Skip to main content

Compromise and Moral Complicity in the Embryonic Stem Cell Debate

  • Chapter
Philosophical Reflections on Medical Ethics

Abstract

In September 2004, Italy’s health minister, Girolamo Sirchia, hailed the successful treatment of a five-year-old boy with thalassaemia, an inherited form of life-threatening anaemia. The therapy involved transplanting stem cells of the umbilical cord blood of the boy’s newborn twin siblings. The minister hoped to use this case to convince the Italian public of the potential of non-embryo-derived stem cells and to justify the contentious Italian law on assisted reproduction. However, soon after his ‘triumph’ it became known that the twin pregnancy was realised with IVF and the selection of embryos through PGD and HLA typing, in a hospital in Turkey, techniques which Sirchia considers as immoral and which are outlawed by the Italian government.2

The authors acknowledge the stimulus and support of two European Commission-funded projects. They are ‘The Ethics of Stem Cell Research and Therapy in Europe (Eurostem)’, and the ‘European Project on Delimiting the Research Concept and the Research Activities (EU-RECA)’, both sponsored by the European Commission, DG-Research, 5th and 6th Framework respectively.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Notes

  1. R. Lorenza (2004) ‘Italian Minister in Trouble’, The Scientist (September) 9.

    Google Scholar 

  2. A. A. Kiessling and S. Anderson (2003) Human Embryonic Stem Cells. An Introduction to the Science and Therapeutic Potential (Boston, Massachusetts: Jones and Bartlett Publishers), p. 164

    Google Scholar 

  3. D. Solter, D. Beyleveld, M. B. Friele et al. (2003) Embryo Research in Pluralistic Europe (Berlin and Heidelberg: Springer Verlag).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  4. J. A. Thomson, et al. (1998) ‘Embryonic Stem Cell Lines Derived from Human Blastocysts’, Science, 282(5391), pp. 1145–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. R. A. Pedersen (1999) ‘Embryonic Cells for Medicine’, Scientific American 1280(4), pp. 68–73

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. B. E. Reubinoff et al. (2000) ‘Embryonic Stem Cell Lines from Human Blastocysts: Somatic Differentiation in vitro’, Nature Biotechnology, 18, pp. 399–404.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. R. E. Schwartz et al. (2002) ‘Multipotent Adult Progenitor Cells from Bone Marrow Differentiate into Functional Hepatocyte-like Cells’, Journal of Clinical Investigations, 109(10), pp. 1291–302

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. C. M. Verfaillie (2002) ‘Adult Stem Cells: Assessing the Case for Pluripotency’, Trends in Cell Biology, 12(11), pp. 502–8. Austin Smith has emphasised the importance of pursuing research on all sources of stem cells simultaneously (paper presented at FENS Forum Workshop, Paris, 13 July 2002).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. G. Kogler et al. (2004) ‘A New Human Somatic Stem Cell from Placental Cord Blood with Intrinsic Pluripotent Differentiation Potential’, Journal of Exploratory Medicine, 200(2), pp. 123–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. F. D. Camargo, S. M. Chambers and M. A. Goodell (2004) ‘Stem Cell Plasticity: From Transdifferentiation to Macrophage Fusion’, Cell Proliferation, 37, pp. 55–65

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. C. Mummery (2004) ‘Stem Cell Research: Immortality or a Healthy Old Age?’, European Journal of Endocrinology, 151 (November), Suppl. 3, pp. U7–U12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. See, for example, J. R. Meyer, a priest of the Opus Dei Prelature, who says that ‘the medical benefits which might accrue for some patients do not outweigh the grave consequences for the embryo that is killed in order to produce ES cells for medical therapy’. J. R. Meyer (2000) ‘Human Embryonic Stem Cell and Respect for Life’, Journal of Medical Ethics, 26, pp. 166–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. S. Holm (2002) ‘Going to the Roots of the Stem Cell Controversy’, Bioethics, 16(6), pp. 493–507.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Health Council of the Netherlands (2002) Stem Cells for Tissue Repair: Research on Therapy (The Hague, 27 June), p. 46.

    Google Scholar 

  15. G. Pennings and A. Van Steirteghem (2004) ‘The Subsidiarity Principle in the Context of Embryonic Stem Cell Research’, Human Reproduction, 19(5) (May), pp. 1060–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. The European Group on Ethics in Science and New Technologies to the European Commission (2000) Adoption of an Opinion on Ethical Aspects of Human Stem Cell Research and Use (Paris: European Commission, 14 November) (Opinion N° 15), p. 14.

    Google Scholar 

  17. National Bioethics Advisory Commission (1999) Ethical Issues in Human Stem Cell Research (Rockville, MD: NBAC, September), p. 53.

    Google Scholar 

  18. The validity of the principle in this context can be questioned for several reasons. First of all it is unclear whether this presupposed hierarchy is defensible. Second, the principle may be anti-ethical in the sense that it implies that we have to follow existing public opinion, whether this is well argued and well informed or not. Third, people make a different evaluation of the available scientific evidence, and also have a different approach to the decision as to whether a certain line of research should be deemed ‘necessary’. Opponents of ES cell research claim that alternatives exist, which do not require the ‘instrumental use’ of human embryos. However, we can ask ourselves whether it isn’t misleading to present every alternative, which does not use embryos, as a priori superior. For comparative ethical analysis a number of relevant aspects should be taken into account, including the burdens and risks of a certain method, the chances that the alternative options have the same applicability as ES cells, and the costs and the time scale in which useful clinical applications are to be expected. Finally, it is said to be a reasonable principle in policy decisions, but is it as reasonable as is said when we know that it leads to delay in the development of treatments that can alleviate the suffering of thousands, maybe millions of people? Holm, ‘Going to the Roots of the Stem Cell Controversy’; P. A. Roche and M. A. Grodin (2000) ‘The Ethical Challenge of Stem Cell Research’, Women’s Health Issues, 10(3), pp. 136–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. R. Lovell-Badge (2001) ‘The Future for Stem Cell Research’, Nature, 414(6859), pp. 88–91

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. C. R. Cogle et al. (2003) ‘An Overview of Stem Cell Research and Regulatory Issues’, Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 78, pp. 993–1003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. B. E. Edwards, J. D. Gearhart and E. E. Wallach (2000) ‘The Human Pluripotent Stem Cell: Impact on Medicine and Society’, Fertility and Sterility, 74(1), pp. 1–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. R. Doerflinger (1999) ‘The Ethics of Funding Embryonic Stem Cell Research: a Catholic Viewpoint’, Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal, 9(2), pp. 137–50

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. W. Friend (2003) ‘Catholic Perspectives and Stem-cell Research and Use’, Origins, 32(41), pp. 682–6

    Google Scholar 

  24. J. Oakley (2002) ‘Democracy, Embryonic Stem Cell Research, and the Roman Catholic Church’, Journal of Medical Ethics, 28(4), p. 228.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. These terms are used in R. M. Green (2001) The Human Embryo Research Debates: Bioethics in the Vortex of Controversy (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  26. G. Pennings (2002) ‘Reproductive Tourism as Moral Pluralism in Motion’, Journal of Medical Ethics, 28, pp. 337–41, and (2004) ‘Legal Harmonization and Reproductive Tourism in Europe’, Human Reproduction, 19(12), pp. 2689–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. R. Lorenzi (2003) ‘Italy Approves Embryo Law’, The Scientist, 12 December.

    Google Scholar 

  28. G. Pennings (2002) ‘Reproductive Tourism as Moral Pluralism in Motion’, Journal of Medical Ethics, 28, pp. 337–41, and (2004) ‘Legal Harmonization and Reproductive Tourism in Europe’, Human Reproduction, 19(12), pp. 2689–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. S. Arie (2004) ‘Italians Force Referendum on Fertility Law’, Guardian Unlimited, 1 October. At: www.guardian.co.uk/italy/story/0,12576,1317232,00.html

    Google Scholar 

  30. A. Haverty (2003) ‘Ireland Divided on Stem Cells’, The Scientist, 26 November.

    Google Scholar 

  31. See, for example, the National Institutes of Health (2000) Guidelines for Research Using Human Pluripotent Stem Cells (Bethesda, MD: NIH).

    Google Scholar 

  32. German National Ethics Council (2001) Opinion on the Import of Human Embryonic Stem Cells (Berlin: German National Ethics Council) (under the heading ‘specific arguments in favour of the import of human embryonic stem cells’).

    Google Scholar 

  33. Letter from HHS Gen. Counsel Harriet Rabb to Harold Varmus, at that time Director of the NIH on ‘Federal Funding for Research Involving Human Pluripotent Stem Cells’, 15 January 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  34. G. J. Boer (1999) ‘Ethical Issues in Neurografting of Human Embryonic Cells’, Theoretical Medical Bioethics, 20(5), pp. 461–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. G. Pennings (2003) ‘Ethical Issues Regarding Embryonic Stem Cells’, in Lectures in Medicine: Embryonic Stem Cells, organised by the Belgian Faculties of Medicine (Brussels: AZ-VUB, 6 February).

    Google Scholar 

  36. Opponents of the use of foetal cells, or tissues obtained following clinical abortion, claim that all those who isolate and use the foetal material are accomplices in the preceding abortion and that it will lead to an increase of the number of abortions. Advocates of foetal tissue research claimed that these objections could be bypassed by guaranteeing a separation between the act of abortion and the use of foetal material for research and therapies. Many countries have tried to guarantee this separation by imposing conditions on the performance of abortions and on the donation of fetal tissue in laws and regulations. A. F. Shorr (1994) ‘Abortion and Fetal Tissue Research — Some Ethical Concerns’, Fetal Diagnosis Therapy, 9(3), pp. 196–203

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. J. C. Rankin (1990) ‘The Fetal Tissue Debate on Complicity’, Hastings Centre Reports, 20(2), p. 50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. R. K. Zimmerman (2004) ‘Ethical Analyses of Vaccines Grown in Human Cell Strains Derived from Abortion: Arguments and Internet Search’, Vaccine, 22, pp. 4238–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. American Association for the Advancement of Science and Institute for Civil Society (1999) Stem Cell Research and Applications: Monitoring the Frontiers of Biomedical Research (Washington, DC, November), p. 9.

    Google Scholar 

  40. R. A. Charo (2001) ‘Bush’s Stem Cell Compromise: a Few Mirrors?’ Hastings Centre Reports, 31(6), pp. 6–7.

    Google Scholar 

  41. A. M. Capron (1999) ‘Good Intentions’, Hastings Centre Reports, 29(2), pp. 26–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. H. Gottweis (2002) ‘Stem Cell Policies in the United States and in Germany: Between Bioethics and Regulation’, Policy Studies Journal, 30(4), pp. 444–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. M. Castle et al. (2003) ‘Letter to President Bush on Stem cell Research from 11 House Republicans’, 15 May. www.aaas.org/spp/cstc/briefs/stem-cells/stemhsltr.shtml

    Google Scholar 

  44. R. Faden and J. Gearhart (2004) ‘Facts on Stem Cells’, Washington Post, 23 August, p. A15.

    Google Scholar 

  45. R. Weiss (2004) ‘Approved Stem Cells’ Potential Questioned’, Washington Post, 29 October, p. A03.

    Google Scholar 

  46. A. M. Capron (2002) ‘Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research: Ethics and Politics in Science Policy’, in Shui Chuen Lee (ed.) Proceedings of the Third International Conference of Bioethics (University of Chungli, R.O.C. Taiwan, June), p. V–12.

    Google Scholar 

  47. J. Harris (2003) ‘Stem Cells, Sex and Procreation’, Cambridge Quarterly of Health Ethics, 12(4), pp. 353–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. See John Harris (2003) ‘Stem Cells, Sex and Procreation’, Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, 12(4) (Fall), pp. 353–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. A. Caplan (ed.) (1992) When Medicine Went Mad: Bioethics and the Holocaust. (Totowa, NJ: Humana Press)

    Google Scholar 

  50. P. Hoedeman (1991) Hitler or Hippocrates: Medical Experiments and Euthanasia in the Third Reich (Sussex: Book Guild);

    Google Scholar 

  51. B. Muller-Hill (1988) Murderous Science: Elimination by Scientific Selection of Jews, Gypsies, and Others in Germany, 1933–1945 (Oxford: Oxford University Press)

    Google Scholar 

  52. R. J. Lifton (1986) The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide (New York: Basic Books).

    Google Scholar 

  53. In this section we have benefited from discussions with Dan Wikler. See also John Harris (2003) ‘Stem Cells, Sex and Procreation’, Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, 12(4) (Fall), pp. 353–72; and (2004) ‘The Great Debates — Julian Savulescu and John Harris’, Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, 13(1) (January), pp. 68–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. John Harris’s contributions to this debate: ‘Sexual Reproduction is a Survival Lottery’, pp. 75–90, and Julian Savulescu and John Harris (2004) ‘The Creation Lottery: Final Lessons from Natural Reproduction: Why Those Who Accept Natural Reproduction Should Accept Cloning and Other Frankenstein Reproductive Technologies’, Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, 13(1) (January), pp. 90–6.

    Google Scholar 

  55. See J. Harris (2003) ‘Stem Cells, Sex and Procreation’, Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, 12(4) (Fall), pp. 353–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. J. Harris (1992) Wonderwoman & Superman: The Ethics of Human Biotechnology (Oxford: Oxford University Press), p. 47.

    Google Scholar 

  57. This point has been developed in some detail in J. Harris (2002) ‘The Use of Human Embryonic Stem Cells in Research and Therapy’, in Justine C. Burley and John Harris (eds.) A Companion to Genethics: Philosophy and the Genetic Revolution (Oxford: Basil Blackwell), pp. 158–75; and in J. Harris (in press) ‘Stem Cells, Sex and Procreation’, Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics.

    Google Scholar 

  58. J. R. Richards (1982) made this point well in The Sceptical Feminist (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books). Note also the similarities between this argument and Athanassoulis’s point on the sanctity of life in Chapter 8 in this volume.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 2005 Katrien Devolder and John Harris

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Devolder, K., Harris, J. (2005). Compromise and Moral Complicity in the Embryonic Stem Cell Debate. In: Athanassoulis, N. (eds) Philosophical Reflections on Medical Ethics. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230273931_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics