Skip to main content

Ethnicity as Trope of Political Belonging and Conflict: Cape Verdean Identity and Agency in Guinea-Bissau

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Politics and Policies in Upper Guinea Coast Societies
  • 218 Accesses

Abstract

Kohl offers a much-needed socio-anthropological analysis of the Cape Verdean community in Guinea-Bissau. Cape Verdeans have integrated to various degrees into Bissau-Guinean society but have been repeatedly, until recently, identified as a “cause of trouble” in the country’s brief history. From both late colonial and postcolonial perspectives, Kohl offers a more nuanced exploration of Cape Verdeans’ culture and identity, and their role in both the struggle for independence from Portugal and postcolonial nation- and state-building in Guinea-Bissau. “Ethnicity as Trope of Political Belonging and Conflict” demonstrates that the relationship between Cape Verdeans and the rest of the Bissau-Guinean population, as well as the former’s role in the country’s politics, has been far more complex than often assumed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Anderson, B.R. 1999. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barth, F. 1969. Introduction. In Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Culture Difference, ed. F. Barth, 9–38. Bergen, Oslo: Allen & Unwin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berman, B. 1998. Ethnicity, Patronage and the African State: The Politics of Uncivil Nationalism. African Affairs 97: 305–341.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brito-Semedo, M. 2006. A Construção da Identidade Nacional: Análise da Imprensa entre 1877 e 1975. Praia: Instituto da Biblioteca Nacional e do Livro.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brubaker, R. 2004a. Ethnicity Without Groups. In Facing Ethnic Conflicts: Toward a New Realism, ed. A. Wimmer, R.J. Goldstone, D.L. Horowitz, U. Joras, and C. Schetter, 34–52. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2004b. Introduction. In Ethnicity Without Groups, ed. R. Brubaker, 1–6. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2004c. Ethnicity, Migration, and Statehood in Post-Cold War Europe. In Ethnicity Without Groups, ed. R. Brubaker, 147–160. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brubaker, R., and D.D. Laitin. 2004. Ethnic and Nationalist Violence. In Ethnicity Without Groups, ed. R. Brubaker, 88–115. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brubaker, R., M. Loveman, and P. Stamatov. 2004. Ethnicity as Cognition. In Ethnicity Without Groups, ed. R. Brubaker, 64–87. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Castanheira, J.P. 1999. Quem mandou matar Amílcar Cabral? Lisbon: Relógio d’Água.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chabal, P. 1983. Party, State and Socialism in Guinea-Bissau. Canadian Journal of African Studies 17: 189–210.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1996. The African Crisis: Context and Interpretation. In Postcolonial Identities in Africa, ed. R. Werbner, and T. Range, 29–54. London: Zed Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2002. Amílcar Cabral: Revolutionary Leadership and People’s War. London: Hurst.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, J. 2003. Native Birth, Identity and Territory in Postcolonial Guinea-Bissau, West Africa. European Journal of Cultural Studies 6: 37–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Delfim da Silva, F. 2003. Guiné-Bissau: Páginas de História política, Rumos da Democracia. Bissau: Firquidja Editora.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dhada, M. 1993. Warriors at Work: How Guinea Was Really Set Free. Niwot: University Press of Colorado.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1998. The Liberation War in Guinea-Bissau Reconsidered. Journal of Military History 62: 571–593.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandes, G. 2002. A Diluição da África: Uma Interpretação da Saga identitária cabo-verdiana no Panorama político (pós) colonial. Florianópolis, Brasil: Editora da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forrest, J.B. 1992. Guinea-Bissau: Power, Conflict, and Renewal in a West African Nation. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galli, R.E., and J. Jones. 1987. Guinea-Bissau: Politics, Economics and Society. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geschiere, P. 2009. The Perils of Belonging: Autochthony, Citizenship, and Exclusion in Africa and Europe. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Gomes Viegas, C., and F. Koudawo. 2000. A Crise no PAIGC: Um Prelúdio à Guerra? Soronda (Número Especial 7 de Junho) 4 (New Series): 11–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, T. 2010. The Evolution of Creole Identity in Cape Verde. In The Creolization Reader, ed. R. Cohen, and P. Toninato, 157–166. London and New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Havik, P.J. 2004. Silences and Soundbites: The Gendered Dynamics of Trade and Brokerage in the Pre-colonial Guinea Bissau Region. Münster: Lit.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2007. Kriol Without Creoles: Afro-Atlantic Connections in the Guinea Bissau Region (16th to 20th Centuries). In Cultures of the Lusophone Black Atlantic, ed. N.P. Naro, R. Sansi-Roca, and D.H. Treece, 41–73. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • International Crisis Group. 2012. Beyond Turf Wars: Managing the Post-Coup Transition in Guinea-Bissau. Africa Report No. 190, August 17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Junta de Investigações do Ultramar. 1959. Província da Guiné: Censo da População de 1950. Lisbon: Junta de Investigações do Ultramar.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keese, A. 2007. The Role of Cape Verdeans in War Mobilization and War Prevention in Portugal’s African Empire, 1955–1965. International Journal of African Historical Studies 40: 497–511.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knörr, J. 2010. Contemporary Creoleness; or, The World in Pidginization? Current Anthropology 51: 731–759.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kohl, C. 2009. Creole Identity, Interethnic Relations, and Postcolonial Nation-Building in Guinea-Bissau, West Africa. PhD diss., Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale).

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2014. The Reform of Guinea-Bissau’s Security Sector. Between Demand and Practice. PRIF Report 126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liebenow, J.G. 1969. Liberia: The Evolution of Privilege. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lopes, C. 1987. Guinea-Bissau: From Liberation Struggle to Independent Statehood. London: Zed Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lopes, J.V. 2002. Cabo Verde: Os Bastidores da Independência. Praia, Cape Verde: Spleen Edições.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyon, J.M. 1980. Marxism and Ethno-Nationalism in Guinea-Bissau, 1956–76. Ethnic and Racial Studies 3: 156–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCulloch, J. 1983. In the Twilight of Revolution: The Political Theory of Amílcar Cabral. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meintel, D. 1984. Race, Culture, and Portuguese Colonialism in Cabo Verde. Syracuse, NY: Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, Syracuse University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mendy, P.K. 1994. Colonialismo Português em África: A Tradição de Resistência na Guiné-Bissau (1879–1959). Bissau: Instituto Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ministério da Administração Interna. 1995. Guiné-Bissau: Constituição: Lei Eleitoral e Legislação complementar. Lisbon: Edições 70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ostheimer, A.E. 2001. The Structural Crisis in Guinea-Bissau’s Political System. African Security Review 10: 45–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Padrão Temudo, M. 2008. From “People’s Struggle” to “This War of Today”: Entanglements to Peace and Conflict in Guinea Bissau. Africa 78: 245–263.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pereira, A. 2002. O meu Testemunho: Uma Luta, um Partido, dois Países. Lisbon: Editorial Notícias.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rudebeck, L. 1974. Guinea-Bissau: A Study of Political Mobilisation. Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schiefer, U. 2002. Von allen guten Geistern verlassen? Guinea-Bissau: Entwicklungspolitik und der Zusammenbruch afrikanischer Gesellschaften. Hamburg: Institut für Afrika-Kunde.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silva, M. da Conçeição das Neves. 2002. La Transition politique en Guinée-Bissau: Les “Sites de Mémoire” comme Points de Relais. In Post-Socialisme, Post-Colonialisme et Postérité de l’Idéologie, ed. T. Landry, and C. Zobel, 97–121. Paris: Centre d’Études Africaines, École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silva Cunha, J.M.da. 1959. Relatório da Campanha de 1958 (Guiné). Lisbon: Junta da Investigações do Ultramar.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soares Sousa, J. 2012. Amílcar Cabral (1924–1973): Vida e Morte de um Revolucionário Africano. Lisbon: Vega.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spitzer, L. 1974. The Creoles of Sierra Leone: Responses to Colonialism, 1870–1945. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trajano Filho, W. 1998. Polymorphic Creoledom: The “Creole” Society of Guinea-Bissau. PhD diss., University of Pennsylvania.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2010. Território e idade: Ancoradouros do pertencimento nas manjuandadis da Guiné-Bissau. In Lugares, pessoas e grupos: As lógicas do pertencimento em perspectiva internacional, ed. W. Trajano Filho, 225–255. Brasília: Athalaia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vale de Almeida, M. 2007. From Miscegenation to Creole Identity: Portuguese Colonialism, Brazil, Cape Verde. In Creolization: History, Ethnography, Theory, ed. C. Stewart, 108–132. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 2017 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kohl, C. (2017). Ethnicity as Trope of Political Belonging and Conflict: Cape Verdean Identity and Agency in Guinea-Bissau. In: Højbjerg, C., Knörr, J., Murphy, W. (eds) Politics and Policies in Upper Guinea Coast Societies. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95013-3_11

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics