Abstract
Public health policy in the Union was coordinated under, but largely fragmented by the Public Health Act of 1919, which merely amalgamated pre-Union structures; but it shaped general policy until the 1970s. When the National Health Service Commission under Dr Henry Gluckman reported in 1944 it made a serious attempt to reassess the system of controls which had been unable to provide effective health care either in the rural areas, or in the towns, or on the mines (Marks and Andersson). Phthisis had ravaged the mines, while the policy of urban segregation had been promoted as part an official effort to protect white society from bubonic plague in 1901 and the Spanish flu in 1918, as for any other reason (Swanson). Typhus and malaria were major killers in the Reserves in the 1920s and 1930s, and it came to be recognised that disease in South Africa was linked to social conditions and could not therefore be checked by social reforms.
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Bibliographical Notes
21.1 Health, Welfare and physical pursuits (a) Health
Gale G. W. W., ‘Health Services’, in *Hellmann E., 387–412; Race Relations Surveys passim; Gluckman Report (1944); JSAS 13(2) 1987 [special issue] Marks S., Divided Sisterhood: Race, Class; and Gender in the South African Nursing Profession (1994);
and with Andersson N., ‘Industrialization, rural health and the 1944 National Health Services Commission in South Africa’, in Feierman S. and Janzen J. M., The Social Basis of Health and Healing in Africa (1993) 131–61;
Packard R. B., White Plague, Black Labour: T. B. and the Political Economy of Health in South Africa (1989); Phillips (n. 10.7); Smith M. (M. A. Rhodes, 1990) [Health in the Mines]; Swanson M. W. (n. 10.2); Tuberculosis Commission Report (UG 34 of 1914);
Van Heyningen E., ‘Epidemics and disease: historical writing on health in South Africa’; SAHJ 23 (1990) 122–33; Wilson and Ramphele (n. 17.3).
(b) Welfare
Ballinger M., From Union to Apartheid (1969);
Bhorat H., ‘The South African safety net, past, present and future’, DSA 124 (1995) 595–604; Johnstone (n. 20.2);
Pollak H., ‘State social pensions, grants and social welfare’, in Van der Horst S. T. and Reid J., Racial Discrimination in South Africa (1981); Race Relations Surveys, various years; Rheinallt Jones J. D., ‘Social Welfare’, in *Hellmann ed. 413–41;
Theron E., H. F. Verwoerd as Welsynbeplanner (1970); Wilson and Ramphele (n. 17.3).
(c) Physical pursuits
Archer A. and Bouillon A., The South African Game: Sport and Racism (1980);
Davis J., ‘Politics, sport and education in South Africa’, AA 85 (1986) 351–64;
Grundlingh A. and Odendaal A., Beyond the Tryline: Rugby and South African Society (1995);
Nauright J., Sport, Cultures and Identities in South Africa (1997);
and with Black D. R., Rugby and the South African Nation (1998); South Africa Yearbooks (1994–97).
21.2 The difficult road to better education
Bantu Education: Oppression or Opportunity?, SABRA (1955); Beale M., ‘The evolution of the policy of university apartheid’, ICS 18 (1992) 82–98;
Cook P. A. W., Non-European education’, in * Hellmann 348–86; Christelyke Nasionale Onderwys Beleid (FAK, 1948);
Curtin T., ‘The political economy of education in South Africa’, AA 92 (1993) 417–30;
Chisholm L., Fine B., and Curtin L., ‘Context and contest in South African educational policy’ [a debate], AA 93 (1994) 238–52; De Lange Report’, Eiselen Report (UG 53 of 1951;
Gaydon V., Race against the Ratios, SAIRR (1987);
Giliomee H. and Schlemmer L. From Apartheid to Nation-Building (1989); Hoernlé (1939) (n. 13.3);
Davis H., ‘C. T. Loram and an American model for African education in South Africa’, ASR 19 (1976) 87–100; Hyslop J., ‘A destruction coming in: Bantu Education as response to social crisis’, in *Bonner, Delius and Posel 393–410;
Kallaway P., Apartheid and Education (1984);
and with Kruss G., Fataar A. and Donn G., Education after Apartheid: South African Education in Transition (1997); Krige S. C., ‘Should education lead or follow the social order? The Welsh Report and the policy of segregation, 1935–40’, SAHJ (1993) 151–76, and ‘Segregation, science and commissions of enquiry: the contestation over native education policy in South Africa, 1930–36’, JSAS 23 (1997) 491–506; Lewis (n. 9.5);
Loram C. T., The Education of the South African Native (1917);
Malherbe E. G., History of Education in South Africa (2 vols, 1925, 1977); and Education and the Poor White (1932); The Bilingual School (1946) and Bantu Manpower and Education, SAIRR (1969); Open Universities in South Africa (UU. of Cape Town and Witwatersrand, 1957); Native Education Report (Inter-Departmental, UG29 of 1936); Native Affairs Commission Report (UG48 of 1937);
Murray B. K., Wits: The Open Years (1997);
Ross B. and Tunmer R. (eds), Documents in South African Education (1975); Shingler J. (Ph.D. Yale, 1973) [Educational policy];
Van der Merwe H. and Welsh D., (eds), Student Perspectives on South Africa (1972).
21.3 A microcosm of cultures: faith communities and the transition to a democratic order (a) Christian
SPROCAS, Apartheid and the Church (1972); Anderson A. and Pillay G. J. in *Elphick and Davenport;
Boesak A., Farewell to Innocence (1978); Clarke R. B. (Ph.D. Natal, 1983) [Anglican resistance to apartheid];
Cochrane J. R., Servants of Power: The Role of the English-Speaking Churches in South Africa, 1903–30 (1987);
and with De Gruchy J. and Martin S., Faith Communities Face the Truth (1999);
De Gruchy J., The Church Struggle in South Africa (1979), and ‘Grappling with a colonial heritage: the English-speaking churches under imperialism and apartheid’, in *Elphick and Davenport 155–72; Elphick R. H., ‘Mission Christianity and inter-war liberalism’, in *Butler, Elphick and Welsh 64–80, and ‘The benevolent empire and the social gospel: missionaries and South African Christians in the age of segregation’, in *Elphick and Davenport 347–82; Etherington N., ‘Recent trends in the historiography of Christianity in Southern Africa’, JSAS 22, 2 (1996);
Geyser A. S. and Marais B. J., Delayed Action (1961); The Kairos Document — Challenge to the Church: A Theological Comment on the Political Crisis in South Africa (1985);
Kane-Berman J., Political Violence in South Africa (1993), and ‘Let the priests confess’, FF (4th Quarter, 1997);
Keet B. B., Whither South Africa? (1956);
Kinghorn J. (ed.), Die N. G. Kerk en Apartheid (1986), and ‘Modernisation and apartheid: the Afrikaner churches’, in *Elphick and Davenport 135–54; Klaaren E., ‘Creation and apartheid: South African theology since 1948’, in *Elphick and Davenport 370–382;
Landman W. A., A Plea for Understanding (1968); Mofokeng T., ‘Black Theology in South Africa: achievements, problems and prospects’, in *Prozesky; Moodie (n. 9.7);
Moore B., Black Theology: The South African Voice (1973);
Paton A., Apartheid and the Archbishop: The Life and Times of Geoffrey Clayton (1973); Pretorius H. and Jafta L. in *Elphick and Davenport;
Robertson R. J. D., The Small Beginning: North End Presbyterian Church, East London, 1962–70 (1997); Spink (n. 14.2);
Tingle R., Revolution or Reconciliation? The Struggle in the Church in South Africa (1992);
Villa-Vicencio C. (ed.), Theology and Violence: The South African Debate (1987), and ‘Beyond Liberation Theology: a new theology for South Africa’, Challenge (1993), and in *Prozesky 193–207; Walshe P., ‘Christianity and the anti-apartheid struggle: the prophetic voice within divided churches’, in *Elphick and Davenport 383–99;
Welsh D., ‘The cultural dimension of apartheid’, AA 71 (1972) 35–53.
(b) Islamic
Esack F., Q’uran, Liberation and Pluralism (1998);
Tayob A., The Rise of the Muslim Youth League (1998).
(c) Jewish
Kessler S., ‘The South African rabbinate in the apartheid era’, JA (Autumn 1995) 31–5; Shimoni G., ‘South African Jews and the Apartheid crisis’, American Jewish Yearbook (1988) 3–58;
Suttner I., Cutting through the Mountain: Interviews with South African Jewish Activists (1997); Hellig J., ‘Judaism’, in De Gruchy J. and Prozesky M., Living Faiths [?].
21.4 Truth and Reconciliation
African National Congress, Statement to the T.R.C. (1996) and appendices;
Amnesty International, Report on the A.N.C. Camps (1993); Asmal and Roberts (n. 19.5);
Bizos G., No one to Blame? (1998);
Boraine A., Levy J. and Scheffer R., Dealing with the Past: Truth and Reconciliation in South Africa (2 edn., 1997); Cochrane, De Gruchy and Martin (n. 21.3); De Klerk (n. 17.8); Jeffery (n. 17.5);
De Kock E., A Long Night’s Damage: Working for the Apartheid State (1998);
Krog A., Country of my Skull (1998);
Meiring P., Chronicle of the Truth Commission (1999); Motsuenyane Report (1993) [A.N.C. camps];
Sachs A., The Soft Vengeance of a Freedom Fighter (1990); Straker (n. 17.6);
Truth and Reconciliation Commission, Final Report (5 vols., 1999) and Out of the Shadows: a Summary Version of the Final Report of the T.R.C. (pending, 1999); Stuart Report (1984) [on development in Angola], Skweyiya Report (1992) [on complaints by ANC prisoners and detainees], and Motsuenyane Report (1993) [on allegations of cruelty and human rights abuse by ANC members],
Varney H. and Sarkin J. with response by McNally T., ‘Failing to pierce the hit-squad veil: an analysis of the Malan trial’, S.A.J.C.J. 10, 2 (1997) 141–61.
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© 2000 T. R. H. Davenport and Christopher Saunders
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Davenport, T.R.H., Saunders, C. (2000). Body, Mind and Spirit: A Quest for Humane Values. In: South Africa. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230287549_21
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