Skip to main content

“Fists and the Voices of Sorrowful Women”

Race, Gender,Violence, and the Reconstruction of the Word in Toni Morrison’s Jazz.

  • Chapter
African American Culture and Legal Discourse
  • 203 Accesses

Abstract

Toni Morrison’s novel Jazz is an often overlooked novel, situated as it is between the remarkable triumph of Beloved and the harrowing narrative of Paradise.1 Jazz is often depicted as a respite from the social questions raised in the other two novels. Twenty years after its publication, it is clear that Beloved has entered into the canon of literature addressed by the genre of law and literature, as it made a significant contribution to the enduring themes of slavery and its memory, personhood, violence and the state’s authority.2 Jazz, however, has been variously described as a novel about the black migration,3 the black experience in the urban North,4 and the soured romance between a husband and wife.5 While these descriptions are accurate, they obscure the extent to which Jazz serves as a critique of the violence perpetrated against black bodies—often with the law’s implicit and explicit sanction.6 More particularly, Jazz is a critique of the failure of law to protect black women’s bodies from violence against them from within the black community.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Bibliography

  • Allen, Anita. “The Proposed Equal Protection Fix for Abortion Law: Reflections on Citizenship, Gender, and the Constitution.” Harvard Journal of Law & Policy 18 (1995): 419–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen, Anita. Uneasy Access: Privacy for Women in a Free Society. Totowa, NJ: Rowan & Littlefield, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, Victor. “Abominations of a Million Men: Reflection of a Silent Minority.” In Black Religion after the Million Man March, edited by Garth Baker-Fletcher, 19–26. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atuahene, Bernadette. “From Reparation to Restoration: Moving Beyond Restoring Property Rights to Restoring Political and Economic Visibility.” Southern Methodist University Law Review 60 (2007): 1419–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Autin, Regina. “Sapphire Bound!” Wisconsin Law Review (1989): 539–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, Houston A. How Black Intellectuals Have Abandoned the Ideals of the Civil Rights Era. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, Katharine. “Dialectics and Domestic Abuse.” Yale Law Journal 110 (2001): 1459–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ball, Milner. The Word and the Law. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beyer, Jonathan. “The Second Line: Reconstructing the Jazz Metaphor in Critical Race Theory.” Georgetown Law Journal 88 (2000): 537–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowers v. Hardwick, 478 U.S. 279 (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bracey, Christopher. “Adjudication, Antisubordination, and the Jazz Connection.” Alabama Law Review 54 (2003): 853–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandon, Mark. Free in the World: American Slavery and Constitutional Failure. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brundage, Walter. Lynching in the New South. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  • Calmore, John. “Critical Race Theory, Archie Shepp, and Fire Music: Securing an Authentic Intellectual Life in a Multicultural World.” South Carolina Law Review 65 (1992): 2129–2230.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carbado, Devon. “The Construction of O. J. Simpson as a Racial Victim.” In Black Men on Race Gender and Sexuality: A Critical Reader, edited by Devon Carbado, 159–93. New York: New York University Press, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carby, Hazel. “‘On the Threshold of the Women’s Era:’ Lynching, Empire and Sexuality in Black Feminist Theory.” Critical Inquiry 12, no. 1 (Autumn 1985): 262–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carby, Hazel. “Policing the Black Woman’s Body in an Urban Context.” Critical Inquiry 18, no. 4 (Summer 1992): 738–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Castle Rock v. Gonzalez, 545 U.S. 748 (2005).

    Google Scholar 

  • Coker, Donna. “Enhancing Autonomy for Battered Women: Lessons from Navajo Peacemaking.” University of California at Los Angeles Law Review 47 (1999): 46–107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coker, Donna. “Shifting Power for Battered Women: Law, Material Resources, and Poor Women of Color.” University of California at Davis Law Review 33 (2000): 1009–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cone, James H. The Spirituals and the Blues. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cover, Robert M. “Nomos and Narrative.” Harvard Law Review 100 (1983): 4–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crenshaw, Kimberlé. “Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence Against Women of Color.” Stanford Law Review 43 (1991): 1241–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crouch, Stanley. “A Blues to be Constitutional: A Long Look at the Wild Wherefores of Our Democratic Lives as Symbolized in the Making of Rhythm and Tune.” In The Jazz Cadence of American Culture, edited by Robert G. O’Meally, 154–65. New York: Columbia University Press, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, Angela. Blues Legacies and Black Feminism: Gertrude “Ma” Ramey, Bessie Smith, and Billie Holliday. NewYork: Pantheon, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, David Brion. The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution, 1770–1823. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, Peggy Cooper. Neglected Stories: The Constitution and Family Values. New York: Hill and Wang, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dray, Philip. The Hands of Persons Unknown: The Lynching of Black America. New York: Random House, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellison, Ralph. “The Charlie Christian Story.” In The Collected Essays of Ralph Ellison, edited by John Callahan, 266–72. New York: Modern Library, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellison, Ralph. “Shadow and Act.” In The Collected Essays of Ralph Ellison, edited by John Callahan, 302–9. New York: Modern Library, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellison, Ralph. “That Same Pain, That Same Pleasure: An Interview.” In The Collected Essays of Ralph Ellison, edited by John Callahan, 63–80. New York: Modern Library, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fenton, Zanita E. “Silence Compounded: The Conjunction of Race and Gender Violence.” American University Journal of Gender, Social Policy and the Law 11 (2003): 271–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ford, William D. “Constitutionality of Proposed Federal Anti-Lynching Legislation.” Virginia Law Review 34 (1948): 944–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Griffin, Farah Jasmine. “Who Set You FlowinThe African American Migration Narrative. New Yo rk: Oxford University Press, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harper, Philip Brian. Private Affairs: Critical Ventures in the Culture of Social Relations. New York: New York University Press, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, Angela P. “Gender, Violence, Race and Criminal Justice.” Stanford Law Review 52 (2000): 777–807.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hersch, Charles. Subversive Sounds: Race and the Birth of Jazz in New Orleans. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Higginbotham, A. Leon. Shades of Freedom: Racial Politics and Presumptions of the American Legal Process. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, Candice M. Private Lives, Proper Relations: Regulating Black Intimacy. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, Carolyn. “Traces in the Cracks: Identity and Narrative in Toni Morrison’s Jazz,”African American Review 31, no. 3 (Autumn, 1997): 481–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, LeRoi. Black Music. New York: Morrow, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, LeRoi. Blues People: Negro Music in White America. New York: Morrow, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelley, Robin D. G. “Countering the Conspiracy to Ignore Black Girls.” In Faith of Our Fathers: African-American Men Reflect on Fatherhood, edited by Andre Willis, 157–72. New York: Dutton, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, Randall L. Race, Crime, and the Law. New York: Pantheon, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, Randall L. Sellout: The Politics of Racial Betrayal. New York: Pantheon, 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, Randall L. “The State, Criminal Law, and Racial Discrimination.” Harvard Law Review 107 (1991): 1255–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mahoney, Martha R. “Exit: Power and the Idea of Leaving in Love, Work, and the Confirmation Hearings.” South Carolina Law Review 65 (1992): 1283–1319.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meares, Tracey, and Dan Kahan. Urgent Times: Policing and Rights in Inner-City Communities. Boston: Beacon, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, Jody. Getting Played: African American Girls, Urban Inequality, and Gendered Violence. New York: New York University Press, 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  • Minow, Martha. “Words and the Door to the Land of Change: Law, Language, and Family Violence.” Vanderbilt Law Review 43 (1990): 1665–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, Toni. Jazz. New York: Knopf, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oakes, James. The Radical and the Republican: Frederick Douglass, Abraham Lincoln, and the Triumph of Antislavery Politics. New York: Norton, 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olsen, Frances. “Constitutional Law: Feminist Critiques of the Public/Private Distinction.” Constitutional Commentary 10 (1993): 319–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Onwuachi-Willig, Angela. “The Return of the Ring: Welfare Reform’s Marriage Cure as the Revival of Post-Bellum Control.” California Law Review 93 (2005): 1647–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Reily, Andrea. “In Search of My Mother’s Garden, I Found My Own: Mother-Love, Healing, and Identity in Toni Morrison’s JazzAfrican American Review 31, no. 3 (Autumn 1996): 367–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paquet-Deyris, Anne-Marie. “Toni Morrison’s Jazz and the City.” African American Review 35 (Summer 2001): 219–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perry, Imani. “Occupying the Universal, Embodying the Subject: African American Literary Jurisprudence.” Cardozo Studies in Law and Literature 17 (2005): 97–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Porter, Eric. What Is This Thing Called Jazz? African American Musicians as Artists, Critics and Activists. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  • Posner, Richard A. Law and Literature: A Misunderstood Connection. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rael, Patrick. Black Identity & Black Protest in the Antebellum North. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, Dorothy. “Punishing Drug Addicts Who Have Babies: Women of Color, Equality and the Right of Privacy.” Harvard Law Review 104 (1991): 1419–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, Dorothy. Shattered Bonds: The Color of Child Welfare. New York: Basic, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rudwick, Elliot. Race Riot in East St. Louis: July 2, 1917. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, Elizabeth. Battered Women and Feminist Lawmaking. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schur, Richard. “Locating Paradise in the Post-Civil Rights Era: Toni Morrison and Critical Race Theory.” Contemporary Literature 45 (2004): 276–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siegel, Reva B. “The Rule of Love: Wife Beatingas Prerogative and Privacy.” Yale Law Journal 105 (1996): 2117–2207.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soifer, Aviam. “Status, Contract, and Promises Unkept.” Yale Law Journal 96 (1987): 1916–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spillers, Hortense J. Black, White, and in Color: Essays on American Literature and Culture Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  • United States v. Cruikshank, 92 U.S. 542 (1875).

    Google Scholar 

  • United States v. Harris, 106 U.S. 629 (1883).

    Google Scholar 

  • United States v. Morrison, 529 U.S. 598 (2000).

    Google Scholar 

  • United States v. Stanley, 109 U.S. 3 (1883).

    Google Scholar 

  • West, Robin. Caring for Justice. New York: New York University Press, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, James Boyd. When Words Lose Their Meaning: Constitutions and Reconstitutions of Language, Character, and Community. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, Patricia J. The Alchemy of Race and Rights: Diary of a Law Professor. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williamson, Joel. A Rage for Order: Black/White Relations in the American South since Emancipation. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Lovalerie King Richard Schur

Copyright information

© 2009 Lovalerie King and Richard Schur

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Copeland, C. (2009). “Fists and the Voices of Sorrowful Women”. In: King, L., Schur, R. (eds) African American Culture and Legal Discourse. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230101722_9

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics