1, through to SA/NFN/C/1/10; Wellcome Library, London.
- 70.
Miss F.M. Scott Cavell, ‘Edith Cavell Memorial Home of Rest for Nurses’; Letter, The Manchester Guardian, 16 December 1915: 9. See also: Anonymous, “Nurse Cavell and Manchester: The Dean and The Memorial”, The Manchester Guardian, 22 November 1915: 3; Lady Haig, “Edith Cavell Homes of Rest for Nurses”, The Manchester Guardian, 9 November 1916: 7; Lady Jellicoe, ‘Edith Cavell Homes of Rest’; Letter, The Manchester Guardian, 17 November 1916: 5.
- 71.
Reports relating to the “Edith Cavell Homes of Rest for Nurses”; SA/NFN/C/1, through to SA/NFN/C/1/10; Wellcome Library, London, UK. See, for example: Correspondence relating to the Management of the Edith Cavell Home at Coombe Head, Haselmere, Surrey; Box 12; SA/NFN/C/8; Wellcome Library, London, UK; Miss Mary Bull, Superintendent of the Edith Cavell Home in Coombe Head, Haselmere; Box 12; SA/NFN/C/16; Wellcome Library, London, UK. On life in one of the earliest homes, see: Anonymous, “Little Wych”, Nursing Times, 7 July 1917: 801–2. On Coombe Head, see: Anonymous, “The Edith Cavell Home of Rest at Coombe Head, Nursing Times, 15 December 1917: 1499.
- 72.
Arthur Conan Doyle, ‘The Edith Cavell Homes of Rest for Nurses’, Appeal, The Manchester Guardian, 3 November 1916: 10; Anonymous, Advertisement, “Edith Cavell’s Life Desire was to Establish Homes of Rest for Nurses”, The Manchester Guardian, 14 May 1919: 5; Anonymous, Column, “The Edith Cavell Homes of Rest for Nurses”, The Lancet, 25 November 1916, 912.
- 73.
Anonymous “Our London Correspondence”, The Manchester Guardian, 17 May 1919: 8; Anonymous, “Edith Cavell Homes of Rest”, Nursing Times, 29 September 1917: 1140; Anonymous, “The Death of Edith Cavell: Lecture by Gaston de Leval”, Nursing Times, 20 October 1917: 1246.
- 74.
Clipping from Monthly Pictorial, August 1934; SA/NFN/C/11; Wellcome Library, London, UK. See also: letters of appreciation and reports from those in charge at SA/NFN/C/8–14.
- 75.
Files relating to the “Nations [sic] Fund for Nurses (1915–1988)”: British Women’s Hospital Committee (1915–1920), SA/NFN/A; Nation’s Fund for Nurses (1917–1995), SA/NFN/B; Edith Cavell Homes of Rest for Nurses Annual Reports (1917–1972); SA/NFN/C1; Photographs; SA/NFN/C/15–16; Council Minutes with some joint meetings regarding properties, SA/NFN/C/2; Finance Committee Minutes, SA/NFN/C/4; Homes Committee Minutes, SA/NFN/C/5; Correspondence and Memorabilia, SA/NFN/C/8–14; Other organisations incorporated into the Nation’s Fund for Nurses (1919–1979), SA/NFN/D; Approval of a scheme for applying surplus funds of Edith Cavell Fund to relief generally of practising female nurses and nurses in training in need of mental or physical rest (1982), SA/QNI/E/7/5, Wellcome Library, London, UK.
- 76.
Edith Cavell Homes of Rest for Nurses Annual Reports (1917–1972); SA/NFN/C1; Approval of a scheme for applying surplus funds of Edith Cavell Fund to relief generally of practising female nurses and nurses in training in need of mental or physical rest (1982); SA/QNI/E/7/5; Wellcome Library, London, UK. The Cavell Nurses’ Trust gives a timeline of its own history at: https://www.cavellnursestrust.org/history [accessed 10 June 2018].
- 77.
Cavell Nurses’ Trust website: https://www.cavellnursestrust.org/edith-cavell [accessed 24 April 2018].
- 78.
Cavell Nurses’ Trust website: https://www.cavellnursestrust.org/edith-cavell [accessed 24 April 2018].
- 79.
Cavell Nurses’ Trust website: https://www.cavellnursestrust.org/edith-cavell [accessed 24 April 2018].
- 80.
Diana Souhami, Edith Cavell: A Legacy of Caring and Learning (London: Pitkin Guides, Pavilion Books, 2015).
- 81.
Keiligh Baker, “Heroic nurse Edith Cavell whose execution by firing squad outraged First World War Britain WAS spying on Germans says ex-MI5 chief Stella Rimington” Daily Mail, available at: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3232675/Heroic-nurse-Edict-Cavell-spying-Germans.html
- 82.
Many of these books were published within the last ten years in the USA. See, for example: Terri Arthur, Fatal Decision: Edith Cavell WW1 Nurse (Park Rapids, Minnesota: Beagle Books, 2011), which was later republished as: Terri Arthur, Fatal Destiny (Milwaukee: HenschelHAUS Publishing, 2014); Christine Farenhorst, A Cup of Cold Water: The Compassion of Nurse Edith Cavell (Presbyterian and Reformed, 2012).
- 83.
See, for example: Charlotte Guillain, Brave Nurses: Mary Seacole and Edith Cavell (London: Collins, 2015); Nick Hunter, Mary Seacole, Florence Nightingale and Edith Cavell: Comparing People from the Past (Oxford: Raintree, 2015).
- 84.
Nick Miller, Edith Cavell: A Forgotten Heroine (Cambridge: Grove Books, 2014); Catherine Butcher, Edith Cavell: Faith Before the Firing Squad (Oxford: Monarch Books; Lion Hudson, 2015).
- 85.
The appeal was referred to on the website of the Cavell Nurses’ Trust: https://www.cavellnursestrust.org/edith-cavell [accessed 30 September 2015]. On the production of the coin itself, see: Baker, “Heroic nurse Edith Cavell”.
- 86.
The sculpture in Brussels, a bust of Edith Cavell by Natalie Lambert, in the Montjoie Park in Uccle, was unveiled by Princess Anne, the British Princess Royal, and Princess Astrid of Belgium: John Roberts, “Remembering wartime heroine Edith Cavell 100 years after her death”, Yorkshire Post, 12 October, 2015 [available at: http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/remembering-wartime-heroine-edith-cavell-100-years-after-her-death-1-7510545]
- 87.
Patrick Hawes, Eventide (London: Novello & Co., 2014).
- 88.
Cavell Nurses’ Trust website: https://www.cavellnursestrust.org/edith-cavell [accessed 24 April 2018].
- 89.
Sandra Lewenson, “Edith Cavell: Traitor or Saviour?” Nursing Research, 41 (6) November/December 1992; Marcena Walker, “Edith Cavell: WW1 Nurse, Hero, Martyr”, Journal of Christian Nursing, 20 (4), 2003: 38–40; Terri Arthur, “The Life and Death of Edith Cavell, English Emergency Nurse Known as ‘The Other Nightingale’”, Journal of Emergency Nursing, 32 (1), February 2006: 30–35; Rosemary Cook, “Edith Cavell: ‘The poor man’s Nightingale?’”, British Journal of Community Nursing, 18 (4), 2013: 193; Anonymous, “Driven to nurse, at all costs”, Nursing Times, 110 (42), 2014: 27; Ruth Stone, “Looking to the past and learning for the future”, British Journal of Nursing, 25 (6), 2016: 6.
- 90.
Mlle Bihet, Histoire du Nursing (Liege: Editions Desoer, 1947); available at: Edith Cavell personal papers and memorabilia; LH/Z/1/29/1 CAVELL Box 1; The London Hospital Archives, London, UK.
- 91.
Copies of Edelweiss are lodged in The London Hospital Archives and the National Archives. See: Edith Cavell personal papers and memorabilia; LH/Z/1/29/1 CAVELL Box 1; C1/4/14; The London Hospital Archives, London, UK.
- 92.
One of these has a woman’s name carved into it, implying that these medals/badges might have been given to successful students as they graduated from the school. A version in English—“1915 Remember”—has been donated to The London Hospital. Edith Cavell personal papers and memorabilia; LH/Z/1/29/1 CAVELL Box 1; C1/4/15; The London Hospital Archives, London, UK.
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Hallett, C.E. (2019). Legend. In: Edith Cavell and her Legend. Palgrave Pivot, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-54371-4_4
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